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Molokaʻi & Oʻahu: Kaiwi
Oʻahu & Kauaʻi: Kaʻieʻiewaho

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1. Ahupuaʻa: Land Division (running mountain to sea)

2. ʻIli ʻāina: smaller land area

3. Konohiki: aliʻi land manager

4. Kuleana: responsibility, privilege

5. Loko iʻa: fishpond

6. Loʻi kalo: wetland kalo garden

7. Loko kuapā: walled fishpond

8. Ma kai: Oceanside, seaward area

9. Ma uka: Inland, upland area

10. Moku: District

11. Mokupuni: Island

12. Pae ʻĀina: Archipelago, island chain

13. Pana ʻĀina: Named Place, Cultural Sites

14. Wahi Pana: Named Place, Cultural Sites

15. ʻĀina Momona: Fat/Fertile with Food

16. ʻAi i ka mea loaʻa: Eat what get

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Pae ʻĀina: the Archipelago

1. Hawaiʻi
2. Maui
3. Kahoʻolawe
4. Molokini
5. Lānaʻi
6. Molokaʻi
7. Oʻahu
8. Kauaʻi
9. Niʻihau
10. Kaʻula
11. Lehua
12. Nihoa

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Mokupuni: Island
Moku: Large Districts
Reminder (at least in the minds of Hawaiians):
* NO "East" vs "West" side of island
* NO “North Shore”

(HGS Map, 1902)

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Pukui, Mary Kawena. ʻŌlelo Noʻeau : Hawaiian proverbs & poetical sayings. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1983.

E ʻike ana ʻoe i ke liʻi nui o Oʻahu, ʻo Kakuhihewa.

••• Translation: You will meet with the great chief of Oʻahu, Kakuhihewa.

•••• Explanation: You shall find out how wrong you are. A play on kuhihewa (erroneous).
#309

He lōʻihi ʻo ʻEwa; he pali ʻo Nuʻuanu; he kula ʻo Kulaokahuʻa; he hiki mai koe.

••• Translation: ʻEwa is a long way off; Nuʻuanu is a cliff; Kulaokahuʻa is a dry plain; but all will be here before long.

•••• Explanation: Said of an unkept promise of food, fish, etc. Oʻahu was once peopled by evil beings who invited canoe travelers ashore with promises of food and other things. When the travelers asked when these things were coming, this was the reply. When the visitors were fast asleep at night, the evil ones would creep in and kill them.

#768

Ke one ʻai aliʻi o Kākuhihewa.

••• Translation: The chief-destroying sands of Kakuhiheiva.

•••• Explanation: The island of Oʻahu. When the priest Kaʻōpulupulu was put to death by the chief Kahāhana for warning him against cruelty to his subjects, he uttered a prophecy. He predicted that where his own corpse would lie in a heiau at Waikīkī , there would he the chief’s corpse as well. Furthermore, he said, the land would someday go to the sea-that is, to a people from across the sea. This was felt to be a curse. When Kamehameha III was persuaded by a missionary friend to move the capital from Lahaina to Oʻahu, a kahuna, remembering the curse, wamed him not to, lest the monarchy perish. The warning was ignored, and before the century had passed, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi  was no more.

#1772

Na ʻale hānupanupa o Pailolo.

Modern: Nā ʻale hānupanupa o Pailolo.

••• Translation: The choppy billows of Pailolo.

•••• Explanation:   Pailolo is the channel between Oʻahu and Molokaʻi.

#2200

Nā ʻale kua loloa o Kaʻieʻie.

••• Translation: The long-backed billows of Kaʻieʻie.

•••• Explanation:   Kaʻieʻie is the channel between Kauaʻi and Oʻahu.
#2201

Nani Kaʻala, he kiʻowai na ke kēhau.

••• Translation: Beautiful Kaʻala, a pool that holds the dew.

•••• Explanation:   Praise of Mt. Kaʻala, on Oʻahu, a depository for the dew.

#2273

Oʻahu a Lua.

••• Translation: Oʻahu, island of Lua.

•••• Explanation:   According to an old legend, Lua is the father of Oʻahu.

#2352

Oʻahu, ka ʻōnohi o nā kai.

••• Translation: Oʻahu, gem of the seas.

•••• Explanation:   Oʻahu is the principal island of the group.

#2353

Oʻahu maka ʻewaʻewa.

••• Translation: Oʻahu of the averted eyes.

•••• Explanation: This saying began with Hiʻiaka, who asked two of her kinsmen on Oʻahu for a canoe to take her to Kauaʻi. They gave her a broken one, which she and her companion mended with no help from the men. In disgust, she called them Oʻahu makaʻewaʻewa. After that, Oʻahu was said to have the least friendly people of all the islands.

#2354

Paʻakikī kānaka o Kauaʻi.

••• Translation: Tough are the men of Kauaʻi.

•••• Explanation: Oʻahu was once inhabited by supernatural beings who ate people. They would extend their hospitality by day, but at night they would eat their sleeping guests. A canoe came from Kauaʻi one day, and among the passengers was a man who was distrustful of the Oahuans. When the other men went to sleep, he dug a hole under the wall, crept into it, pulled a mat over himself, and waited. Late at night he listened as the hosts came and ate his companions. After the evil beings were gone, he hurried to the canoe and sailed home. He told his friends, and together they made wooden images, hid them in the canoe, and sailed for Oʻahu, where they were welcomed. That night the images were put inside the house, while the men hid outside. When the hosts came around to eat the visitors, they bit into the hard wooden images. The Kauaʻi men bumed the house, thus ending the evil on Oʻahu.
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“Most populous of the Hawaiian Islands, 40 miles long, 26 miles wide, with an area of 608 square miles and a 1970 population of 768,561. Honolulu is the major city and State capital. See Appendix 6.8 for a refutation of a meaning often quoted, 'gathering place'.

Epithets:
1) Oʻahu o Kākuhihewa, Oʻahu of Kākuhihewa (an ancient chief);
2) Oʻahu a Lua, Oʻahu [child] of Lua (Lua slept with Papa after Papa became angry about husband Wākea's infidelity; Lua gave birth to Oʻahu; HM 302)."

Place Names of Hawaiʻi

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1. Kona
2. Koʻolaupoko
3. Koʻolauloa
4. Waialua
5. Waiʻanae
6. ʻEwa

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Pā Ka Makani: Typical Wind pattern
* Northeast Trade Wind: Moaʻe (when blowing @ Koʻolau); Kaiāulu (when blowing @ Waiʻanae)

Northeast Trade Wind Names: Moaʻa, Moaʻe Kū, Moaʻe Pehu, Moaʻe Lehua, Aʻe, Aʻe Loa, Kaiāulu, Kaomi, Noe

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He piʻina a he ihona... he wai kahe...

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O'ahu's Orographic rainfall pattern

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Leta, El-Kadi, and Dulai, “Impact of climate change on Daily Streamflow and its Extreme Values in Pacific Island Watersheds” Sustainability (2018).

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Orographic Rainfall

Fig. 1) Typical Rainfall
Fig. 2) Oʻahu/Koʻolau Pattern
Fig. 3) High Mountain Pattern (Maunakea/Maunaloa)

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Nani wale ʻoe e Oʻahu
Ka heke o nā ʻailana
E lei ʻohuʻohu nei i ka pua
Aʻo ka ʻilima

Oʻahu's flower: ʻilima

“Ka heke o nā ʻailana”
* Translation: “the choicest/best of the islands”; this reminds me of the idea of “Oʻahu, ka ʻōnohi o nā kai”
* heke: 1. n. Best, greatest, foremost. See ex., manomano. Eia nō ʻo Kāwika, ēhē, ka heke o nā pua, ēhē (chant for Ka-lā-kaua,), here comes David, oh, oh, the greatest of descendants, oh, oh. (Pukui-Elbert)… notice other “top” references (2.
Top gourd in a hula gourd drum. Cf. ʻolo 1. AND 3. n. Feathered top of an ʻulīʻulī, hula rattle.)

* ʻailana: 2. n., Island. (Pukui-Elbert)

“E lei ʻohuʻohu nei i ka pua / Aʻo ka ʻilima”
* Translation: “Wearing/adorned in the flowers / Of the ʻilima” - refers to Oʻahu being adorned, dressed, made beautiful by the ʻilima flower, like a person wearing a lei.
* ʻohuʻohu: Attractive or pleasing from personal adornment; attractively decorated with wreaths or other adornments: Ohuohu Helemano i ka lei lehua. (Parker)… other ʻohuʻohu references, “Attractive or pleasing from personal adornment; attractively decorated with wreaths or other adornments: Ohuohu Helemano i ka lei lehua.” (Andrews)
* ʻilima: 1. n. Small to large native shrubs (all species of Sida, especially S. fallax), bearing yellow, orange, greenish, or dull-red flowers; some kinds strung for leis. The flowers last only a day and are so delicate that about 500 are needed for one lei. Fruits of maʻo (Abutilon grandifolium), when green and soft, are used with ʻilima leis, one fruit at each end of the lei; or the pale-green, cap-like calyx of the ʻilima flower is used. A mild laxative for babies is made by squeezing out the juice of flowers; this is called kanakamaikaʻi. The ʻilima was designated in 1923 by the Territorial Legislature as the flower of Oʻahu. It is related to the hibiscus. (Neal 552–3.) See songs, nōweo, pue 1; cf. ʻāpiki. Ola nō i ka pua o ka ʻilima, healing in the ʻilima flower [reference to its medicinal use]. (Pukui-Elbert)

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2) Aia nō....
Aia nō i ka poli
Kapu ʻihi o ʻEwa
Ke awa lau o Puʻuloa
Me ka iʻa hāmau leo

"Ke awa lau o Puʻuloa"
* Puʻuloa - Salt works, ʻEwa Beach, Oʻahu. Commercial salt operation established near Keahi Point, the west point of Pearl Harbor Channel, by Isaac Montgomery in partnership with King Kamehameha III.    Place Names of Hawaiʻi
- *Famed home of Ka'ahupahau: saying, "Alahula Puʻuloa he ala hele nō Kaʻahupāhau".* Unuhi, Pu'uloa, the frequently traveled path of Ka'ahupahau. Proverb stated in song Pūpū a ʻo ʻEwa.    Huapala.org

"Kapu ʻihi o ʻEwa"
- 1. vs., Crooked, out of shape, imperfect, ill-fitting. Pukui and Elbert
"Plantation, plantation town, elementary school, and quadrangle west of Pearl Harbor, Oʻahu. Literally, crooked. (Kāne and Kanaloa threw a stone to determine district boundaries. The stone was lost but was found later at Pili-o-Kahe. See PE, ʻewaʻewa; Ii 98; Sterling and Summers 1:8; UL 84.)" - Place Names of Hawaiʻi

iʻa hāmau leo - n. Pearl oyster, once numerous at Pearl Harbor. Lit., sea creature that silences the voice, so called for a taboo of silence maintained by fishermen there. Pukui and Elbert
- *Anu ʻo ʻEwa i ka iʻa hānau leo e. E hāmau!* ʻEwa becomes cold by the fish that silences voices, be quiet! Puke ʻŌlelo Noʻeau 123

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Puaʻena:
-Point and ancient surfing area. Place Names of Hawaiʻi
- Point, stone, Haleʻiwa, Oʻahu. Hawaiʻi Place Names

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Kiʻekiʻe o Kaʻala
Kuahiwi alo kēhau
E kiaʻi aʻe ana paha
I ka ʻehu kai o Puaʻena

Place Names:
Kaʻala- Highest mountain on Oʻahu; Stands tall overlooking Waiālua

Puaʻena- Kai side of Haleʻiwa/Kawailoa; Famous surfing area known for its waves/ʻehukai

Pūkuʻi, Hawaiian Dictionary:
Kaʻala
1. A mountain on the island of Oahu.

2. A lake or spring on Mount Kaala which is said to have taken its name from the mountain: Nani Kaala, he kiowai, na ke kehau." Beautiful is Kaala, fountain of the dewdrops

Pūkuʻi, ʻŌlelo Noʻeau:

Pg. 248, proverb 2273
Nani Kaʻala, He kiʻowai na ke kēhau.
Beautiful Kaʻala, a pool that holds the dew.
- Praise for Mt. Kaʻala, on Oʻahu, a depository for the dew.

