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Describes light waves interfering with one another. Lens diffraction is an optical interference that occurs when light passes through a tiny opening, such as an aperture with a small value f-number

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“In-Plane Switching” monitors, leverage liquid crystals aligned in parallel to produce rich colors, offer great color coverage

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a partial solution to the aspect ratio mismatch between camera sensors and common screens. Sensors are more narrow than wide screens. You have to waste (crop) some of the sensor to get wider aspect ratio. Anamorphic lens stretches the image vertically so that the whole sensor can be used

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means All The Gear, No Idea. It refers to people who are constantly upgrading their equipment to the latest camera bodies, lenses, and tripods, yet have no idea how to properly use any of them.

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Allows the camera to be set up to process images at capture in various fashions suited to subject scenarios. It applies tools that affect the brightness and contrast of the processed image, the smoothness of transition from one tone or color to another. It is most obvious in skies, but can be important in portraits.

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Merges multiple photos together that were taken at different focus distances. Focus Stacking makes it possible to create image that are sharp from the very front and all the way to the back

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The Sunny 16 Rule is a way to meter for correct exposure during daylight without using the camera's meter.

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A term used to describe any non-traditional photographic printing process. Some of the processes include cyanotype, salt prints, photograms and pinholes.

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The concept of the “decisive moment” implies that the photographer must be able to anticipate an important moment within the constant flow of life, and capture it in a fraction of a second

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It means to set your camera in a fast burst mode, shooting several photos per second, and then to simply hold down the shutter button while hoping to capture the perfect image.

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Toy cameras are ideal for photographers who don’t want to capture a polished version of the world. These make the images they produce less technically perfect, most typically because of overlapping frames, light leaks, or lens distortions, but the toy camera distinction is not always about the quirks. Some rely on a novelty factor such as adding colour to their flash or capturing multiple frames.

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refers to a trend within fine art photography originated in the USA from around 1963. The style typically features apparently banal everyday subject matter and off-centered framing.

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Polarization is the process of re-exposing photographic paper during the development process.

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an approach to photography that emphasizes beauty of subject matter, tonality, and composition rather than the documentation of reality.

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a novel imaging technique to capture and visualize the propagation of light.

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an experimental form of photography using film and old-fashioned, analogue cameras. ... Devotees of the practice, known as lomographers, often experiment with techniques such as distortion, blurring, and multiple-exposures, all things which are deemed to be 'bad' in conventional photography.

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Incident metering measures the intensity of light falling on the subject and gives accurate and consistent rendition of the tonality and contrast regardless of reflectance, background, color, and shape. Subjects that appear lighter than gray will appear lighter. Subjects that are darker than gray will appear darker.

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measures the intensity of light reflecting off of a subject. The light hits your subject, bounces off of, and then is measured as it hits the reflective light meter. The measurement is taken from the position of your camera.

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When you push your film in processing, it is left in the developer for longer than normal. This is usually done with underexposed film.

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When you set your camera to have a lower ISO rate than your film, you are pulling your film during shooting (“overexposing” is the more common term for pulling film in-camera; but again, we also really need you to know what this is before we get to pulling in development, so we are going to frame it this way). You’re telling your camera that the film is less sensitive to light than it is, thus exposing the film to more light.

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Helps to reduce reflections and glare by filtering out light that has become polarized due to reflection from a non-metallic surface.” Essentially, this means it cuts down on certain types of light in a way that can benefit your imagery

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technique of using the negatives of two or more images in conjunction with one another to create a single image

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a French term that means against the light. In photography, it involves shooting into the light with your subject in front of the light. This makes for a silhouette that produces a dramatic effect, if it’s done correctly.

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The generic name for multitone printing, which can be done with two, three or four inks. This process requires that the press be set up with special inks, usually PANTONE-designated colors, instead of the standard CMYK inks used for process color printing.

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a printing process that combines 12 pigment based inks. As a result of the high number of inks, the colour matching is almost perfect to the original. Skin tones look lifelike, which is crucial with printing portraits. Fine art prints retain tonality and hue.

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lighting accessory that attach to the front of a lighting fixture. Composed of two or four hinged flaps, they are strategically positioned to prevent light spill, focus the beam of light, and shape the overall look of the light quickly and easily.

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it means they are using a narrower aperture opening, for example from f8 to f11, or f11 to f16. This renders everything sharp from near-to-far, hence the phrase "great depth of field"

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'opening up' refers to the practice of allowing more light to be recorded by a photographic medium for example a camera film or sensor. Opening up can be done in one of two ways; By selecting a larger aperture setting on a lens, or setting a longer exposure time on a camera.

