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Global warming is a serious problem for mankind. What are the effects of global warming on our lives?

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The more frequent and severe weather.

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Everyone wants to be happy. What do you think is the key to happiness?

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Some people prefer travelling instead of domestically for a holiday. Suggest some factors that influence their choice of destination.

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Spending within one's budget can be challenging for students. Suggest some ways to avoid overspending.

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Responsibility is an important quality to have in life. Suggest some ways to be responsible.

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A flood is a natural disaster that often causes its victims to lose everything they have. Suggest some ways to help flood victims.

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How having money can buy happiness.

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https://propertyupdate.com.au/6-reasons-money-can-buy-happiness/amp/

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While it's sometimes the case that money can make people with "challenging" behaviours even more so, generally speaking having enough money for the basic necessities of life as well as your wants and needs usually means a happier life .

Now I'm not saying that money will solve all your problems, but any problem money can solve isn't really a problem when you have money.

While there's plenty of research out there on whether money does indeed buy happiness, there is evidence on both sides of the equation.

The secret is, though, it seems that true happiness can also come from deep personal connections and life experiences rather than material goods.

But there's also information showing that people on the lowest end of the income scale are vulnerable to depression and other mental health problems.

So, here's a look at some of the research indicating that money does indeed play a role in making people happier.

1. Your children's brains will benefit

There's a growing body of evidence supporting the idea that growing up in poverty can have a long-term impact on children's cognitive development.

In the most extreme cases, children who have to endure something called "toxic stress" are shown to actually have chemically altered their brains.

2. You're less likely to experience depression

A 2012 report from Gallup revealed that people in poverty are more likely to suffer from health problems, with depression being the most common.

About 31 per cent of poor people said they have been diagnosed with depression at some point, compared to about 15.8 per cent (half as many!) for those not in poverty.

3. You can savour life

When you have money, you don't need to focus as much attention on acquiring it in order to meet your basic needs.

This frees up your mind to actually savour the experiences of life, according to a 2010 article in Scientific American.

The article concluded that "a person's ability to savour experiences predicts their degree of happiness."

Also, birds of a feather flock together, so many happy people associate with other happy people .

4. Money can buy valuable experiences

There's considerable evidence that buying "stuff" doesn't make anyone any happier.

But paying for experiences offers a good bang for your buck when it comes to happiness, according to the book Stumbling on Happiness.

Whether it's swimming with dolphins off the coast of Western Australia or hang-gliding on the Sunshine Coast, experiences do cost money.

5. You can spend money on others

When you barely have enough to support yourself, you're probably not thinking about giving back to others.

But being generous with your money is a path to happiness, according to the Harvard study Using Money to Benefit Others Pays Off.

In the study, researchers gave money to students to spend on either themselves or others by the end of the day.

What the researchers found was that people who had been assigned to spend the money on someone else reported feeling a happier mood over the course of the day than those assigned to spend the money on themselves.

6. You're less likely to be lonely

A 2011 study in the Journal of Consumer Psychology concluded that people with meaningful social connections are generally happiest.

And there is other evidence showing that people with less money are more likely to be lonely.

The Guardian reported in 2014 that "poor social networks should be included as a contributor to and signal of poverty."
10 pointers on gifting money to your children

Also read

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It's an age-old debate: Does money buy happiness? While it's sometimes the case that money can make people with "challenging" behaviours even more so, generally speaking having enough money for the basic necessities of life as well as your wants and needs usually means a happier life.

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How having good looks can bring happiness.

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https://www.cbsnews.com/news/beauty-equals-happiness-study-says/

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If you are attractive, you are more likely to be happy in life, according to a study by the University of Texas at Austin.

Daniel Hamermesh, professor of economics at the University of Texas at Austin, said, "The results are very simple: Better looking people are happier. It's true in a bunch of countries. It's true in both men and women."

"Early Show" Contributor Taryn Winter Brill reported the research found the most attractive people are about 10 percent happier than those deemed the least attractive.

Hamermesh said money is a large factor in the results.

"Part of the reason we find that beauty raises people's happiness is the fact that it also makes them earn more," he said.

But Average Joe and Plain Jane need not despair - it's not exactly that simple, Brill said.

Radio personality and psychology expert Cooper Lawrence, said, "Beauty only serves you to maybe get in the door but your talent, your personality, the essence of who you are is what gets you to the next level."

However, the study does throw much of the conventional wisdom about "what's inside is important" on its head, psychologist and "Early Show" Contributor Dr. Jennifer Hartstein said.

"(The study is saying) that the more attractive you are, the more opportunities you have," she said. "So the question becomes, is it that you have more doors opened to you? Which is then will make you happier and more fulfilled and having better options in your life. So the fact is we do base our first opinion on how someone looks."

Physical beauty, as well as height, can affect a person's paycheck and resulting happiness, Hartstein said.

Research has found that if you are taller, you get a larger paycheck, up to $800 more than someone who is not as tall," Hartstein said.

"So they're not talking 5'2" to 5'5," they're talking 5'5" to 6 feet, but it can get you more money." She explained, "They think that's because you might have more self-esteem. You might have more leadership qualities. So height is an advantage."

"Wear heels," Co-anchor Erica Hill remarked.

"Exactly," Hartstein said. "Thank goodness for platform heels for me."

What about hair color?

"Blondes do have more fun," Hartstein told Hill. "Sadly for you as a brunette and me as a redhead, research has shown that blondes just do have more fun. ... They make more money, they're deemed as more attractive."

Tone of voice also is a factor in having an advantage.

"The lower your voice the more advantage you may have," Hartstein said. "They have found this is especially true in dating that the lower your vocal tone the more attractive you are to someone, and the more arousal might occur between the couple."

Hill remarked, "There are other factors at play here when it comes to external beauty and unfortunately, women, once again, kind of getting the short end of the stick here, because we are judged more than men on our appearance."

"And we judge ourselves more than men on our appearance," Hartstein said. "Men are able to not only look at their appearance, but look externally to find happiness. Women, and this is supported by the media, unfortunately, really do look to the external world what they should look like and internally they really take it to heart and if they don't meet the media ideal, they're just not good enough. That's going to affect how they feel."

But what about what's inside - your personality, your brain? Does that count for something in making you more attractive?

"Once you get in the door, absolutely," Harstein said. "But that first impression, we can't minimize how important that is. So they go together. But, you know, smart and beautiful is going to get you farther."

So how can you project beauty - even if you don't have it?

"Play up your positives," Hartstein advised. "If you have a great personality, play that up. If you are slightly overweight don't do things like wear big, baggy clothing. Wear makeup, look good, feel good in your own skin. ... You really want to think about how you're going to surround yourself with happy people. That's super important. And you also want to figure out how to just accept things as they are. Sometimes that's the best you can do. And that will make you happy and you won't feel like you're missing something."

Trending News

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If you are attractive, you are more likely to be happy in life, according to a study by the University of Texas at Austin. Daniel Hamermesh, professor of economics at the University of Texas at Austin, said, "The results are very simple: Better looking people are happier.

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How having good health can bring happiness.

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https://www.pritikin.com/your-health/health-foundation-of-happiness.html

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How to be happy

With some simple lifestyle changes you can start to feel healthier and happier within days.

Here are 7 scientifically-backed healthy lifestyle changes to help you find more happiness.

1. Go big on fiber, easy on the treats

You probably already know that your mood and food are deeply entwined. Simply consider those mood swings after eating sugary treats or the irritability brought on by indigestion. According to research, being happy actually promotes eating healthier foods, such as fruits, vegetable, whole grains, eggs, fish and chicken. Yet, to lift your mood you seek out a sugary treat. A sugary treat may taste like a sweet idea; however, research studies have found those who eat more sweets are less happy.

2. Be active

Getting sweaty feels good. Really, it does! Being physically active causes chemical changes in the brain which can help improve your mood. It also brings a sense of greater self-esteem. An analysis of 36 studies found a strong relationship between physical activity and mental wellness. Being more physically active improves heart health, blood pressure and some joint related pain. It also enhances blood sugar control and weight loss.

3. See the glass as full

If you've been wondering why am I not healthy? Consider if you see the glass as half full or half empty. Canadian researchers discovered that your outlook on life may be a big factor in your health. Their study involving over 1700 adults found a significant relationship between how a person experiences positive sensations, emotions and sentiments, and their potential to have a cardiovascular event (heart attack, stroke) within the next decade.

4. Connect

Feeling good about ourselves and the world around us is, by definition, mental wellbeing.

You build a sense of belonging and self-worth when you make connections with other human beings and social animals. You feel happier and more secure when you build stronger and wider social connections.

5. Give

Another great way to connect is to volunteer. Even the smallest acts of kindness can improve your mental health. It could be as simple as offering a smile or holding the door for another person. Giving truly brings happiness.

6. Be mindful

You can positively change the way you feel about life by being in the present moment. It is easy to get caught up in your thoughts and not notice how your thoughts are driving your emotions and behaviour. Stop! Take a deep breath. Take in the sights, sounds, smells and sensations around you.

7. Get help

You don't have to struggle to be healthy. There are experts who have helped thousands of people be healthy and happy. It is possible! You can enjoy a proper night sleep, ditch medications which have undesirable side effects, and eat delicious foods without spiking your blood sugar, blood pressure or waistline. Find what healthy feels like with the help of an integrated team of medical professionals using Pritikin's proven healthy lifestyle program.

How can I be really happy?

At the Pritikin Longevity Center and Spa in Miami, Florida, you will discover a healthy lifestyle change. Whether you've been struggling with pain, heart troubles, diabetes, weight or sleeping problems, the experts at Pritikin work as a cohesive team to help you get healthier and build a healthy mindset. Pritikin's program has helped thousands of busy adults tackle their health issues and ultimately live happier lives.

References

Link between healthy lifestyle and psychological well-being in Lithuanian adults aged 45-72: a cross sectional study. BMJ Open 2017;7(4):e014240.