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Ua nani nō nā Koʻolau
I ke koʻa o Heʻeia
Ka laʻi ʻolu o Kahana
Kai holu aʻo Laniloa

Beautiful are the Koʻolau districts
With the reefs at Heʻeia
The peaceful calm of Kahana
The swaying surf of Laniloa

Place Names:
Koʻolau (Koʻolaupoko, Koʻolauloa)
Heʻeia
Kahana
Laniloa

"I ke koʻa o Heʻeia"
Koʻa - 1. nvs. Coral, coral head. Also ʻākoʻakoʻa. Ke koʻa mokumoku o Heʻeia, the broken coral beds of Heʻeia [an expression used in songs and chants referring to Heʻeia, Oʻahu]. (PPN toka.)
Also seen in mele "Kāneʻohe" composed by Abbie Kong
"Hanohano Mōkapu i ka ʻehu kai
Ke koʻa mokumoku aʻo Heʻeia"

Heʻeia - slide. Land section. Koolaupoko, Oahu.
Parker dictionary

Heʻeia - 2. Fish-pond, state park (19 acres), Heʻeia, Oʻahu. The park was acquired in 1977 and is on Keʻalohi Point in Kāneʻohe Bay. The 88-acre fishpond is adjacent to the park. Lit., surfed, or washed [out to sea], or swept away.
Hawaiʻi Place Names

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1. Kaulana ʻo Honolulu

2. I ka ua Kūkalahale

3. Ke kaona hanohano

4. O nā moku o Hawaiʻi

Famous is Honolulu
In the Kūkalahale rain
in the town that is honored
In the islands of Hawaiʻi.

Kūkalahale n. Name of a rain and wind famous at Honolulu. (Pukui-Elbert)

kaona- town
ʻailana- islands.
(Pukui-Elbert)
**many hawaiianized words in this mele.

Ka ua Kūkalahale o Honolulu.
The Kūkalahale rain for Honolulu.
The rain that announces itself to the homes by the pattering it makes on the roofs as it falls. Often mentioned in songs.
(‘Olelo No‘eau #1575, pg. 170)

Source: Pukui, Mary Kawena, and Dietrich Varez. “Ōlelo No”eau : Hawaiian Proverbs & Poetical Sayings. Honolulu, Hawai’i: Bishop Museum Press, 2011. Print.

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Section 1- Kameʻeleihiwa: Kaʻōnohi, Noa, Mahealani, Leiʻohu

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Section 1- Kameʻeleihiwa: Kaʻōnohi, Noa, Mahealani, Leiʻohu

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Loko iʻa & Kuleana
An Abundance of Wai,  An Abundance of ʻAi:
“Great abundance of freshwater on Oʻahu used to build 114 fishponds, comprising 3,600 acres more fishponds that the other 108 found on all the other seven other islands of the Hawaiian archipelago”. (Kameʻelehiwa p. 1)

Kuapā Pond:

Location: Maunalua

Largest lokoiʻa in the Pacific

Size 523 acres

(Kameʻelehiwa p. 14)

Kuleana: The responsibilities of the people in ancient Hawaiʻi.
-       “It was the kuleana, or responsibility, of the Mōʻī, King or Queen of the island, and of the Aliʻi Nui, or high chiefs, both male and female, as administrators of the land, to make sure that no one starved on the lands under their jurisdiction” (p. 11).

-       The kuleana of the konohiki of each ʻili ʻāina, ahupuaʻa, and moku to ensure the abundance of food for their particular part of the island was very important for the process and skill of our kūpuna to really work (p. 12).

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Section 2 - Kameʻeleihiwa: Lahela, Makua, Kukunaokalā, Kawehi

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Section 2 - Kameʻeleihiwa: Lahela, Makua, Kukunaokalā, Kawehi

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Food Sovereignty/the lack of:

Private Land Ownership due to the Māhele:

1848, the Great Māhele

Division, piece, portion, department, category, part, land division; to divide, apportion. Pukui and Elbert

The effects of private ownership of land

The decimation of the ancestral Ahupuaʻa system of water and land management for food production to feed the people (pg. 22)

Sugar plantations diverted water and left loʻi kalo dried and abandoned

Sugar was the perfect crop to make money, but kalo was the perfect crop for feeding people, and as the water was diverted, people went hungry (pg. 23)

