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The Main Idea of The Paragraph O by Mark Lee

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The Main Idea of The Paragraph O by Mark Lee

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The main idea of the paragraph O illustrates the reason why animals form groups.

Word List:

Predator - animals which hunt other animals

Flock, School, Herd - group of animals

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Paragraph P:

Main Idea: Fish in a school work together to detect predators more efficiently than an individual fish could, thanks to their collective sensing and communication.

Key Words/Names:

School of fish: A large group of fish swimming together, often exhibiting collective behavior.

Predator detection: The ability of fish to sense danger from a predator as a group.

Paragraph Q:

Main Idea: When threatened by a predator, a school of fish can scatter in unpredictable ways to make it difficult for the predator to target any single fish.

Key Words/Names:

Scattering patterns: The way fish move to confuse predators, including explosive dispersals or forming protective shapes.

Moving bubble: A protective strategy where fish form a dynamic space around the predator.

Fracturing: The fish breaking into smaller groups to avoid predation.

Paragraph R:

Main Idea: Swarm intelligence allows animals like ants, bees, and other species to solve complex problems using simple, decentralized rules and local cues.

Key Words/Names:

Swarm intelligence: The collective behavior of decentralized systems, like groups of animals working together without central control.

Decentralized control: A system where no single individual is in charge, but collective actions emerge from simple rules.

Paragraph S:

Main Idea: Decentralized systems, such as self-organizing traffic patterns, could be a powerful way to solve complex problems, although humans are not used to thinking in such a way.

Key Words/Names:

Icosystem Corporation: A company focused on complexity theory and emergent systems.

Self-organizing systems: Systems that regulate themselves without external control, like traffic shaping itself through individual actions.

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The main idea is that collective intelligence is effective only when individual members act independently and responsibly, rather than imitating others or following trends. Each person’s actions, even if seemingly small or insignificant, contribute to the overall success and impact of the group.

Tony

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The Main Idea of The Paragraph M-N by Mark Lee

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The Main Idea of The Paragraph M-N by Mark Lee

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The main idea of the paragraph M is to illustrate the technology which imitate the swarm intelligence and theory. Purpose of the paragraph N is to depict the future vision of the technology which uses swarm theory.

Word list:

Centibots Project - experiment to explore if hundreds of robots could collaborate to one mission.

DARPA - Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

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This paragraph mentions that Craig Reynolds created three instructions and Reynolds 's instructions be used in Batmsn Returns in 1992. Then Reynold's instructions were also applied to the robot in the group which is better than one robot.

key words:

instructions: three basic rules

realistically: fact

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Paragraph T (Main idea):

This paragraph highlights the success of Wikipedia, a platform built on collective intelligence, allowing people to contribute to a vast range of topics. The paragraph emphasizes that collective intelligence allows for solving large-scale problems.

Keywords/Names:

Wikipedia: Example of a system using collective intelligence for a broad range of topics.

Thomas Malone: MIT professor who studies collective intelligence.

Paragraph U (Main idea):

The main point here is that collective intelligence enables people to tackle complex problems like healthcare and climate change, even though no single person can solve these alone.

Keywords/Names:

Collective Intelligence: Group problem-solving that can tackle global issues.

Healthcare/Climate Change: Problems requiring collective efforts.

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paragraph A-C

This passage introduces the concept of intelligent groups, which form complex group behaviors through simple behavioral rules of individuals, such as how bees make collective decisions, or the precise coordination of the movements of schools of fish and flocks of birds, and uses the example of pigeons in Washington, D.C. Pigeons have no leaders, but they respond to each other through simple rules, observe the movements of neighboring individuals, and follow simple behavioral rules to achieve coordinated group actions.

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Wordlist: complex (hard, difficult)

coordinate （arrange, order）

precisely (even)

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The main idea of J-L is to explore the practicability of coordinate in another field. In these paragraphs introduce about that military is eager to acquire similar capabilities. And introduce about the experiment for capabilities in military.

word list:

Military: For army

Capabilities: Abilities to do something.

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The main idea of G-I is that Vijay Kumar wants robots to work without a central agent and put a networked team of robots in real life. And the group of Marco Dorigo invented this robot called "swarmaniod".

Key word:

central agent: leader

swarmanoid: a group of robot work together