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Good Health is the Foundation of Happiness - Pritikin Weight Loss Resort

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How to be happy With some simple lifestyle changes you can start to feel healthier and happier within days. Here are 7 scientifically-backed healthy lifestyle changes to help you find more happiness. 1. Go big on fiber, easy on the treats You probably already know that your mood and food are deeply entwined.

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How being successful can bring happiness.

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_weather

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Extreme weather or extreme climate events includes unexpected, unusual, severe, or unseasonal weather; weather at the extremes of the historical distribution-the range that has been seen in the past.[1] Often, extreme events are based on a location's recorded weather history and defined as lying in the most unusual ten percent.[2] The main types of extreme weather include heat waves, cold waves and tropical cyclones. The effects of extreme weather events are seen in rising economic costs, loss of human lives, droughts, floods, landslides and changes in ecosystems.

There is evidence to suggest that climate change is increasing the periodicity and intensity of some extreme weather events.[3] Confidence in the attribution of extreme weather and other events to anthropogenic climate change is highest in changes in frequency or magnitude of extreme heat and cold events with some confidence in increases in heavy precipitation and increases in the intensity of droughts.[4] Current evidence and climate models show that an increasing global temperature will intensify extreme weather events around the globe, thereby amplifying human loss, damages and economic costs, and ecosystem destruction.

Extreme weather has significant impacts on human society as well as natural ecosystems. For example, a global insurer Munich Re estimates that natural disasters cause more than $90 billion global direct losses in 2015.[5] Some human activities can exacerbate the effects, for example some forms of urban planning, wetland destruction along the coast, building homes along a floodplain.

Definitions of extreme weather vary in different parts of the scientific community, changing the outcomes of research from those fields.[5]

Heat waves are periods of abnormally high temperatures and heat index. Definitions of a heatwave vary because of the variation of temperatures in different geographic locations.[6] Excessive heat is often accompanied by high levels of humidity, but can also be catastrophically dry.[7]

Because heat waves are not visible as other forms of severe weather are, like hurricanes, tornadoes, and thunderstorms, they are one of the less known forms of extreme weather.[8] Severe heat weather can damage populations and crops due to potential dehydration or hyperthermia, heat cramps, heat expansion, and heat stroke. Dried soils are more susceptible to erosion, decreasing lands available for agriculture. Outbreaks of wildfires can increase in frequency as dry vegetation has increased the likeliness of igniting. The evaporation of bodies of water can be devastating to marine populations, decreasing the size of the habitats available as well as the amount of nutrition present within the waters. Livestock and other animal populations may decline as well.

During excessive heat, plants shut their leaf pores ( stomata), a protective mechanism to conserve water but also curtails plants' absorption capabilities. This leaves more pollution and ozone in the air, which leads to higher mortality in the population. It has been estimated that extra pollution during the hot summer of 2006 in the UK, cost 460 lives.[9] The European heat waves from summer 2003 are estimated to have caused 30,000 excess deaths, due to heat stress and air pollution.[10] Over 200 U.S cities have registered new record high temperatures.[11] The worst heat wave in the USA occurred in 1936 and killed more than 5000 people directly. The worst heat wave in Australia occurred in 1938-39 and killed 438. The second worst was in 1896.

Power outages can also occur within areas experiencing heat waves due to the increased demand for electricity (i.e. air conditioning use).[12] The urban heat island effect can increase temperatures, particularly overnight.[13]

A cold wave is a weather phenomenon that is distinguished by a cooling of the air. Specifically, as used by the U.S. National Weather Service, a cold wave is a rapid fall in temperature within a 24-hour period requiring substantially increased protection to agriculture, industry, commerce, and social activities. The precise criterion for a cold wave is determined by the rate at which the temperature falls, and the minimum to which it falls. This minimum temperature is dependent on the geographical region and time of year.[14] Cold waves generally are capable of occurring at any geological location and are formed by large cool air masses that accumulate over certain regions, caused by movements of air streams.[6]

A cold wave can cause death and injury to livestock and wildlife. Exposure to cold mandates greater caloric intake for all animals, including humans, and if a cold wave is accompanied by heavy and persistent snow, grazing animals may be unable to reach necessary food and water, and die of hypothermia or starvation. Cold waves often necessitate the purchase of fodder for livestock at considerable cost to farmers.[6] Human populations can be inflicted with frostbite when exposed for extended periods of time to cold and may result in the loss of limbs or damage to internal organs.

Extreme winter cold often causes poorly insulated water pipes to freeze. Even some poorly protected indoor plumbing may rupture as frozen water expands within them, causing property damage. Fires, paradoxically, become more hazardous during extreme cold. Water mains may break and water supplies may become unreliable, making firefighting more difficult.[6]

Cold waves that bring unexpected freezes and frosts during the growing season in mid-latitude zones can kill plants during the early and most vulnerable stages of growth. This results in crop failure as plants are killed before they can be harvested economically. Such cold waves have caused famines. Cold waves can also cause soil particles to harden and freeze, making it harder for plants and vegetation to grow within these areas. One extreme was the so-called Year Without a Summer of 1816, one of several years during the 1810s in which numerous crops failed during freakish summer cold snaps after volcanic eruptions reduced incoming sunlight.

In some cases more frequent extremely cold winter weather - i.e. across parts of Asia and North America including the February 2021 North American cold wave - can be a result of climate change such as due to changes in the Arctic.[15][16] However, conclusions that link climate change to cold waves are considered to still be controversial.[17][unreliable source? ][additional citation(s) needed ] The JRC PESETA IV project concluded in 2020 that overall climate change will result in a decline in the intensity and frequency of extreme cold spells, with milder winters reducing fatalities from extreme cold,[18][additional citation(s) needed ] even if individual cold extreme weather may sometimes be caused by changes due to climate change and possibly even become more frequent in some regions.

A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by different names, including hurricane (), typhoon (), tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply cyclone:[citation needed ] A hurricane is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean or northeastern Pacific Ocean, and a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean; in the Indian Ocean, south Pacific, or (rarely) South Atlantic, comparable storms are referred to simply as "tropical cyclones", and such storms in the Indian Ocean can also be called "severe cyclonic storms".

"Tropical" refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively over tropical seas. "Cyclone" refers to their winds moving in a circle, whirling round their central clear eye, with their winds blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect. Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface, which ultimately condenses into clouds and rain when moist air rises and cools to saturation. This energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms, such as nor'easters and European windstorms, which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts. Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km (62 and 1,243 mi) in diameter. Every year tropical cyclones impact various regions of the globe including the Gulf Coast of North America, Australia, India and Bangladesh.

Tropical cyclones and climate change Edit

In 2020, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the U.S. government predicted that, over the 21st Century, the frequency of tropical storms and Atlantic hurricanes would decline by 25 percent while their maximum intensity would rise 5 percent.[19] Prior to the new study there was a decade-long debate about a possible increase of tropical cyclones as an effect of climate change.[20] However, the 2012 IPCC special report on extreme events SREX states that "there is low confidence in any observed long-term (i.e., 40 years or more) increases in tropical cyclone activity (i.e., intensity, frequency, duration), after accounting for past changes in observing capabilities."[21] Increases in population densities increase the number of people affected and damage caused by an event of given severity. The World Meteorological Organization[22] and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency[23] have in the past linked increasing extreme weather events to climate change, as have Hoyos et al. (2006), writing that the increasing number of category 4 and 5 hurricanes is directly linked to increasing temperatures.[24] Similarly, Kerry Emanuel in Nature writes that hurricane power dissipation is highly correlated with temperature, reflecting climate change.[25]

Hurricane modeling has produced similar results, finding that hurricanes, simulated under warmer, high CO ₂ conditions, are more intense than under present-day conditions. Thomas Knutson and Robert E. Tuleya of the NOAA stated in 2004 that warming-induced by greenhouse gas may lead to the increasing occurrence of highly destructive category-5 storms.[26] Vecchi and Soden find that wind shear, the increase of which acts to inhibit tropical cyclones, also changes in model-projections of climate change. There are projected increases of wind shear in the tropical Atlantic and East Pacific associated with the deceleration of the Walker circulation, as well as decreases of wind shear in the western and central Pacific.[27] The study does not make claims about the net effect on Atlantic and East Pacific hurricanes of the warming and moistening atmospheres, and the model-projected increases in Atlantic wind shear.[28]

The effects of extreme weather includes, but not limited to:[29][30]

Too much rain (heavy downpours), causing floods and landslides

Too much heat and no rain (heatwave) causing droughts and wildfires

Strong winds, such as hurricanes and tornadoes, causing damage to man made structures and animal habitats

Large snowfalls, causing avalanches and blizzards

According to IPCC (2011) estimates of annual losses have ranged since 1980 from a few billion to above US$200 billion (in 2010 dollars), with the highest value for 2005 (the year of Hurricane Katrina).[31] The global weather-related disaster losses, such as loss of human lives, cultural heritage, and ecosystem services, are difficult to value and monetize, and thus they are poorly reflected in estimates of losses.[32][33] Yet, recent abnormally intense storms, hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, droughts and associated large-scale wildfires have led to unprecedented negative ecological consequences for tropical forests and coral reefs around the world.[34]

The death toll from natural disasters has declined over 90 percent since the 1920s, according to the International Disaster Database, even as the total human population on Earth quadrupled, and temperatures rose 1.3 °C. In the 1920s, 5.4 million people died from natural disasters while in the 2010s, just 400,000 did.[35]

The most dramatic and rapid declines in deaths from extreme weather events have taken place in south Asia. Where a tropical cyclone in 1991 in Bangladesh killed 135,000 people, and a 1970 cyclone killed 300,000, the similarly-sized Cyclone Ampham, which struck India and Bangladesh in 2020, killed just 120 people in total.[36][37][38]

In the United States, major hurricanes can produce flooding from storm surges and extreme rainfall and account for 75% of all fatalities.[39]

On July 23, 2020, Munich Re announced that the 2,900 total global deaths from natural disasters for the first half of 2020 was a record-low, and "much lower than the average figures for both the last 30 years and the last 10 years."[40]

A 2021 study found that 9.4% of global deaths between 2000 and 2019 - ~5 million annually - can be attributed to extreme temperature with cold-related ones making up the larger share and decreasing and heat-related ones making up ~0.91 % and increasing.[41][42]

Climate change has led to an increase in the frequency and/or intensity of certain types of extreme weather.[46] Storms such as hurricanes or tropical cyclones may experience greater rainfall, causing major flooding events or landslides by saturating soil. This is because warmer air is able to 'hold' more moisture due to the water molecules having increased kinetic energy, and precipitation occurs at a greater rate because more molecules have the critical speed needed to fall as rain drops.[47] A shift in rainfall patterns can lead to greater amounts of precipitation in one area while another experiences much hotter, drier conditions, which can lead to drought.[48] This is because an increase in temperatures also lead to an increase in evaporation at the surface of the earth, so more precipitation does not necessarily mean universally wetter conditions or a worldwide increase in drinking water.[47]

Extreme weather negatively affects the ecosystems through various events resulting the serious impact on the landscape and people.[49]

There are plenty of anthropogenic activities that can exacerbate the effects of extreme weather events. Urban planning often amplifies urban flooding impacts, especially in areas that are at increased risk of storms due to their location and climate variability. First, increasing the amount of impervious surfaces, such as sidewalks, roads, and roofs, means that less of the water from incoming storms is absorbed by the land.[50] The destruction of wetlands, which act as a natural reservoir by absorbing water, can intensify the impact of floods and extreme precipitation.[51] This can happen both inland and at the coast. However, wetland destruction along the coast can mean decreasing an area's natural 'cushion,' thus allowing storm surges and flood waters to reach farther inland during hurricanes or cyclones.[52] Building homes below sea level or along a floodplain puts residents at increased risk of destruction or injury in an extreme precipitation event.

More urban areas can also contribute to the rise of extreme or unusual weather events. Tall structures can alter the way that wind moves throughout an urban area, pushing warmer air upwards and inducing convection, creating thunderstorms.[50] With these thunderstorms comes increased precipitation, which, because of the large amounts of impervious surfaces in cities, can have devastating impacts.[50] Impervious surfaces also absorb energy from the sun and warm the atmosphere, causing drastic increases in temperatures in urban areas. This, along with pollution and heat released from cars and other anthropogenic sources, contributes to urban heat islands.[53]

Generally speaking, one event in extreme weather cannot be attributed to any one cause; however, certain system wide changes to global weather systems can lead to increased frequency or intensity of extreme weather events.[5]

Aspects of our climate system have a certain level of natural variability, and extreme weather events can occur for several reasons beyond human impact, including changes in pressure or the movement of air. Areas along the coast or located in tropical regions are more likely to experience storms with heavy precipitation than temperate regions, although such events can occur. Not every unusual weather event can be blamed on climate change. The atmosphere is a complex and dynamic system, influenced by several factors such as the natural tilt and orbit of the Earth, the absorption or reflection of solar radiation, the movement of air masses, and the hydrologic cycle. Due to this, weather patterns can experience some variation, and so extreme weather can be attributed, at least in part, to the natural variability that exists on Earth. Climatic variations such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation or the North Atlantic Oscillation impact weather patterns in specific regions of the world, influencing temperature and precipitation.[54] The record-breaking extreme weather events that have been catalogued throughout the past two hundred years most likely arise when climate patterns like ENSO or NAO work "in the same direction as human‐induced warming."[54]

Some studies assert a connection between rapidly warming arctic temperatures and thus a vanishing cryosphere to extreme weather in mid-latitudes.[55][56][57][58] In a study published in Nature in 2019, scientists used several simulations to determine that the melting of ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica could affect overall sea level and sea temperature.[59] Other models have shown that modern temperature rise and the subsequent addition of meltwater to the ocean could lead to a disruption of the thermohaline circulation, which is responsible for the movement of seawater and distribution of heat around the globe.[60] A collapse of this circulation in the northern hemisphere could lead to an increase in extreme temperatures in Europe, as well as more frequent storms by throwing off natural climate variability and conditions.[60] Thus, as increasing temperatures cause glaciers to melt, mid-latitudes could experience shifts in weather patterns or temperatures.[60]

The increasing probability of record week-long heat extremes occurrence depends on warming rate, rather than global warming level.[61][62]

There were around 6,681 climate-related events reported during 2000-2019, compared to 3,656 climate-related events reported during 1980-1999.[63] In this report, a 'climate-related event' refers to floods, storms, droughts, landslides, extreme temperatures (like heat waves or freezes), and wildfires; it excludes geophysical events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, or mass movements.[63] While there is evidence that a changing global climate, such as an increase in temperature, has impacted the frequency of extreme weather events, the most significant effects are likely to arise in the future. This is where climate models are useful, for they can provide simulations on how the atmosphere may behave over time and what steps need to be taken in the present day to mitigate any negative changes.[64]

Some researchers attribute increases in extreme weather occurrences to more reliable reporting systems.[63] A difference in what qualifies as 'extreme weather' in varying climate systems could also be argued. Over or under reporting of casualties or losses can lead to inaccuracy in the impact of extreme weather. However, the UN reports show that, although some countries have experienced greater effects, there have been increases in extreme weather events on all continents.[63] Current evidence and climate models show that an increasing global temperature will intensify extreme weather events around the globe, thereby amplifying human loss, damages and economic costs, and ecosystem destruction.

Early research in extreme weather focused on statements about predicting certain events. Contemporary research focuses more on attribution of causes to trends in events.[5] In particular the field is focusing on climate change alongside other causal factors for these events.[5]

A 2016 report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, recommended investing in improved shared practices across the field working on attribution research, improving the connection between research outcomes and weather forecasting.[4]

As more research is done in this area, scientists have begun to investigate the connection between climate change and extreme weather events and what future impacts may arise. Much of this work is done through climate modeling. Climate models provide important predictions about the future characteristics of the atmosphere, oceans, and Earth using data collected in the modern day.[64] However, while climate models are vital for studying more complex processes such as climate change or ocean acidification, they are still only approximations.[64] Moreover, weather events are complex and cannot be tied to a singular cause-there are often many atmospheric variables such as temperature, pressure, or moisture to note on top of any influences from climate change or natural variability.[64]

An important record of extreme weather events is gathered statistics from around the world, which can help scientists and policymakers to have a better understanding of any changes in weather and climate conditions. These statistics can influence climate modeling as well. Statistics have shown an increase in extreme weather events throughout the 1900s and into the 2000s.

1. ^ "Has Climate Variability, or have Climate Extremes, Changed?". Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Archived from the original on 2005-11-01.

2. ^ National Climatic Data Center. "Extreme Events".

3. ^

Harvey, Fiona (10 July 2012). "Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change". The Guardian. Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves to human-induced climate change.

Hansen, J; Sato, M; Ruedy, R; Lacis, A; Oinas, V (2000). "Global warming in the twenty-first century: an alternative scenario". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (18): 9875-80. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.9875H. doi:10.1073/pnas.170278997. PMC 27611. PMID 10944197.

Raloff, Janet (November 17, 2012). "Extremely Bad Weather". Science News. Vol. 182, no. 10. p. 22. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012.

Gillis, Justin (April 26, 2012). "Study Indicates a Greater Threat of Extreme Weather". The New York Times.

Hansen, J.; Sato, M.; Ruedy, R. (2012). "PNAS Plus: Perception of climate change". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (37): E2415-E2423. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E2415H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1205276109. PMC 3443154. PMID 22869707.

4. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016). Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change (Report). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 127-136. doi:10.17226/21852. ISBN 978-0-309-38094-2.

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Extreme weather or extreme climate events includes unexpected, unusual, severe, or unseasonal weather; weather at the extremes of the historical distribution-the range that has been seen in the past.[1] Often, extreme events are based on a location's recorded weather history and defined as lying in the most unusual ten percent.[2] The main types of extreme weather include heat waves, cold waves and tropical cyclones.

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Climate Change and Natural Disasters Overview | Munich Re Topics Online

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Climate change and natural disasters have diverse impacts. These affect the insurance industry. Discover specialist articles and opinions on the subject.

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Foreign culture.

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https://abury.net/blogs/abury-blog/exploring-new-cultures

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Posted on 31 July 2018

International travel has become much more affordable and convenient in recent years. Forgetting for a moment the environmental cost of air travel, this is great news for anyone longing to explore. It's now easier than ever to visit even the remotest corners of the world, and although many travellers love trying new foods and seeing famous monuments, exploring new cultures will often provide most worthwhile travel experiences. But why is exploring new cultures the best part of travelling?

© Nathaniel Tetteh via Unsplash under License

Even if you try your best to avoid racism and xenophobia, you probably still have some subconscious preconceptions about other people and cultures. This is normal - your own culture will have shaped your view of other cultures, whether you realise it or not.Travelling is one of the easiest ways to dispel these views and learn a thing or two about the importance of keeping an open mind. Even if you love your hometown and country, you'll learn a lot about humanity and how it varies worldwide by exploring other cultures.

Culture is tied to history, and you should try your best to acknowledge and understand both when visiting a new country. If you travel to Morocco, for example, you could dive into learning all about the beautiful history and symbolism in crafts such as Moroccan embroidery. In this amazing northern African country, you can also visit archaeological sites like Walili (Volubilis), a native town that had been colonised by the Roman Empire. Search for fascinating facts to enrich your mind - by learning about other cultures, you're learning about collective human history.

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Wouldn't it be great to have friends as far apart as India, Kenya and Ethiopia? Meeting people from all walks of life and maintaining connections with them will enhance and enrich your own life, and you'll learn a lot about yourself by seeing yourself through others' eyes. Plus, if you ever return to the same country, you'll already have a friend to spend time with.

Meeting new people, many of whom you won't always agree with, will help you to develop conflict resolution skills that you can then use in your everyday life. Additionally, you'll learn to adapt quickly and keep an open mind in new situations.

If you live in the same place your whole life, you'll never fully learn how to praise its virtues and critique its shortcomings. Experiencing new cultures will help you to view your own as if from a foreign perspective - long-term travellers often say that coming home after a long trip feels almost like travelling to a new place; no longer does everything feel 'normal'. This is a good thing and will give you the chance to decide for yourself what you like and dislike about your culture.

