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Bach, Johm and Philippines. Bureau of Commerce and Industry. “City of Manila, Philippine Islands.” The Library of Congress, 1920. https://www.loc.gov/resource/g8064m.ct003077?r=-0.737,-0.043,2.474,1.477,0.

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[TOPIC] The Urbanization and Spatial Development of Manila During The American Colonial Period

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[TOPIC] The Urbanization and Spatial Development of Manila During The American Colonial Period

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A postcolonial lens towards this topic may provide continuity and observance of change overtime.

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Looks at intersectionality and perspectives that challenge the norm.

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A focus on a geographically bounded area.

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Blue: Topic and Legend

Yellow: Main Frameworks and Theories

Red: Sub-frameworks and Theories

White: Books, Book Chapters, Journal Articles and Publications

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Aguilar, Filomeno V., Michael D. Pante, and Angelli F. Tugado. “Disasters in History and the History of Disasters Some Key Issues.” Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints 64, no. 3/4 (2016): 641–56. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26621945.

Discourse of urban history cannot be seen in isolation of the geographical frame of disasters. Disaster as historical actor and catalyst of different types of change in society, the state, and science

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Pante, Michael D. “The Politics of Flood Control and the Making of Metro Manila.” Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints 64, no. 3/4 (2016): 555–92. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26621942.

The emergence of Manila as a political unit is inextricably tied to its history as a flood-prone metropolis. Warren & Bankoff

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Disaster history is inextricably tied with the urbanization of Manila as it affects colonial policy-making and urban environments.

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Zialcita, Fernando N. “The Case for District Studies.” In Manila: Studies in Urban Cultures and Traditions, edited by Bernardita Reyes Churchill, 1–13. Manila: Manila Studies Association, Inc., 2007.

Manila urban history in the American colonial period cannot be treated as a monolith; district studies reveal nuances in urban development and policy implementation.

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de Viana, Lorelei D.C. “Binondo in the Twentieth Century.” In Manila: Studies in Urban Cultures and Traditions, edited by Bernardita Reyes Churchill, 37–71. Manila: Manila Studies Association, Inc., 2007.

Architecture typologies reflected the community's need for commerce and businesses; buildings reflected their public purpose.

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Lico, Gerard, and Lorelei D.C. De Viana. Dilao: Urban and Cultural History of Paco. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts, n.d. Pages 7, 33, 66, 70–71, 84–88.

Twentieth-century expansion of Paco started from poblacion and then outwards to peripheral areas where estate lands were subdivided and converted into housing lots.

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Santiago, Asteya M. “The Historical Evolution of Intramuros.” Chap. 3, sec. 2 in The Restoration of Historic Intramuros: A Case Study in Plan Implementation, 48–54. Quezon City: School of Urban and Regional Planning, University of the Philippines, 2003.

Developments during American rule changed role of intramuros radically with its transformation to recreation like aquariums, botanical gardens and tennis courts.

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Gaerlan, Martin R. “Where is Sampaloc? Cartographic Reflections at the Edges of Spanish and American Colonial Manila.” In Manila: Selected Papers of the 21st Annual Manila Studies Conference, July 18–19, 2012, edited by Bernardita Reyes Churchill, 50–80. Manila: Manila Studies Association, Inc., 2013.

Act 183 blockhouses define American Manila block houses aka bahay ng calapati were structures to determine the boundaries of Manila. Americans drew a convenient straight line from one end to another end and shrunk Sampaloc's vast territory.

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Torres, Cristina Evangelista. “Introduction.” In The Americanization of Manila, 1898–1921, 1–13. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2010.

Dialectical discourse between American flagship programs on infrastructure and urban planning (tagalabas) and Filipino reactions to colonialism (tagaloob) reveals power dynamics.

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Architectural and urban planning movement to pattern cities after Western aesthetics and planning,

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People who cannot ‘speak’ because they are erased from discourse

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Decolonizing Manila's Urban History through Filipino Agency

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Decolonizing Manila's Urban History through Filipino Agency

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Defining the Filipino's sense of selves (history and sociology) through the use of local knowledge, practices, and language in urban planning

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Konsepto ng pangloob na diskurso para sa kasaysayan, gamit ang sariling wika

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Deeply relational, discursive and diffused across various structures, practices, and discourses

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Exertion of biopower, the power over life in the context of controlling colonial urban life.

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An understanding and method that recognizes the underlying structures that impact people’s thoughts, feelings, actions, and relationships

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Boquet, Yves. “From Paris and Beijing to Washington and Brasilia The Grand Design of Capital Cities and the Early Plans for Quezon City.” Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints 64, no. 1 (2016): 43–71. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26621882.

Political leaders have always sought to build monumental capitals, with earlier designs influencing those of later cities. The Western design that revolved around a central axis of power became evident in Quezon City.

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Chinese Community under American Colonial Rule

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Chinese Community under American Colonial Rule

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Chu, Richard T., and Teresita Ang See. “An Overview of Binondo’s History.” In Manila: Selected Papers of the 20th Annual Manila Studies Conference, July 28–29, 2011, edited by Marya Svetlana T. Camacho, 206–228. Manila: Manila Studies Association, Inc., 2012.

Compared to Spanish times that Chinese were physically separated from the Filipinos, Chinese were psychologically separated by the Americans by allowing the community to exist as a separate self-sufficient enclave.

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Cariño, Theresa C. “Chinese Women in Manila: Changing Roles and Perceptions.” In Manila: History, People and Culture: The Proceedings of the Manila Studies Conference, April 11–12, 1986, Barrio San Luis Complex, Intramuros, Manila, 145–159. