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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, NORTH AMERICA.

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, NORTH AMERICA.

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The United States is located on the North American Continent.
The United States of America is bordered by the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, Canada to the north, and Mexico to the south.
Geology.com.(2005-2021). United States Map and Satellite Image. Retrieved from : https://geology.com/world/the-united-states-of-america-satellite-image.shtml

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JR Videos.(2016, July 17). National Anthem of United States of America - The Star-Spangled Banner.
Retrieved from : https://youtu.be/FqxJ_iuBPCs

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National anthem of the United States of America (lyrics)

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American English Conversations to Improve Listening & Speaking Fluency | English Conversation

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The study of different pronunciation does not result in a different word or meaning.

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In phonemic variation, phonology and phonetics is an alternative pronunciation of a word that does not effect the word's meaning.

It may occur between allophones and phonemes.

Consonants, short vowels, long vowels, diphthongs, and triphthongs are among the 44 phonemes used in the English language.

Some consonant sounds, such as  /b/, /t/, and /d/,  are absent in other languages.

The differences in phonemes are described by an allophone. Allophone is derived from the Greek words for "other" and "tone." Allophones are phonemes that have different sounds based on the letters around them.

Phonetic transcriptions provide more details on how the actual sounds are pronounced, while phonemic transcriptions represent how people interpret such sounds. We use square brackets to enclose phones or sounds and slashes to enclose phonemes.

What is phonemic variation? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://findanyanswer.com/what-is-phonemic-variation.

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The study of the tune and rhythm of speech and how these features contribute to meaning of words.

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The study of differences in the structure of words, phrases or sentences when one's communicating.

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In linguistics, grammatical variation refers to the idea of variations in grammatical use within populations of speakers of a given language.

In other words, different people will be using different grammatical constructions to express the same thing or topic with regard to the verbs they use and the degree to which their verbs and subjects agree with one another.

This variation is often seen as a way to distinguish between people of various classes and ethnic groups.

The concept of grammatical variation is a part of a larger contribution to the idea that there is no such thing as 'wrong' and 'right' grammar.

Linguistics.(n.d). Retrieved May 07, 2021, from https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/explain-notion-grammatical-variation-306403

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Recording from the International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA) for United States of America

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Recording from the International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA) for United States of America

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https://www.dialectsarchive.com/new-york-4

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Details of the speaker (United States of America)

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Details of the speaker (United States of America)

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Gender : Male
Age : 18 (during the recording session)
Occupation : Student
Place of birth : New York City (Brooklyn and the Bronx)

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When the sunlight strikes raindrops in the air, they act as a prism and form a rainbow. The rainbow is a division of white light into many beautiful colors. These take the shape of a long round arch, with its path high above, and its two ends apparently beyond the horizon. There is, according to legend, a boiling pot of gold at one end. People look, but no one ever finds it. When a man looks for something beyond his reach, his friends say he is looking for the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow.

wɛn ðə ˈsʌnˌlaɪt straɪks ˈreɪnˌdrɑps ɪn ði ɛr | ðeɪ ækt æz ə ˈprɪzəm ænd fɔrm ə ˈreɪnˌboʊ || ðə ˈreɪnˌboʊ ɪz ə dɪˈvɪʒən ʌv waɪt laɪt ˈɪntu ˈmɛni ˈbjutəfəl ˈkʌlərz || ðiz teɪk ðə ʃeɪp ʌv ə lɔŋ raʊnd ɑrʧ | wɪð ɪts pæθ haɪ əˈbʌv | ænd ɪts tu ɛndz əˈpɛrəntli bɪˈɑnd ðə həˈraɪzən || ðɛr ɪz | əˈkɔrdɪŋ tu ˈlɛʤənd | ə ˈbɔɪlɪŋ pɑt ʌv goʊld æt wʌn ɛnd || ˈpipəl lʊk | bʌt noʊ wʌn ˈɛvər faɪndz ɪt || wɛn ə mæn lʊks fɔr ˈsʌmθɪŋ bɪˈɑnd hɪz riʧ | hɪz frɛndz seɪ hi ɪz ˈlʊkɪŋ fɔr ðə pɑt ʌv goʊld æt ði ɛnd ʌv ðə ˈreɪnˌboʊ ||

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Recording from the International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA) for Australia.