© Robert Collins via Unsplash under License

When you travel, always be sensitive to cultural differences, and treat others with respect. If you follow these two basic rules and remain open to the idea of meeting new people and learning new things, discovering new cultures will greatly enrich your life.

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5 Reasons Why Exploring New Cultures Is the Best Part of Travelling

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It's easier than ever to visit even the remotest corners of the world! Many travellers love trying new foreign foods and seeing famous temples, but exploring new cultures and the local people will often provide the most worthwhile travel experience. Why is is that exploring new cultures is the best part of travelling?

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The weather abroad.

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https://nomadsworld.com/why-people-travel/amp/

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Why do People Travel? Some of the reasons why people travel

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After speaking to people I have met travelling, I have discovered what the main reasons are that people go travelling, is this why you travel too?

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Shopping abroad.

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The rising sea levels.

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https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2019/10/30/world/rising-sea-cities-study-intl-hnk-scli-sci/index.html

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(CNN) Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are at risk of losing their homes as entire cities sink under rising seas over the next three decades, according to researchers.

The findings, published Tuesday in the journal Nature Communications, put nearly three times as many people in coastal areas at risk from flooding than previously thought, and are the result of new advances in elevation modeling technology.

Global sea levels are expected to rise between two to seven feet (0.6 meters to 2.1 meters) -- and possibly more -- over the course of the 21st century.

And by 2050, land that is currently home to about 300 million people will fall below the elevation of the average annual coastal flood -- meaning they could face severe floods at least once a year. By 2100, land that is home to 200 million people could sit permanently below the high tide line, rendering those coastal areas all but unlivable.

"The results indicate that, yes, a great deal more people are on vulnerable land than we thought," said Benjamin Strauss, one of the study's co-authors and CEO of non-profit organization Climate Central. He added that these affected regions need to take immediate action to avoid the impending "economic and humanitarian catastrophe."

Entire coastal cities could be wiped out if there aren't enough sea defenses in place. Some 70% of the people at risk of yearly floods and permanent inundation are in eight Asian countries: China, Bangladesh, India, Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Japan, according to the study.

China's low-lying big cities are particularly vulnerable, according to a Climate Central press release -- think Shanghai, Tianjin, and Hong Kong. Other Asian cities at risk include Vietnamese capital Hanoi, Bangladeshi capital Dhaka, and the eastern Indian city Kolkata.

The entire southern tip of Vietnam could be flooded, according to Climate Central's projections.

It's not just Asia, either -- according to Climate Central, 19 other countries, including Brazil and the UK, could see land falling permanently below the high tide line by 2100.

"If our findings stand, coastal communities worldwide must prepare themselves for much more difficult futures than may be currently anticipated," the study warned. "Recent work has suggested that, even in the US, sea-level rise this century may induce large-scale migration away from unprotected coastlines, redistributing population density across the country and putting great pressure on inland areas."

The climate emergency has seen glaciers and ice sheets rapidly melting, from the Himalayas to Antarctica. Previous reports had predicted that sea levels could rise by three feet (0.9 meters) -- which Climate Central researchers now say was too conservative an estimate.

"We've already shifted from a world in which sea level was stable to one in which it is rising, and it will continue to rise for decades, and in fact, hundreds of years," Strauss told CNN.

Of the major ice sheets, Greenland's is melting the fastest, and lost more than 275 gigatons on average per year between 2006 and 2015, according to a landmark report last month by the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). But the even larger Antarctic ice sheet is also shrinking, and its mass loss tripled between 2007 and 2016 compared to the previous 10 years.

These rising oceans spell disaster for coastal residents who could be forcibly displaced. Entire Pacific islands could be submerged, creating waves of climate refugees who might not have anywhere to go. They are not protected by international laws, so industrialized countries aren't legally obligated to grant them asylum.

Rising sea levels contribute to warmer global temperatures, changing what kinds of crops farmers can grow -- meaning millions of people could face food and drinking water scarcity, health crises, and a disrupted global economy.

Editor's note: This article has been updated to clarify that the findings are based on advances in modeling technology

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Rising sea levels could submerge entire cities worldwide by 2050

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(CNN) Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are at risk of losing their homes as entire cities sink under rising seas over the next three decades, according to researchers. The findings, published Tuesday in the journal Nature Communications, put nearly three times as many people in coastal areas at risk from flooding than previously thought, and are the result of new advances in elevation modeling technology.

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https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/sea-level-rise-1

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As humans continue to pour greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, oceans have tempered the effect. The world's seas have absorbed more than 90 percent of the heat from these gases, but it's taking a toll on our oceans: 2021 set a new record for ocean heating.

Rising seas is one of those climate change effects. Average sea levels have swelled over 8 inches (about 23 cm) since 1880, with about three of those inches gained in the last 25 years. Every year, the sea rises another .13 inches (3.2 mm.) Research published in February 2022 shows that sea level rise is accelerating and projected to rise by a foot by 2050.

That translates into as much sea level rise in the next 30 years as occurred over the last century, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Rick Spinrad, the NOAA administrator, called the findings "historic," and warned that the projected rise will occur even if carbon emissions are drastically cut.

(How carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases contribute to climate change.)

In the United States, the most vulnerable populations live on the East and Gulf Coasts, where damaging flooding is predicted to occur 10 times more often in 2050 than it does today. The acceleration of sea level rise along these coasts is "unprecedented in at least 120 years," according to a study published in April 2023.

Here's what you need to know about the causes-and consequences-of sea level rise.

Causes of sea level rise

The change in sea levels is linked to three primary factors, all induced by ongoing global climate change:

Thermal expansion: When water heats up, it expands. About half of the sea-level rise over the past 25 years is attributable to warmer oceans simply occupying more space.

Melting glaciers: Large ice formations such as mountain glaciers naturally melt a bit each summer. In the winter, snows, primarily from evaporated seawater, are generally sufficient to balance out the melting. Recently, though, persistently higher temperatures caused by global warming have led to greater-than-average summer melting as well as diminished snowfall due to later winters and earlier springs. That creates an imbalance between runoff and ocean evaporation, causing sea levels to rise.

Loss of Greenland and Antarctica's ice sheets: As with mountain glaciers, increased heat is causing the massive ice sheets that cover Greenland and Antarctica to melt more quickly. Scientists also believe that meltwater from above and seawater from below is seeping beneath Greenland's ice sheets, effectively lubricating ice streams and causing them to move more quickly into the sea. While melting in West Antarctica has drawn considerable focus from scientists, especially with the 2017 break in the Larsen C ice shelf, glaciers in East Antarctica are also showing signs of destabilizing.

Consequences

When sea levels rise as rapidly as they have been, even a small increase can have devastating effects on coastal habitats farther inland, it can cause destructive erosion, wetland flooding, aquifer and agricultural soil contamination with salt, and lost habitat for fish, birds, and plants.

(Here's how warming oceans affects wildlife and storm systems.)

Higher sea levels are coinciding with more dangerous hurricanes and typhoons that move more slowly and drop more rain, contributing to more powerful storm surges that can strip away everything in their path. One study found that between 1963 and 2012, almost half of all deaths from Atlantic hurricanes were caused by storm surges.

Already, flooding in low-lying coastal areas is forcing people to migrate to higher ground, and millions more are vulnerable from flood risk and other climate change effects. The prospect of higher coastal water levels threatens basic services such as Internet access, since much of the underlying communications infrastructure lies in the path of rising seas.

Adapting to the threat

As a result of these risks, many coastal cities are already planning adaptation measures to cope with the long-term prospects of higher sea levels, often at considerable cost. Building seawalls, rethinking roads, and planting mangroves or other vegetation to absorb water are all being undertaken.

In Jakarta, a $40 billion project will aim to protect the city with an 80-foot-high seawall. Rotterdam, home to the Global Center on Adaptation, has offered a model to other cities seeking to combat flooding and land loss. The Dutch city has built barriers, drainage, and innovative architectural features such as a "water square" with temporary ponds.

Of course, communities vulnerable to rising seas can only go so far in holding back the tide. In the Marshall Islands, where rising sea levels are forcing a choice between relocating or building up the land, residents will need help from other nations if they decide to undertake the expensive latter option.

How high will it go?

Most predictions say the warming of the planet will continue and is likely to accelerate, causing the oceans to keep rising. This means hundreds of coastal cities face flooding. But forecasting how much and how soon seas will rise remains an area of ongoing research.

A special report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says we can expect the oceans to rise between 10 and 30 inches (26 to 77 centimeters) by 2100 with temperatures warming 1.5 °C. That's enough to seriously affect many of the cities along the U.S. East Coast. Another analysis based on NASA and European data skewed toward the higher end of that range, predicting a rise of 26 inches (65 centimeters) by the end of this century if the current trajectory continues.

If all the ice that currently exists on Earth in glaciers and sheets melted it would raise sea level by 216 feet. That could cause entire states and even some countries to disappear under the waves, from Florida to Bangladesh. That's not a scenario scientists think is likely, and it would probably take many centuries, but it could eventually happen if the world keeps burning fossil fuels indiscriminately.

In the meantime, scientists keep refining their models of sea-level changes. They also point out that the extent to which countries work together to limit release of more greenhouse gases may have a significant impact on how quickly seas rise, and how much.

Editor's Note: This story was originally published on February 19, 2019. It has been updated with new data.

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Seas are predicted to rise a foot by 2050, regardless of how much global carbon emissions can be reduced. Why is this happening, and what can we do to adapt?

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The risks of our health.

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https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/how-air-pollution-is-destroying-our-health#:~:text=They%20can%20increase%20the%20risk,inflammation%20and%20reduced%20lung%20function.

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As the world gets hotter and more crowded, our engines continue to pump out dirty emissions, and half the world has no access to clean fuels or technologies (e.g. stoves, lamps), the very air we breathe is growing dangerously polluted: nine out of ten people now breathe polluted air, which kills 7 million people every year.

