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Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also spread to other parts of the body, including the bones, kidneys, and brain. The infection exists in two forms: latent TB, where the bacteria remain inactive without symptoms, and active TB, which is contagious and symptomatic.

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This image shows Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a rod-shaped, acid-fast bacteria. It is easily identifiable using the Ziehl-Neelsen stain, it appears bright red against a blue background. It is obligate aerobe and perfers oxygen rich environment like the lungs

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Scientific Name:Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Common Name: TUberculosis Bacterium (TB)

Classification: Bacterium, acid-fast, non-motile, rod-shaped

Discovered by: Robert Koch in 1882

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TB primarily affects the lungs. This X-ray shows cavities and lesions caused by the infection. These are signs of advanced pulmonary tuberculosis. Which can lead to respiratoy failure if left untreated.

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TB is transmitted through the air when a person with active TB coughs, sneezes, or even speaks. The bacteria are released in droplets and inhealed by others, especialy in crowded or poorly ventilated places.

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Common symptoms of TB include a persistent cough that last longer than 3 weeks, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, and even fever. It's important to get tested.

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TB is most common in people with weakened immune systems, like those with HIV/AIDS, and those in overcrowded housing or underdeveloped areas. Malnutrition, poverty, and poor healthcare access also increase risk.

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The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is one way of checking for TB infection. A small amount of tuberculin is injected under the skin, and the area is checked after 48-72 hours for swelling, which indicates exposure.

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TB prevention includes vaccination with BCG, early detection and treatment, and isolation of infectious cases. Good ventilation and use of protective masks help reduce airborne transmission, especially in crowded settings. Public health education also important in promoting awareness and reducing stigma

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TB is treated with a combination of antibiotics over 6–12 months. Common drugs include isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Stopping treatment early can cause drug resistance.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a rod shaped bacterium that causes tuberculosis, a highly contagious and often serious lung disease. It is transmitted through airborne droplets from coughs, sneezes, or even speaking. TB can remain latent in a person’s body for years without symptoms, but in its active form, it causes severe respiratory symptoms and spread to other organs. Diagnosis and early treatment are key to preventing complications and the spread of infection. Global efforts, including vaccination, awareness, and proper antibiotic use, are crucial to control TB, which continues to impact many around the world.