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Recording from the International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA) for Australia.

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https://www.dialectsarchive.com/australia-4

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Gender : Male
Age : N/A
Occupation : Actor
Place of birth : Brisbane area, Southeast Queensland

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When the sunlight strikes raindrops in the air, they act as a prism and form a rainbow. The rainbow is a division of white light into many beautiful colors. These take the shape of a long round arch, with its path high above, and its two ends apparently beyond the horizon. There is, according to legend, a boiling pot of gold at one end. People look, but no one ever finds it. When a man looks for something beyond his reach, his friends say he is looking for the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow.

wen ə ˈsanlɒət ˈstɹɒɘksˈ ɹæɪnd ɹɔps ən ðɪ ˈe | ðɛɪ ˈɛkt lɑɡ ə ˈpɹɪzm ən fɔm ə ˈɹæɪmbəʊ || ðə ˈɹæɪmbəʊ ɘz ə dəˈ̆viʒn əv ˈwɒɘt ˈlɒɘt ɘnt  əˈmeni ˈbjθɾɘfl ˈkhɐlɜz || ˈðɪiz ˈthæɪk də ˈʃæɪp ɜɒv ə ˈlɒŋ ˈɹɛənd ˈɑʧ | wɪð̆ ɪts ˈphɑð ˈhɑɘ ˈbɐv ɛn ɘts ˈthu enz əˈphæɹəlɪ biˈjɒn di ɦəˈ̆ɹɒɘzən || ðəɹ ˈɪz əˈkhɔɾ ŋ tə ˈleʤnd ə ˈbɔləŋ ˈphɔɾəv ˈɡɜld əd wʌn ˈend || ˈphɪpl lʊɡ bət ˈnɜi wən ˈevə ˈfɒnʣ ɘth || wen ə ˈmen ˈlʊks fə sʌmtɪŋ biˈjɒnd hɘz ˈɹɘiʧ | hɪz ˈfɹends ˈsæɪ ɦɪ ɪz ˈlʊkəŋ fə ðə ˈphɒth əv ˈɡɜld ədði ˈend əv ðə ˈɹæɪmbɜɘ ||

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Prosody can convey the emotional status of the speaker, such as anger, disgust, fear or sadness (e.g., Brosch et al. 2010).

The phonetic properties of utterances that can vary independently of the expressions uttered in order to convey post-lexical meanings include fundamental frequency, duration (of syllables or pauses) and intensity.

A rise in fundamental frequency that is associated with the stressed syllable of an expression is a correlate of a post-lexical (high tone) pitch accent.

The prosody of a language can provide cues about the organization of the utterance and its relation to the context which includes how the expressions of the utterance are grouped,  the relative prominence of the expressions in the utterance and the tune of the utterance.

Speakers use prosody to convey meaning and listeners perceive and interpret the prosody of the utterances based on what they hear.

Tohauser, Judith.(2017). Prosody and Meaning : On the Production, Perception and Interpretation of Prosodically Realized Focus. Retrieved from https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/tonhauser.1/papers/Tonhauser-prosody-meaning

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Differences in order or arrangement of words and phrases to form proper sentences

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Syntactic variation deals with the way in which sentences are structured and constructed.

Syntactic features in language is also influenced by speaker's social class or gender.

Example : the frequency of use of verbal –s

Different people will use either standard or non-standard forms in speech styles which include repetition, hesitation, false starts and filled and unfilled pauses.

Syntactic variation provides people with a range of
intriguing and complex perspectives on how speakers use language to create social meanings and social life.

Cheshire, Jenny. (2009). Syntactic Variation and Beyond. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251758141_Syntactic_Variation_and_Beyond

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The grammatical control of the speaker is excellent.

The speaker uses proper words structure.

The speaker follows the general rules correctly which consists of arrangement of words and phrases in forming proper sentences.

The syntax used is well-arranged.

The speaker follows the standard rules of grammar.

The pronunciations of the speaker in every sentences is very clear and people can understand it.

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The speaker has strong grammatical control.

The speaker maintains correct word structure.

The speaker abides to the general rules, which include the proper arrangement of terms and phrases to form complete sentences.

The syntax used is well-organized.