The health effects of air pollution are serious - one third of deaths from stroke, lung cancer and heart disease are due to air pollution. This is having an equivalent effect to that of smoking tobacco, and much higher than, say, the effects of eating too much salt.

Air pollution is hard to escape, no matter how rich an area you live in. It is all around us. Microscopic pollutants in the air can slip past our body's defences, penetrating deep into our respiratory and circulatory system, damaging our lungs, heart and brain.

Air pollution is closely linked to climate change - the main driver of climate change is fossil fuel combustion which is also a major contributor to air pollution - and efforts to mitigate one can improve the other. This month, the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned that coal-fired electricity must end by 2050 if we are to limit global warming rises to 1.5C. If not, we may see a major climate crisis in just 20 years.

Meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement to combat climate change could save about a million lives a year worldwide by 2050 through reductions in air pollution alone. The economic benefits from tackling air pollution are significant: in the 15 countries that emit the most greenhouse gas emissions, the health impacts of air pollution are estimated to cost more than 4% of their GDP.

"The true cost of climate change is felt in our hospitals and in our lungs. The health burden of polluting energy sources is now so high, that moving to cleaner and more sustainable choices for energy supply, transport and food systems effectively pays for itself," says Dr Maria Neira, WHO Director of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health.

The lack of visible smog is no indication that the air is healthy. Across the world, both cities and villages are seeing toxic pollutants in the air exceed the average annual values recommended by WHO's air quality guidelines. To help people better understand just how polluted the air is where they live, the WHO, UN Environment and the Climate and Clean Air Coalition's Breathe Life campaign developed an online pollution meter.

Critical issues at the first Global Conference on Air Pollution and Health

There are two main types of air pollution - ambient air pollution (outdoor pollution) and household (or indoor) air pollution refers to pollution generated by household combustion of fuels (caused by burning fuel such as coal, wood or kerosene) using open fires or basic stoves in poorly ventilated spaces. Both indoor and outdoor air pollution can contribute to each other, as air moves from inside buildings to the outside, and vice versa.

Household air pollution kills 4 million people a year and tends to affect countries in Africa and Asia, where polluting fuels and technologies are used every day particularly at home for cooking, heating and lighting. Women and children, who tend to spend more time indoors, are affected the most.

The main pollutants: are (1) particulate matter, a mix of solid and liquid droplets arising mainly from fuel combustion and road traffic; (2) nitrogen dioxide from road traffic or indoor gas cookers; (3) sulphur dioxide from burning fossil fuels; and (4) ozone at ground level, caused by the reaction of sunlight with pollutants from vehicle emissions. The pollutant that affects people the most is particulate matter (often abbreviated to PM and used as a measure for air pollution).

Video: Did you know - using a clean cookstove can protect your health?

5 ways to limit breathing polluted air

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How air pollution is destroying our health

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As the world gets hotter and more crowded, our engines continue to pump out dirty emissions, and half the world has no access to clean fuels or technologies (e.g. stoves, lamps), the very air we breathe is growing dangerously polluted: nine out of ten people now breathe polluted air, which kills 7 million people every year.

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About the author

Paritosh Kasotia

Paritosh Kasotia is an International Program Manager at the Iowa Council for International Understanding. She is also President of the United Nations Association-Des Moines Chapter.
From Vol. XLIV, No. 2, "Green Our World!", 2007
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that the increase in global atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) is primarily due to fossil fuel use and, in a smaller but still significant level, to land-use change.

An Inconvenient Truth, a documentary by former United States Vice-President Al Gore, has also drawn public attention to the critical issue of global warming and how the burning of fossil fuels has increased the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. Global warming can result in many serious alterations to the environment, eventually impacting human health. It can also cause a rise in sea level, leading to the loss of coastal land, a change in precipitation patterns, increased risks of droughts and floods, and threats to biodiversity. The effects are already evident in areas like Nunavut, Canada, where Inuit hunters are facing survival challenges due to the thinning of the ice. Explorer Will Steger gives an account of hunters in the Baffin Island, who are faced with the dilemma of unsafe hunting due to ice loss, risking their lives to get in contact with sea animals.

Besides the visible effects on people's livelihoods, global warming is predicted to have a strong and adverse impact on human health. The populations of countries that have contributed the least to global warming are the most vulnerable to death and diseases brought about by higher temperatures. The coastlines along the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean and in sub-Saharan Africa will be at higher risk of enduring the health effects of climate change.

The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that climate change is responsible for at least 150,000 deaths per year, a number that is expected to double by 2030. The effects of global warming will cause dire health consequences:

Infectious diseases. IPCC predicts that global warming will worsen human health conditions, especially in tropical regions. In places like Africa, an increase in temperature signifies an increase in mosquito populations, thus escalating the risk of malaria, dengue and other insect-borne infections. Other regions are also affected. The United States experienced varying levels of malaria outbreaks; in 2006, the United Kingdom was plagued by an outbreak of legionnaires' diseases -- a bacterial lung infection that scientists attribute to global warming. WHO states that global warming will also cause a major increase in insect-borne diseases in Europe. Countries like Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and Turkey might already be in the danger zone for mosquito-borne malaria. However, the ability to tolerate temperature changes differs from region to region. Richer societies can utilize technological advances; for example, the use of more powerful air conditioners and the construction of houses minimize heat retention. On the other hand, developing countries lack not only the technological know-how, but also the resources and public health systems, required to prevent such outbreaks.

Heatwaves. Prolonged periods of abnormally high temperatures can have serious health effects on vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and the sick. This was already seen during the 2003 heatwave in Europe, which claimed approximately 35,000 lives. In a study by Hadley Center for Climate Prediction and Research in the United Kingdom, scientists using computer models showed how greenhouse gas emissions have increased the likelihood of heatwaves. The most common health effect is hyperthermia or heatstroke that can be fatal if left untreated. IPCC predicts that global warming will lead to hot days, followed by nights of high temperatures.

Loss of agricultural productivity. Global warming can result in droughts that can worsen living conditions, particularly in Africa. The World Wild Fund has reported that climate change can drastically alter rainfall pattern, and risk water and food supplies for millions. The IPCC report estimates that approximately 75 million to 250 million people in Africa will be without adequate water and will face food shortages by 2020, as crop productivity will decline by about 50 per cent. Rising temperatures could also result in food shortages for 130 million people in Asia.

Asthma and other respiratory diseases. People suffering from heart problems are more vulnerable to increased temperatures, especially those living in already warm areas, as their cardiovascular system must work harder to keep their body cool. Hot temperatures increase the ozone concentration, which can damage people's lung tissue and cause complications for asthma patients and those with lung diseases.
Increased global warming can also pose a threat to national security, affecting food security, which, in turn, can lead to resource conflicts. At the UN Security Council debate on energy, security and climate, British Foreign Secretary Margaret Beckett introduced global warming as a security risk. Despite opposition from many Council members, such as the Russian Federation and China, she argued that the loss of basic needs due to climate change in poor countries can increase the risk of conflicts. Similarly, Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni has labelled climate change as "an act of aggression by the rich against the poor".

On a positive note, many countries have now realized the grave consequences of global warming. The United States Supreme Court ordered the Federal Government to look into regulating CO2 emissions. Protest participants in many American cities like Boston and New York have urged the Government to reduce emissions up to 80 per cent by 2050; some 1,300 protest events have been organized in the United States under the Step It Up 2007 banner. In Sydney, Australia, businesses and homeowners switched off their lights to acknowledge the critical issue of global warming. Likewise, corporations are realizing the need to become environmentally friendly. PepsiCo, a global beverage and snack company, plans to purchase 1 billion kilowatt hours of renewable energy over the next year. However, the major impact on reducing the effects of global warming cannot be made without the commitment of those countries that account for the greatest production of greenhouse gases.

The UN Chronicle  is not an official record. It is privileged to host senior United Nations officials as well as distinguished contributors from outside the United Nations system whose views are not necessarily those of the United Nations. Similarly, the boundaries and names shown, and the designations used, in maps or articles do not necessarily imply endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

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The Health Effects Of Global Warming: Developing Countries Are The Most Vulnerable | United Nations

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Paritosh Kasotia is an International Program Manager at the Iowa Council for International Understanding. She is also President of the United Nations Association-Des Moines Chapter. From Vol. XLIV, No. 2, "Green Our World!", 2007 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that the increase in global atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) is primarily due to fossil fuel use and, in a smaller but still significant level, to land-use change.

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The disruption of food and water supplies.

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why being journalists is very challenging

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How students can learn more effectively through presentations.

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why being a teacher is very challenging

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why being a doctor is very challenging

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why being an engineer is very challenging

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How students can learn more effectively through projects.

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Drawing up a shopping list.

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Project-based learning (PBL) is a powerful teaching method that has extensive benefits for students, ranging from critical thinking to project management to self-confidence. According to research conducted by The Autodesk Foundation, studies have shown that project-based learning is linked to significant improvements in student test scores, attendance and classroom engagement. It also gives teachers the opportunity to build stronger relationships with their students by acting as their hands-on learning facilitator. In essence, PBL is an instructional method where students collaborate with others and "learn by doing." The same skills learned through PBL are also many of the skills sought by employers.
Check out 10 benefits of project-based learning and how it can better prepare our kids with life skills that set them up for future success.

1. Collaboration: Relationships formed during collaboration is a huge part of PBL. Not only do students learn how to work better in groups-providing their own input, listening to others, and resolving conflicts when they arise-they build positive relationships with teachers, which reinforces how great learning is. Students also form relationships with community members when working on projects, gaining insight for careers and beyond.

2. Problem Solving: Students learn how to solve problems that are important to them, including real community issues, more effectively-even learning from failure and possibly starting over.

3. Creativity: Students apply creative thinking skills to innovate new product designs and possibilities for projects.

4. In-Depth Understanding: Students build on their research skills and deepen their learning of applied content beyond facts or memorization.

5. Self-Confidence: Students find their voice and learn to take pride in their work, boosting their agency and purpose.

6. Critical Thinking: Students learn to look at problems with a critical thinking lens, asking questions and coming up with possible solutions for their project.

