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Contribution: Proposed the physical model of the heavens, (geocentric model) where all planets moved at the same, constant rate

Flaw: Some planets appeared to have retrograde motion, where they moved in the opposite direction than the rest

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Contribution: Added epicycles (imaginary points moving in imaginary circles with planets orbiting) to Aristotle's geocentric model

Flaw: Too many epicycles in the model, which made things confusing and messy; hard to understand

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Contribution: Invented the first mechanical clock (originally named Waterdriven Spherical Birds'-Eye-View Map of the Heavens) that displayed the position of the moon, Sun, planets, and zodiacal constellations

Flaw: The iron and bronze used to create it began to rust and deteriorate, preventing the clock from moving automatically, and breaking the clock completely

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Contribution: Proposed the heliocentric model, where the Sun was at the center of the universe

Flaw: Did not explain or prove that the planets moved in perfect circles

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Contribution: Proposed that planets moved in epicycles (ovals)

Flaw: Unable to or could not prove his theory

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Contribution: Pointed his telescope at Jupiter, observing its four moons which were orbiting a different planet than Earth, and further proving the heliocentric model

Flaw: It was still hard to prove, and the church ordered for his execution, as it wasn't accepted due to the church's beliefs

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Contribution: Provided a logical solution to our Solar System; made our current understanding of the movements of our planets

Flaw: Hard to predict the exact movement of the planets