The speaker follows the standard rules of grammar.

The speaker's pronunciation in sentences is quite distinct but it is still easy to understand.

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Prosodic variation convey information relevant to the meaning of narration and define the characteristics of the voice dynamic such as happiness or sadness.

Prosodic variation helps shape communicative style by means of features such as emphasis, rhythm, speech velocity and pause.

Analysis of Prosodic Variation in Different Styles.(n.d). Retrieved from

https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S2317-64312015000300210&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en#:~:text=Prosodic%20variations%20convey%20information%20relevant,such%20as%20happiness%20or%20sadness

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TONES

- Simple (fall, rise, level)
- Complex (rise-fall, fall-rise)

PITCH

- Normal, Wide, Narrow

ACCENT

- Primary & Secondary

TEMPO

- Normal, Fast, Slow

PAUSES
- Unit, Short, Long, Extra-long

VOICE QUALITY
- Modal, Creaky, Breathy, Husky, Resonant, Falsetto, Tremulous, Harsh

RYTHM
- Clipped/Slurred, Constant/Variable, Glissando/Staccato

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When the sunlight strikes raindrops in the air, they act as a prism and form a rainbow. The rainbow is a division of white light into many beautiful colors. These take the shape of a long round arch, with its path high above, and its two ends apparently beyond the horizon. There is, according to legend, a boiling pot of gold at one end. People look, but no one ever finds it. When a man looks for something beyond his reach, his friends say he is looking for the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow.

wen ə ˈsanlɒət ˈstɹɒɘksˈ ɹæɪnd ɹɔps ən ðɪ ˈe | ðɛɪ ˈɛkt lɑɡ ə ˈpɹɪzm ən fɔm ə ˈɹæɪmbəʊ || ðə ˈɹæɪmbəʊ ɘz ə dəˈ̆viʒn əv ˈwɒɘt ˈlɒɘt ɘnt  əˈmeni ˈbjθɾɘfl ˈkhɐlɜz || ˈðɪiz ˈthæɪk də ˈʃæɪp ɜɒv ə ˈlɒŋ ˈɹɛənd ˈɑʧ | wɪð̆ ɪts ˈphɑð ˈhɑɘ ˈbɐv ɛn ɘts ˈthu enz əˈphæɹəlɪ biˈjɒn di ɦəˈ̆ɹɒɘzən || ðəɹ ˈɪz əˈkhɔɾ ŋ tə ˈleʤnd ə ˈbɔləŋ ˈphɔɾəv ˈɡɜld əd wʌn ˈend || ˈphɪpl lʊɡ bət ˈnɜi wən ˈevə ˈfɒnʣ ɘth || wen ə ˈmen ˈlʊks fə sʌmtɪŋ biˈjɒnd hɘz ˈɹɘiʧ | hɪz ˈfɹends ˈsæɪ ɦɪ ɪz ˈlʊkəŋ fə ðə ˈphɒth əv ˈɡɜld ədði ˈend əv ðə ˈɹæɪmbɜɘ ||

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Australia is located south of Indonesia, bordered by the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.
Geology.com.(2005-2021). Australia Map and Satellite Image. Retrieved from https://geology.com/world/australia-satellite-image.shtml

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When the sunlight strikes raindrops in the air, they act as a prism and form a rainbow. The rainbow is a division of white light into many beautiful colors. These take the shape of a long round arch, with its path high above, and its two ends apparently beyond the horizon. There is, according to legend, a boiling pot of gold at one end. People look, but no one ever finds it. When a man looks for something beyond his reach, his friends say he is looking for the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow.