7. Perseverance: When working on a project, students learn to manage obstacles more effectively, often learning from failure and making adjustments until they're satisfied with their work.

8. Project Management: Students learn how to manage projects and assignments more efficiently.

9. Curiosity: Students get to explore their curiosities, ask questions and form a new love for learning.

10. Empowerment: Students take ownership over their projects, reflecting on and celebrating their progress and accomplishments.

Download free Destination Imagination activities to enhance project-based learning for your students. Want to take your project-based learning experience to a higher level? Start a Destination Imagination team and choose from seven long-term STEAM projects.

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10 Benefits of Project-Based Learning - Destination Imagination

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Project-based learning (PBL) is a powerful teaching method that has extensive benefits for students, ranging from critical thinking to project management to self-confidence. According to research conducted by The Autodesk Foundation, studies have shown that project-based learning is linked to significant improvements in student test scores, attendance and classroom engagement.

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Excercising self-control.

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Reducing the frequency of shopping.

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Bringing only the amount of money you need.

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How students can learn more effectively through assignments.

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the importance of community effort

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Nowadays, the importance of academic writing is increasing day by day. It is due to the increased requirements of teachers which students cannot fulfill. Academic writing is not an easy task it requires extensive research and error-free content. The students who study in the top universities of the world often need to get essay service for completion of their tasks. It merely shows that the requirement of professors is just increasing and students get burdened and seek services for the completion of their task.

But still, every student should try their best to complete their assignment on their own. There are a lot of several benefits of assignment writing. Have a look below, mentioned some of them.

1. Make Student Aware About The Topic:

Assignment usually acquires a topic related to a particular subject. Assignment writing requires extensive researching and evaluation of various sources. In this regard, making assignments on your own will make you completely aware of a specific topic and subject. The student will be able to get valuable insights and informative ideas about a variety of topics.

2. Enhance Your Writing Skills:

Assignment writing will enhance your writing skills. For making your assignment, you have to be utterly conscious about everything, grammar, punctuation, and all sort of thing. It will increase your skills and make you much proficient in writing. Your grammar will get better, and sentence formation will also improve.

3. Enhancement of Research Skills:

By making your assignments, your research skills will get enhanced. You have to do detailed researching on a specific topic or subject to give useful information in your essay. It will increase your researching skills. You will get to know about new tactics to search on different search engines with the implication of several keywords.

4. Help In Exams:

Making your assignment on your own will help you in your exams too. While making your assignment, you will gather all the required information, and working on it will make it preserve in your mind. In exams, you will not be needed to learn enough. You will be having all the points in mind and can efficiently complete that topic by those cleared concepts.

Real Life example Improve Learning:

The point is that assignments allow you to add the real-life experiences which will enhance your learning ability. You will learn in a much efficient manner; it will help them in getting new levels of learning when they will sit to write a new assignment.

5. Improve Learning Skills:

By making assignments, the skills of learning will also get increased. While making assignments, students have to learn several new things and require to keep all of them save in mind. It will benefit a lot. It will engage their mind in working and studying, and they will focus more.

Lots of students think that academic writing is worthless, but actually, it is not. Just writing one assignment will give you enough information about a particular topic that you will become eligible to debate on.

6. Learn about plagiarism

Firstly, what is the likelihood of the essay/problem question matching the one that has been set by your lecturer? Secondly, one problematic thing about MPhil in Law is that it changes. In fact, it changes particularly fast in some areas (i.e., Employment Law, Criminal Law, and Law of Tort). So even if the essay put in the essay bank was excellent and up to the mark when it was first written, it, in all likelihood, is now a misrepresentation of the current law. Thirdly, the plagiarism checker detects. You should put references and citation in the right order. It will save your content from plagiarism.

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6 Top Required Advantages of Assignment Writing - Blog - Educational App Store

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Nowadays, the importance of academic writing is increasing day by day. It is due to the increased requirements of teachers which students cannot fulfill. Academic writing is not an easy task it requires extensive research and error-free content. The students who study in the top universities of the world often need to get essay service for completion of their tasks.

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the importance of a monitoring process

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How students can learn more effectively through excursions.

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the importance of cleanliness campaigns

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the importance of cleanliness competition

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Being responsible as citizens of a country.

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Donating money.

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Being responsible as members of a community.

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Being responsible as members of a family.

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Volunteering.

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Being responsible as individuals.

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https://www.comparehero.my/money-tips/articles/how-to-help-flood-victims-malaysia-banjir#:~:text=Donate%20food%2C%20clothing%20%26%20toiletries,can%20be%20kept%20for%20longer.

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In the last few days, parts of Malaysia have been badly hit by severe floods. With rescue missions still ongoing, we know that it's going to be a long road to recovery. Over 32,000 people have been moved to rescue centres in Selangor alone, and other states are reporting equally high numbers.

If you've been scrolling through social media wondering what you can do to help in these trying times, here's how:

1. Join rescue missions

We're now on day 4 since the floods began. But while water levels are receding and the rains seem to have come to a halt, many people are still trapped in their homes. With no access to electricity and phone services, they are even unable to let rescuers know where they are.

In addition to the military boats that have been sent to ferry people to safety in batches, there are also NGOs that have joined the rescue missions. If you're physically able to go to these badly-hit areas and help, go ahead and sign up as a volunteer.

However, please only go with NGOs that are trained in working through natural disasters like this. If you decide to go on your own or with groups with inadequate experience, it can be highly dangerous.

2. Volunteer at relief/food distribution centres

If you're unable to actually go out and rescue victims, another option is to help them settle in in relief centres. With tens of thousands now displaced in various shelters, there are a lot of arrangements to be made for victims.

Alternatively, you can help get warm meals to those who are in need of them. There are several locations that are currently preparing thousands of meals a day such as Gurdwara Sahib Petaling Jaya or The Port at Damansara. At the time of writing, volunteers are still needed to help cook and pack food. If you'd like to join in the efforts, just contact them to find out how you can be of assistance.

Besides these, you can also volunteer to clean houses that have been affected. For more ways on how you can help, check out this Instagram Guide put together by @shaherazahari.

3. Give monetary aid

Cash donations are always needed during a crisis like this, as they can be used to cover anything, from supplies needed for victims to repairing destroyed homes.

The most important thing when it comes to cash aid, however, is to direct them to the right places. Always go for legitimate and known organisations first before channeling your money elsewhere. This doesn't mean that you can't donate to individuals who are collecting funds. However, make sure that they're able to provide receipts for how the cash is being used. Some organizations you can consider donating to can be found here.

4. Donate food, clothing & toiletries

As most flood victims would have lost many of their belongings, any donations of essential items are much appreciated. If you'd like to send food directly to relief centres, consider packing dry or canned food as they can be kept for longer. It would be advisable to send vegetarian items so that they can be consumed by Malaysians from various religious backgrounds.

As for clothing, please pack up clothes that are in decent condition only. Avoid clothes that are damaged and no longer wearable. You can send those to centres that upcycle old clothing such as Kloth Cares instead.

If you're not sure of what essentials to pack, some things you can include are:

soaps & shampoo

sanitary napkins

wet wipes

diapers for both adults and babies

candles & matches

Paracetamol

power bank

You can also make individual care packages with a bit of everything so that it can be distributed more easily.

5. Provide shelter & transportation

Got some extra space that's unused at the moment? You can open your doors to some families for a few days. If you don't know where you can offer your shelter, start by putting out announcements on social media.

Besides boats that are being used to transport victims, other much-needed vehicles at this point are 4x4s and 4WDs due to their wading depths. If you have one of these or know someone who does, feel free to offer to ferry not just people, but also their belongings and pets.

6. Share helpful information

Don't feel bad if you can't do any of the above. There are still ways you can make a difference during this time, even if it has to be done virtually.

What's kept us all in the loop regarding the floods is the information that's been shared around-where to get help, which roads to avoid, where victims are still stranded, and so on. If you've been actively spreading the word on all of this, keep up the good work! A simple retweet or Instastory can go a long way.

At the same time, please ensure that the information you share is accurate and verified. The last thing you'd want, especially at a dire time like this, is for anyone's efforts to go to waste.

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Want To Help #MalaysiaBanjir Victims? Here's What You Can Do

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In the last few days, parts of Malaysia have been badly hit by severe floods. With rescue missions still ongoing, we know that it's going to be a long road to recovery. Over 32,000 people have been moved to rescue centres in Selangor alone, and other states are reporting equally high numbers.

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Donating basic necessities.

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better medical care

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the convenience of shopping

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Mobilising others via social media

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Quality education and job opportunities

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a variety of entertainment and recreational centres

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https://kellysthoughtsonthings.com/benefits-buying-clothes-abroad/#:~:text=You%20also%20sometimes%20have%20to,shoes%20no%20one%20else%20has.

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Beck Gusler

Every woman likes buying clothes for herself, even if not every woman likes shopping. I love putting on something new and feeling great in it. Usually I buy clothes close to home. But sometimes ordering online and even from another country is a better way of getting what you want. There are sometimes problems, like being unable to try things on or it being difficult to return things that don't fit. You also sometimes have to pay import duty. But buying clothes from abroad has its advantages too. It can be cheaper, even with import costs; you can find more and different sizes, and you can get hold of clothes and shoes no one else has.
Cheaper Costs
Buying clothes online from other countries can be much cheaper than buying at home. This works well for certain designers whose products get imported into the country anyway. It can be cheaper to import a single item yourself than to pay the prices that stores in the US charge on their imported stock. When you buy from countries like China, you can get extremely cheap clothes. Although you should be careful of the quality as well as the product's origins. Certain products can also be cheaper if they're more in demand in another country.
Unique Pieces
One amazing advantage of buying from other countries is bagging that piece of clothing that no one else has. If you can't find it in the shops at home, it's guaranteed to get lots of attention. When someone asks where you got something, and you say "Italy," it makes you sound wonderfully well traveled. Even if you just bought it online. If you get into the habit of buying online, and buy dresses online in Australia, you'll have beautiful dresses that you surely won't spot anyone else wearing. Everyone loves having a piece of clothing that's a real talking point and brings you a bit of positive attention.
Different Sizes
When you buy from other countries you might discover that their clothes or shoe sizes fit you better than American ones. Countries have different sizing systems for both clothes and shoes. Although they tend to stay consistent across continents. For example, UK clothes sizes are two sizes above American ones. So a US size 6 would be a UK size 10 (although it's sometimes a size 8). People often find that, with shoes especially, they find their ideal size by ordering from abroad. Some countries have half sizes in shoes when others don't, so finding a perfect half size can be a dream come true. You might even be able to find sizes that are difficult to find or too expensive in the States. For example, bras with small backs and large cups can be easier to find in the UK.