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"Hawaiians named taro patches, rocks, and trees that represented deities and ancestors, sites of houses and heiau, canoe landings, fishing stations in the sea, resting places in the forest, and the tiniest spots where miraculous or interesting events are believed to have taken place" Pukuʻi and Elbert (pg. x)

Sound changes and need for salvage

"The people have moved away and died. Present-day Hawaiians have moved into nearby homestead areas, but they, of course, do not know the original pronunciation of this unimportant name" (pg. 238)

"It is possible to clarify the changes as either (A) those that occurred some time ago and are observed in the speech of the most fluent speakers of the language, or (B) those heard in the speech of persons who do not know the language, especially persons recently arrived from the Mainland" (pg. 239)

New Names

"New names (increments) are mostly deliberate coinages by churches, developers, or county planning boards" (pg. 241)

"In a few instances, English names have replaced the Hawaiian ones" (pg. 242)

Enchanted Lakes for Kaʻelepulu

Names being changed to other Hawaiian words that are easier for the English tongue to pronounce.

ie: Waipiʻo to Mililani

Names created from non-Hawaiian originating words.

Can be combined any number of ways

ie: English + Hawaiian: Princess Kaʻiulani

ie: English + Hawaiianized English: Likeke Hall (Richards Hall)

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Tenet #2- Hawaiian Geography is Genealogy

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Tenet #2- Hawaiian Geography is Genealogy

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- Exclusive ownership of property was a foreign concept
- Man has familial bond with earth
- "Thus the resources of the earth did not belong to man but rather, man belonged to the earth) (pg.8)
- Hawaiian geography would strengthen familial connection with ʻāina, support efforts to resist the new geography, and propose uses of these lands that are more congruent with the traditional, historical, and sacred practices of Hawaiian people. (pg. 9)
- Hāʻena State Park (pg. 10)
- Burial grounds converted to recreational park
- Bones are swimming in sewage of tourists

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1. Hawaiian Geography Is About Being Hawaiian

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1. Hawaiian Geography Is About Being Hawaiian

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Leiʻohu Chun

Being Kanaka Hawaiʻi, we have a connection to this ʻāina that surpasses surface value. This ʻāina is what sustains us physically, as it is the resource that feeds us spiritually as we have genealogical ties to it. With this relationship to place, we are responsible for caring for this place we call home.

“For virtually everyone on the earth there is a deep association with and consciousness of the places of birth and childhood” (pg. 7)

-  We are informed by an understanding of who we are and where we came from: Genealogical connection between Kanaka and ʻāina (pg. 8)

- “A Hawaiian geography would not only reinforce family and personal identity by strengthening the bonds of kinship that link people to land, but it would also work towards establishing political and usufructuary eligibility to those places” (pg. 8)

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#3 Hawaiian Geography is Learning from Land

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#3 Hawaiian Geography is Learning from Land

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Inoa ʻāina→ Inoa Kānaka

Many of our family names are descendant of places and stories associated with them

"The more you understand the ʻāina, the greater your relationship grows with it"

Knowing the names of the wind and the rain, what they feel like, how they smell and taste

Feeling currents and where they pull, what that does to the animals

Moon and sun patterns as it looks over the space

Helps with growing your crops, anticipating bad weather, and when to take one large tasks

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Cannot change the past, but we cannot deny our ancestors

A lot of geographical disputes have mirrored many political conflicts that have happened in Hawaiʻi

Land rules

Role of land in contemporary society

Claims and grievances

Geography should generate not only about the rights but also about the responsibilities of the Native people to the land.

Kauikeaouli= Hawaiʻi is owned by the Mōʻī, the aliʻi, and kanaka. ⅓ interest in ʻāina

This is not to say that they were greater than the ʻāina itself, but the easiest way for our cultural responsibility to be interpreted in a contemporary form

Traditional Native Hawaiian thought and practice is threatening to large land ownership and corporate movements

A complete opposite to the mindset of the native

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5. Hawaiian geography is cultural autonomy

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5. Hawaiian geography is cultural autonomy

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-relationships between kānaka and land is inter-woven in identity and cultural sovereignty.
-Hawaiians have a right to their unique cultural identity