wɛn ðə ˈsʌnˌlaɪt straɪks ˈreɪnˌdrɑps ɪn ði ɛr | ðeɪ ækt æz ə ˈprɪzəm ænd fɔrm ə ˈreɪnˌboʊ || ðə ˈreɪnˌboʊ ɪz ə dɪˈvɪʒən ʌv waɪt laɪt ˈɪntu ˈmɛni ˈbjutəfəl ˈkʌlərz || ðiz teɪk ðə ʃeɪp ʌv ə  ˈlɒŋ ˈɹɛənd ˈɑʧ  | wɪð ɪts pæθ haɪ əˈbʌv | ænd ɪts tu ɛndz əˈpɛrəntli bɪˈɑnd ðə həˈraɪzən || ðɛr ɪz | əˈkɔrdɪŋ tu ˈlɛʤənd | ə ˈbɔɪlɪŋ pɑt ʌv goʊld æt wʌn ɛnd || ˈpipəl lʊk | bʌt noʊ wʌn ˈɛvər faɪndz ɪt || wɛn ə mæn lʊks fɔr ˈsʌmθɪŋ bɪˈɑnd hɪz riʧ | hɪz frɛndz seɪ hi ɪz ˈlʊkɪŋ fɔr ðə pɑt ʌv goʊld æt ði ɛnd ʌv ðə ˈreɪnˌboʊ ||

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SPEAKER OF UNITED STATES OF AMERICA & AUSTRALIA

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SPEAKER OF UNITED STATES OF AMERICA & AUSTRALIA

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There is æ-tensing before a nasal consonant. The nasal sounds create changes in preceding vowels because air can flow into the nose during the vowel. Nasal consonants can also affect the articulation of a vowel.  This is also present in General American

/i, u, eɪ, oʊ, ɑ/ are considered to compose a natural class of tense monophthongs in General American

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JR Videos.(2016, September 5). National Anthem of Australia - Advance Australia Fair.
Retrieved from : https://youtu.be/Yl8eKxI-zeU

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National anthem of Australia - Advance Australia Fair (lyrics)

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How did the English language spread in United States of America?

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How did the English language spread in United States of America?

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Impressive and professional tones.

Lexical differences can easily  be detected due to the difference of pitch that is being used in between words and phrases.

The tones used by the speaker makes his speech sound like a storytelling version.

His tones can easily assist the listener to get the idea on the exact flow of his speech.

The speaker puts stresses in a few words in his speech.

His stress languages sound  professional and experienced.

He adds clear pitch to certain words on her speech to show that those words are prominent/important points from the script.

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THE USAGE OF DIFFERENT GRAMMAR IN GRAMMATICAL VARIATION 

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THE USAGE OF DIFFERENT GRAMMAR IN GRAMMATICAL VARIATION 

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Does grammar matter? - Andreea S. Calude

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The speaker uses professional speech tone with his own variation of English

Obvious lexical differences are detected due to the difference in accent where in between words and phrases, pitches are different

The speaker uses a tone that shows as if he is telling a story

Speaker has experienced and right amount of stress in his language and is professional where a few stresses in his words are present.

To demonstrate that several words in her speech are prominent/important points from the script, the speaker adds specific pitch to them.

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Prosodic Features of Speech (An Intro to Prosody), a presentation by Matthew Barbee

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HOW PROSODIC VARIATIONS AFFECTS COMMUNICATION

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HOW PROSODIC VARIATIONS AFFECTS COMMUNICATION

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How Speech is More Than The Words We Speak | Andrew Rosenberg | TEDxCUNY

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United States of America, North America.

Australia, Australia-Oceania.

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Owing to the revolutionaries' ought to declare their independence from the old nation, the American Revolution is known as the returning point in the establishment of this new kind of English, American English.

Their demand for their own nationality led to the people of the new republic being proudly christened Americans in 1782, with the United States Congress recording the earliest use of the word 'the American language' in 1802.

To emphasize Shakespeare's significance in the development of American English, both writing and speech were standardized first in the British Isles under the Jacobeans.

The priority has been on London when it came to the first Britons to enter the New World. The big city, which boasted the island's busiest harbor, was the epicenter of rumors and legends about the mysterious new world.

In 1605, during the reign of the new king James I, two competing trading companies set out from London and Plymouth in search of affluence and a new beginning.

In 1606 London Company ships set out for the southern coast, passing through the Azores and Canary Islands. They intended to settle somewhere north of the Spanish in Florida and south of the French in Canada after cruising in the West Indies.

They sailed into Chesapeake Bay in April 1607, got lost in a shallow estuary, and they reached James River and moored off a wooded island which they called after their new King-Jamestown nearly a month later. In the New World, the English language took over.

Bermuda, the second English settlement, was established in 1612 by a shipload of settlers, including three survivors of the Sea Venture, which had been wrecked on an island east of South Carolina in 1609.