When you order online from abroad, make sure you take the delivery costs into account. You should also check the rules about importing things through the post, and see if you will have to pay anything when your new clothes arrive.

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The Benefits Of Buying Clothes From Abroad

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Beck Gusler Every woman likes buying clothes for herself, even if not every woman likes shopping. I love putting on something new and feeling great in it. Usually I buy clothes close to home. But sometimes ordering online and even from another country is a better way of getting what you want.

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Foreign cuisine.

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https://spoonuniversity.com/lifestyle/5-reasons-eating-will-always-be-the-best-part-about-traveling/amp

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We all love traveling. There's sight-seeing, meeting new people, the ability to take shameless Segway tours, and let's not forget about the endless amounts of Instagram posts. But the best part of all is the food.

Different areas of the world have so many new flavors and dishes that you would never even think of. From decadent scoops of gelato to exotic acarajé, there is always something fun to try. The possibilities are endless. Here are more reasons why food trumps all aspects of traveling.

1. You Discover Foods You've Never Tried Before

There are so many dishes in other countries that you would never try if you do not traveled outside the U.S. Traveling somewhere new opens your eyes and your taste buds to a whole new range of authentic flavor profiles and foods that you would've otherwise been missing out on.

If you've traveled to Poland, you know about the famous pierogis, a traditional Polish dumpling stuffed with various meats and vegetables. These are some of the most delicious (not to mention cheap) things you'll ever eat in your life. If you've never tried them, get on it with this recipe.

Discovering a new food while traveling is reason enough to go back to a country someday. So, if you've traveled a lot, you have a lot of countries to visit in the near future.

2. You Experience Foods You Eat at Home in a New Way

While discovering completely new foods in a foreign country is amazing, so is trying a food you've eaten many times before and finding a completely new flavor in it. Foods in other countries have so much more flavor than the American versions of them.

For example, mozzarella cheese in Italy has so much more flavor than the kind at your nearest grocery store. The taste and texture can be so different that it may seem like you are trying a new food for the first time.

3. A Country's Food Tells You A Lot About Their Culture

It's so cool going to a different country and seeing how much you can tell about a culture and what they value purely based on their food. Take Costa Rica for example. The country's motto is "pura vida" which means "pure life." The country and its people truly embody that.

Their staple meal is a meal consisting of rice, sweet plantains, and your choice of either beef, chicken, or fish, all of which are very fresh. It's such a simple meal because that's what they as a country and culture represent: simplicity. Therefore, you can expect a lot of fresh fish and chicken, a lot of beautiful fresh fruit, rice, and not much else.

On the other hand if you look at France as a country, especially Paris, their staple foods are nice bread, fine cuts of meat, decadent desserts, expensive cheese, and beautiful wine (often the two are paired together).

They as a country tend to value the finer things in life - for them, it's better to eat a small amount of something truly exquisite than a lot of a poorer-quality product. The Parisian aesthetic is elegance and class at every turn.

4. Food Brings People Together

There's nothing better than experiencing new food with others who are just as ecstatic about it as you are. Find a family member or a friend that shares the same love of food that you may have. You'll bond over the amazing new foods you try, what you should try next, and what cool restaurants you should go to while traveling.

Food also helps you meet new people. It is always cool to strike up a conversation with a stranger at the table over about their dessert that looks just as good as the picture on the menu. You may make a new friend and try something new that you may never have thought to try.

5. You Gain New Flavors and Dishes to try at Home

Going to a new country and trying new dishes and experiencing new flavors means you get to come home with so many things to try in your own kitchen. Sure, it might not taste exactly like that pasta you had in Rome, but hey in the real world you can tell yourself it's just as good, right?

One of the best parts of traveling and trying new things is to bring home that knowledge you didn't have before to use it, so take advantage of it. The kitchen is a place where you can travel to any country without having to ever leave your house, so get cooking, friends.

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5 Reasons Eating Will Always Be the Best Part About Traveling

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We all love traveling. There's sight-seeing, meeting new people, the ability to take shameless Segway tours, and let's not forget about the endless amounts of Instagram posts. But the best part of all is the food. Different areas of the world have so many new flavors and dishes that you would never even think of.

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https://drprem.com/life/why-sense-of-success-or-achievement-brings-happiness-in-life

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https://climatechange.chicago.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-agriculture-and-food-supply#:~:text=Climate%20change%20can%20disrupt%20food,result%20in%20reduced%20agricultural%20productivity.

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On This Page:

Overview

Agriculture is an important sector of the U.S. economy. The crops, livestock, and seafood produced in the United States contribute more than $300 billion to the economy each year. When food-service and other agriculture-related industries are included, the agricultural and food sectors contribute more than $750 billion to the gross domestic product.

Agriculture and fisheries are highly dependent on the climate. Increases in temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) can increase some crop yields in some places. But to realize these benefits, nutrient levels, soil moisture, water availability, and other conditions must also be met. Changes in the frequency and severity of droughts and floods could pose challenges for farmers and ranchers and threaten food safety. Meanwhile, warmer water temperatures are likely to cause the habitat ranges of many fish and shellfish species to shift, which could disrupt ecosystems. Overall, climate change could make it more difficult to grow crops, raise animals, and catch fish in the same ways and same places as we have done in the past. The effects of climate change also need to be considered along with other evolving factors that affect agricultural production, such as changes in farming practices and technology.

Impacts on Crops

Crops grown in the United States are critical for the food supply here and around the world. U.S. farms supply nearly 25% of all grains (such as wheat, corn, and rice) on the global market.[4] Changes in temperature, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO ₂), and the frequency and intensity of extreme weather could have significant impacts on crop yields.

For any particular crop, the effect of increased temperature will depend on the crop's optimal temperature for growth and reproduction. In some areas, warming may benefit the types of crops that are typically planted there, or allow farmers to shift to crops that are currently grown in warmer areas. Conversely, if the higher temperature exceeds a crop's optimum temperature, yields will decline.

Higher CO₂ levels can affect crop yields. Some laboratory experiments suggest that elevated CO₂ levels can increase plant growth. However, other factors, such as changing temperatures, ozone, and water and nutrient constraints, may counteract these potential increases in yield. For example, if temperature exceeds a crop's optimal level, if sufficient water and nutrients are not available, yield increases may be reduced or reversed. Elevated CO₂ has been associated with reduced protein and nitrogen content in alfalfa and soybean plants, resulting in a loss of quality. Reduced grain and forage quality can reduce the ability of pasture and rangeland to support grazing livestock.

More extreme temperature and precipitation can prevent crops from growing. Extreme events, especially floods and droughts, can harm crops and reduce yields. For example, in 2010 and 2012, high nighttime temperatures affected corn yields across the U.S. Corn Belt, and premature budding due to a warm winter caused $220 million in losses of Michigan cherries in 2012.

Dealing with drought could become a challenge in areas where rising summer temperatures cause soils to become drier. Although increased irrigation might be possible in some places, in other places water supplies may also be reduced, leaving less water available for irrigation when more is needed.

Many weeds, pests, and fungi thrive under warmer temperatures, wetter climates, and increased CO₂ levels. Currently, U.S. farmers spend more than $11 billion per year to fight weeds, which compete with crops for light, water, and nutrients. The ranges and distribution of weeds and pests are likely to increase with climate change. This could cause new problems for farmers' crops previously unexposed to these species.

Though rising CO₂ can stimulate plant growth, it also reduces the nutritional value of most food crops. Rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide reduce the concentrations of protein and essential minerals in most plant species, including wheat, soybeans, and rice. This direct effect of rising CO₂ on the nutritional value of crops represents a potential threat to human health. Human health is also threatened by increased pesticide use due to increased pest pressures and reductions in the efficacy of pesticides.

Impacts on Livestock

Americans consume more than 36 million metric tons of meat and poultry annually. Livestock and poultry account for over half of U.S. agricultural cash receipts, often over $100 billion per year. Changes in climate could affect animals both directly and indirectly.

Heat waves, which are projected to increase under climate change, could directly threaten livestock. In 2011, exposure to high temperature events caused over $1 billion in heat-related losses to agricultural producers. Heat stress affects animals both directly and indirectly. Over time, heat stress can increase vulnerability to disease, reduce fertility, and reduce milk production.

Drought may threaten pasture and feed supplies. Drought reduces the amount of quality forage available to grazing livestock. Some areas could experience longer, more intense droughts, resulting from higher summer temperatures and reduced precipitation. For animals that rely on grain, changes in crop production due to drought could also become a problem.

Climate change may increase the prevalence of parasites and diseases that affect livestock. The earlier onset of spring and warmer winters could allow some parasites and pathogens to survive more easily. In areas with increased rainfall, moisture-reliant pathogens could thrive.

Potential changes in veterinary practices, including an increase in the use of parasiticides and other animal health treatments, are likely to be adopted to maintain livestock health in response to climate-induced changes in pests, parasites, and microbes. This could increase the risk of pesticides entering the food chain or lead to evolution of pesticide resistance, with subsequent implications for the safety, distribution, and consumption of livestock and aquaculture products.

Increases in carbon dioxide (CO₂) may increase the productivity of pastures, but may also decrease their quality. Increases in atmospheric CO₂ can increase the productivity of plants on which livestock feed. However, the quality of some of the forage found in pasturelands decreases with higher CO₂. As a result, cattle would need to eat more to get the same nutritional benefits.