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A style of photographs that presents straightforward records of events, people and places, often recording important historical or political moments.

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involves he rotation of a lens about either its vertical (when the movement is called swings) or horizontal (called tilts) axis to adjust the plane of focus. On large format view cameras, these controls are found are both the front (lens) and rear (film) standards.

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Became famous for his iconic images of the American West. His breathtaking black-and-white pictures helped to promote the conservation of nature as well as establish photography as a recognized and respected fine art.

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American photographer Richard Avedon was best known for his work in the fashion world and for his minimalist portraits.

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From 1914, Oskar Barnack (1879–1936), the inventor of the Leica, used the prototype camera he developed, today known as the Ur-Leica, for photography.

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Mathew Brady is often referred to as the father of photojournalism and is most well known for his documentation of the Civil War.

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Bill Brandt, photographer known principally for his documentation of 20th-century British life and for his unusual nudes.

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One of Britain's most famous photographers, Cameron is best known today for her moving and sensitive portraits of eminent Victorians.

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Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer whose humane, spontaneous photographs helped establish photojournalism as an art form.

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George Eastman invented the Kodak camera, helping make photography accessible to the public. His company remains one of the largest in the industry.

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Edgerton revolutionized photography, science, military surveillance, Hollywood filmmaking, and the media through his invention of the strobe light in the early 1930s.

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Though best known for his photographs of the Crimean War, Roger Fenton was one of the most accomplished landscape and architectural photographers of his time.

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He is best known for his development of the calotype, an early photographic process that was an improvement over the daguerreotype of the French inventor Louis Daguerre. Talbot’s calotypes used a photographic negative, from which multiple prints could be made; had his method been announced but a few weeks earlier, he and not Daguerre would probably have been known as the founder of photography.

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Brassaï, Hungarian-born French photographer, poet, draughtsman, and sculptor, known primarily for his dramatic photographs of Paris at night

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American documentary photographer whose portraits of displaced farmers during the Great Depression greatly influenced later documentary and journalistic photography.

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His investigations of the color theory led him to conclude that a color photograph could be produced by photographing through filters of the three primary colors and then recombining the images.

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Sir Donald McCullin (born 9 October 1935) is a British photojournalist, particularly recognized for his war photography and images of urban strife.

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The inventor of photography, used heliography to create his image(s).

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Famous for his documentary photos of jazz musicians.

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Two years after he retired from the Navy, Edward Steichen became the director of the Photography Department at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

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Alfred Stieglitz is undoubtedly one of the most significant contributors to the history of photography. He contributed not only scientific and artistic photographic studies, but also introduced modern art to America and furthered the theory of photography as art.

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major American photographer of the early to mid-20th century, best known for his carefully composed, sharply focused images of natural forms, landscapes, and nudes. His work influenced a generation of American photographers.

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One of the earliest feminists, was both an eccentric artist and a recognized professional photographer.  In the early 1930s, discovered the Vivex process, which she used up until the Second World War for many portraits which remained well-known.

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American photojournalist whose compelling empathetic images, mostly in black and white, document the lives of marginalized people in the United States and other countries.

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photographer, painter, and filmmaker who was the only American to play a major role in both theDad and surrealists movements.

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Margaret Bourke-White, American photographer known for her extensive contributions to photojournalism, particularly for her Life magazine work.

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Cunningham has been called the "Grandmother of Photography" for her seminal role in popularizing the medium in its early years and for successfully moving the practice into the realm of fine art.

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Irving Penn was one of the twentieth century's great photographers, known for his arresting images and masterful printmaking

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Gordon Parks, one of the greatest photographers of the twentieth century, was a humanitarian with a deep commitment to social justice.

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American photographer renowned for her dramatic, quirky, and iconic portraits of a great variety of celebrities. Her signature style is crisp and well lighted.

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Photographer whose work influenced the emphasis on sharp-focused, objective images in 20th-century American photography

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Walker Evans is one of the leading photographers in the history of American documentary photography.

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His book, The Americans was one of the most revolutionary volumes in the history of photography, and it was a source of controversy when it was published in the US. Frank's cutting perspective on American culture, combined with his carefree attitude toward traditional photographic technique, shocked most Americans who saw it at the time. During the next decade, however, these qualities of his photography became touchstones for a new generation of American photographers; indeed, Frank's work continues to shape contemporary photography.