Puritans were also among the men and women from East Anglia's towns and villages that crossed the Atlantic become the story of American English.

The Mayflower set sail from Plymouth on September 16, 1620. The majority of the passengers were from East Anglia, but there were thirty groups from all over England among them on the 65-day journey across the Atlantic.

Those who settled along the Atlantic coast spanned a long, narrow swath of land from Maine to Georgia. New England, the Middle Atlantic states, and the South Atlantic states are the three divisions of this area.

The French, like the English immigrants, played an important role in the history of the American language. Explorers, trappers, traders, and missionaries settled in the north and west, controlling strategic positions along the two great American rivers.

French New Orleans, the capital of the state of Louisiana and named after Louis XIV, was one of the most sophisticated settlements of the New World.

The Dutch moved east and founded up New Amsterdam, which was called New York after British settlers captured the town in 1664 and forced the Dutch to change their name, which was probably one of history's worst tradeoffs.

The Germans were non-colonizing refugees who escaped religious repression at home and the fall of the revolution in 1848. These migrations started in 1683, when Bavarian immigrants arrived in Pennsylvania.
Many of the latter choose to live in central cities or to work as farmers in the Midwest.

The Irish were among the first to emigrate and they were hoping for a better life in the New World. Due to seasonal influences, the first Irish colonies on the island of Newfoundland.  A gradual migration established the island's population.

By 1790 the Irish population in the New World increased and it was the largest non-English community. Traditionally, the Irish in America worked as laborers, servants or soldiers.

Slave ships carrying people from West Africa started crossing the Atlantic in the early seventeenth century, bound for the West Indies, the ports of Georgia and South Carolina, and even New York and Massachusetts.

Slaves numbered a few hundred in 1619, half a million in 1772, and four million before the civil war broke out.

Apart from the Germans, there were Jews, who primarily settled on New York City's Lower East Side, and Italians, who came to the United States for various reasons.

However, as we all know, the English were not the first to contact the Americas of the New World. Cristoforo Colombo, a Spaniard from Genoa, was the man who became known as Christopher Columbus. In 1492, he set out to find a western path to the East Indies and by chance found a new territory, which Columbus mistook for the Indies he was looking for.

The Spanish settlers founded New Spanish on the west coast of the nation. Later, the continent was named after Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator.

We have come to the present, some three and a half centuries after the first English was spoken on the North American continent. During that time English was born, shaping itself from the various speech of displaced Englishmen, Welshmen, Irish, and Scots, until it is obviously the most rapidly burgeoning dialect of the most rapidly expanding language

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How did English language spread in both United States of America and Australia.

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United States of America.

Recording from International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA)

Details of the speaker

Australia.

Recording from International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA)

Details of the speaker

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Phonemic variation

Prosodic variation

Grammatical & Syntactic variation

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HOW SYNTACTIC VARIATION WORKS IN FORMING SENTENCES

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HOW SYNTACTIC VARIATION WORKS IN FORMING SENTENCES

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How did English language spread in Australia?

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How did English language spread in Australia?

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Australian English began to diverge from British English soon after the foundation of the Colony of New South Wales in 1788. The settlement was intended mainly as a penal colony. The British convicts sent to Australia were mostly people from large English cities, such as Cockneys from London.

The stealing of vocabulary, spellings, expressions, and usages from North American English, known as "Americanization," started during the goldrushes and was intensified by a large influx of US military personnel during World War II.

From the 1950s onwards, large-scale importation of television programs and other forms of mass media from the United States, as well as more recently US computer software, especially Microsoft's spellchecker, has had a major impact.

As a result Australians use many British and American words interchangeably, such as pants/trousers or lift/elevator, while shunning other words such as "wildfire" as too American when a more Australian term "bushfire" is preferred.

The beginning of our Australian accent emerged following the arrival of European settlers in 1788.

The English language from the British Isles settled on the new continent and started to mix long before it reached the coast. On the way to the New World, Shakespeare's vocabulary came into contact with other varieties.

English people arriving in Australia about 50 years after the colony was established began to believe that Australians spoke the purest English on the earth.

The arrival of the elocution revolution in the 1880s and 1890s, some 100 years after the First Fleet, "ambushed" the vocabulary and permanently altered it.