Impacts on Fisheries

American fishermen catch or harvest five million metric tons of fish and shellfish each year. U.S. fisheries contribute more than $1.55 billion to the economy annually (as of 2012). Many fisheries already face multiple stresses, including overfishing and water pollution. Climate change may worsen these stresses. In particular, temperature changes could lead to significant impacts.

The ranges of many fish and shellfish species may change. In waters off the northeastern United States, several economically important species have shifted northward since the late 1960s. The three species shown in [the figure to the left] (American lobster, red hake, and black sea bass) have moved northward by an average of 119 miles.

Many aquatic species can find colder areas of streams and lakes or move north along the coast or in the ocean. Nevertheless, moving into new areas may put these species into competition with other species over food and other resources, as explained on the Ecosystems Impacts page.

Some marine disease outbreaks have been linked with changing climate. Higher water temperatures and higher estuarine salinities have enabled an oyster parasite to spread farther north along the Atlantic coast. Winter warming in the Arctic is contributing to salmon diseases in the Bering Sea and a resulting reduction in the Yukon Chinook Salmon, Finally, warmer temperatures have caused disease outbreaks in coral, eelgrass, and abalone.

Changes in temperature and seasons can affect the timing of reproduction and migration. Many steps within an aquatic animal's lifecycle are controlled by temperature and the changing of the seasons. For example, in the Northwest warmer water temperatures may affect the lifecycle of salmon and increase the likelihood of disease. Combined with other climate impacts, these effects are projected to lead to large declines in salmon populations.

In addition to warming, the world's oceans are gradually becoming more acidic due to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO ₂). Increasing acidity could harm shellfish by weakening their shells, which are created by removing calcium from seawater. Acidification also threatens the structures of sensitive ecosystems upon which some fish and shellfish rely.

International Impacts

Climate change is very likely to affect food security at the global, regional, and local level. Climate change can disrupt food availability, reduce access to food, and affect food quality. For example, projected increases in temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, changes in extreme weather events, and reductions in water availability may all result in reduced agricultural productivity. Increases in the frequency and severity extreme weather events can also interrupt food delivery, and resulting spikes in food prices after extreme events are expected to be more frequent in the future. Increasing temperatures can contribute to spoilage and contamination.

Internationally, these effects of climate change on agriculture and food supply are likely to be similar to those seen in the United States. However, other stressors such as population growth may magnify the effects of climate change on food security. In developing countries, adaptation options like changes in crop-management or ranching practices, or improvements to irrigation are more limited than in the United States and other industrialized nations.

Any climate-related disturbance to food distribution and transport, internationally or domestically, may have significant impacts not only on safety and quality but also on food access. For example, the food transportation system in the United States frequently moves large volumes of grain by water. In the case of an extreme weather event affecting a waterway, there are few, if any, alternate pathways for transport. High temperatures and a shortage of rain in the summer of 2012 led to one of the most severe summer droughts the nation has seen and posed serious impacts to the Mississippi River watershed, a major transcontinental shipping route for Midwestern agriculture. This drought resulted in significant food and economic losses due to reductions in barge traffic, the volume of goods carried, and the number of Americans employed by the tugboat industry. The 2012 drought was immediately followed by flooding throughout the Mississippi in the spring of 2013, which also resulted in disruptions of barge traffic and food transport. Transportation changes such as these reduce the ability of farmers to export their grains to international markets, and can affect global food prices.

Impacts to the global food supply concern the United States because food shortages can cause humanitarian crises and national security concerns. They also can increase domestic food prices.

References
[6] CCSP (2008). The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources, Water Resources, and Biodiversity in the United States. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. Backlund, P., A. Janetos, D. Schimel, J. Hatfield, K. Boote, P. Fay, L. Hahn, C. Izaurralde, B.A. Kimball, T. Mader, J. Morgan, D. Ort, W. Polley, A. Thomson, D. Wolfe, M. Ryan, S. Archer, R. Birdsey, C. Dahm, L. Heath, J. Hicke, D. Hollinger, T. Huxman, G. Okin, R. Oren, J. Randerson, W. Schlesinger, D. Lettenmaier, D. Major, L. Poff, S. Running, L. Hansen, D. Inouye, B.P. Kelly, L Meyerson, B. Peterson, and R. Shaw. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA. [8] USDA (2012). 2012 Census of Agriculture: Volume 1, Chapter 1: U.S. National Level Data, Table 33. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Climate Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply

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Agriculture is an important sector of the U.S. economy. The crops, livestock, and seafood produced in the United States contribute more than $300 billion to the economy each year. When food-service and other agriculture-related industries are included, the agricultural and food sectors contribute more than $750 billion to the gross domestic product.

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https://www.climatehotmap.org/global-warming-effects/food.html

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Reduced yields. The productivity of crops and livestock, including milk yields, may decline because of high temperatures and drought-related stress.

Increased irrigation. Regions of the world that now depend on rain-fed agriculture may require irrigation, bringing higher costs and conflict over access to water.

Planting and harvesting changes. Shifting seasonal rainfall patterns and more severe precipitation events-and related flooding-may delay planting and harvesting.

Decreased arability. Prime growing temperatures may shift to higher latitudes, where soil and nutrients may not be as suitable for producing crops, leaving lower-latitude areas less productive.

More pests. Insect and plant pests may survive or even reproduce more often each year if cold winters no longer keep them in check. New pests may also invade each region as temperature and humidity conditions change. Lower-latitude pests may move to higher latitudes, for example.

Risks to fisheries. Shifts in the abundance and types of fish and other seafood may hurt commercial fisheries, while warmer waters may pose threats to human consumption, such as increasing the risk of infectious diseases. Extreme ocean temperatures and ocean acidification place coral reefs--the foundations of many of the world's fisheries--at risk.

As with health risks, nations and individuals do not bear threats to the global food supply equally. Nations that lose arable land and critical fisheries may not have the resources or climate to pursue reasonable-cost options for maintaining food security. Some nations are also more vulnerable to unfavorable international trade agreements and regional strife that may interrupt food distribution.
See references.

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Reduced yields. The productivity of crops and livestock, including milk yields, may decline because of high temperatures and drought-related stress. Increased irrigation. Regions of the world that now depend on rain-fed agriculture may require irrigation, bringing higher costs and conflict over access to water. Planting and harvesting changes.

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https://taipeiteentribune.com/reasons-why-cities-are-better-than-the-countryside/

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4 reasons why living in the city is better than living in the countryside | Victor Lu - Grade 10 - Taipei Teen Tribune

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Senior writer Victor Lu outlines the reasons why he thinks living in cities is way better than living in rural areas. Do you agree?

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ET Bureau

1. Plan a budget

Drawing up a budget can appear quite cumbersome. However, it will hurt you a lot less than paying off unwanted bills. So, allocate a realistic sum for festive shopping. Make your shopping list and then divide the total spend among the various items-clothes, shoes, gifts etc. Try not to spend on arbitrary goods, even if they are available at a discount.

Just take a look at your cupboard, how many such items are already there, gathering dust. In fact, it is best if you allocate a certain sum towards discretionary spend and, thereby put a cap, well in advance, on any unplanned, impulse spend. Festive shopping is best enjoyed if you save for it beforehand, and when you stick to your budget-when the celebrations are over, you won't have to worry about unnecessary bills.

While making your shopping list, ensure you include only those things that you really need. Look for deals, for the goods on your shopping list, but be mindful of not splurging on impulse shopping, goaded by 'discounts'. During festive seasons, retailers come up with several seemingly interesting schemes to draw in customers. However, they might not always be in the customer's interest.

For instance, advertisements like '10% discount on gift shopping of more than Rs 3,000' hold a strong pull. But do you really need to spend Rs 3,000 for a Rs 300 discount, when you had allocated just Rs 1,500 towards gift spends? Is it a gain of Rs 300 or a loss of Rs 1,200? Question your buying decision-is the purchase of value? It will help you evaluate your buying decision.

3. Make it a family affair

The allure of shopping, at times, can be too good to resist. So, if you can't control the urge to shop when it's raining discounts and 'sales' are aplenty, it is suggested you don't go for shopping alone. Involve your family. Take it along for shopping. And before you do that, discuss your shopping list with your family.

Your family is most likely to rein in your urge to spend by pointing out why, despite the discount, you really don't need another centrepiece, or a wall hanging. When you are making the shopping list, ask your family members to cross out what they think is unnecessary. Friends too can be of help in preventing you from turning into a shopaholic.

4. Wait it out

Allow the initial excitement around a discount/special offer to settle, before you make a purchase. Sit on the offer for a couple days and give that heady feeling some time to concretise. What seems irresistible at first sight, after a while, quite often, loses its lucre. So don't rush into buying things.

If you were just charmed by some splendid advertising, and didn't really want a particular item, a little waiting out will break that spell, and you will be glad you didn't waste your hard-earned money. Writing down three reasons why you need a particular item and why you don't need it, can also help you make a more rational decision.

5. Opt for cash on delivery

Plastic money and Net banking are often a big reason why people overspend, say experts. The ease of making payment through cards and via the Net can blind one to the fact that he is losing his money. This is especially evident when making online purchases. With an avalanche of the hypnotic '50% off', 'up to 70% off' ads, there is little the shopper can do, particularly when all it takes to avail of them is just a plastic card.

Replace the card with actual fiat money, and the spell breaks. So, it is best to opt for cash on delivery when you order things online. The sight of parting with your money will deter you from ordering things you do not really need.

(Your legal guide on estate planning, inheritance, will and more.)

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1. Plan a budget Drawing up a budget can appear quite cumbersome. However, it will hurt you a lot less than paying off unwanted bills. So, allocate a realistic sum for festive shopping. Make your shopping list and then divide the total spend among the various items-clothes, shoes, gifts etc.

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https://www.crystalclearkc.com/professional-cleaning-services/benefits-of-cleaning/

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https://www.sinarharian.com.my/ampArticle/178788

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Flood victims went on social media platforms to expedite rescue efforts using #BanjirDarurat

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People are using social media platforms to seek help and speed up rescue efforts after the floods inundated at least six states nationwide yesterday. Twitter users have using...