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Cindy Sherman is a contemporary master of socially critical photography. She is a key figure of the "Pictures Generation," a loose circle of American artists who came to artistic maturity and critical recognition during the early 1980s, a period notable for the rapid and widespread proliferation of mass media imagery.

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a renowned architecture photographer who depicted modern houses as the ultimate expressions of modern living and helped idealize the California lifestyle in the postwar years

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Kertész combined a photojournalistic interest in movement and gesture with a formalist concern for abstract shapes; hence his work has historical significance in all areas of postwar photography.

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Photographer Diane Arbus' distinctive portraits showed the world how crazy (and beautiful) New Yorkers were in the 1950s and '60s.

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American photographer, Surrealist artist, and model who might have been known primarily as the muse and lover of the Surrealist artist Man Ray had her son not discovered and promoted her exceptional work as a fashion and war photographer and recovered her reputation as an artist in her own right.

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Vivian Dorothy Maier was an American street photographer whose work was discovered and recognized after her death. She worked for about 40 years as a nanny, mostly in Chicago's North Shore, while pursuing photography.

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Born in 1963 in Connecticut, David LaChapelle is a director and photographer who works on the turf of advertising, fine art and fashion.

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He is one of France’s most noted photographers. During his long career, his poetic approach to street photography recorded French everyday life in often playful and surreal images. Always charmed by his subjects, he enjoyed finding amusing juxtapositions or oddities of human nature.

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Steve McCurry is best known for his evocative color photographs that document social issues in wider global geopolitics.

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German photographer known for his monumental digitally manipulated photographs that examine consumer culture and the busyness of contemporary life. His unique compositional strategies result in dramatic images that walk the line between representation and abstraction.

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He is best known for his powerful black-and-white portraits and self-portraits. His photographs both challenge us and present us with images of classical beauty.

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photographer whose images of war made him one of the greatest photojournalists of the 20th century.

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A French photographer and painter noted for the spontaneous, joyful photographs he took beginning in his boyhood and continuing throughout his life. Lartigue’s boyhood photographs were almost always candid images taken of his family and friends.

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Armenian Canadian photographer known for his portraits of important and famous men and women of politics, Hollywood and the arts, from Albert Einstein and Sir Winston Churchill to Walt Disney and Grace Kelly.

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Willard Van Dyke was an American photographer and documentary filmmaker, well known for his role as a founding member of Group f.64, a collective of photographers dedicated to the creation of “pure” and unmanipulated imagery.

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Henry Swift (1891, Berkeley, California – 1962, Berkeley, California) was an American photographer and member of the famous Group f/64. In the early 1920s he met photographer Edward Weston by chance in Carmel, California and began making photographs as a hobby.

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John Paul Edwards was an American photographer and a member of the Group f/64.

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Born in Astoria, Oregon, Consuelo Kanaga came from a family that valued ideals of social justice. While not an official member of the f/64 group, her images were exhibited in its first exhibition at San Francisco's M. H. de Young Memorial Museum in 1932.

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Brett Weston (1911-1993) is widely regarded as one of the leading photographers of the twentieth century. He is known primarily for his bold compositions based on Western landscapes and natural forms, and for his extraordinary printing style. Weston was among a small group of California photographers in the 1930s, known as the Group f/64, who favored large-format view cameras, straight and uncropped images, and stark black-and-white prints.

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Art Movements, include what it was and who started it

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Art Movements, include what it was and who started it

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The founder of dada was a writer, Hugo Ball. Dada was an art movement formed during the First World War in Zurich in negative reaction to the horrors and folly of the war. The art, poetry and performance produced by dada artists is often satirical and nonsensical in nature

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The founders of the Düsseldorf School, Bernd and Hilla Becher, married soon after their collaboration began. Known for their rigorous devotion to the 1920s German tradition of Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity), the Bechers' photographs were clear, black and white pictures of industrial archetypes (pitheads, water towers, coal bunkers).

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A loose association of California photographers who promoted a style of sharply detailed, purist photography. The group, formed in 1932, constituted a revolt against Pictorialism, the soft-focused, academic photography that was then prevalent among West Coast artists. The original 11 members of Group f.64 were Ansel Adams, Imogen Cunningham, Edward Weston, Willard Van Dyke, Henry Swift, John Paul Edwards, Brett Weston, Consuelo Kanaga, Alma Lavenson, Sonya Noskowiak, and Preston Holder.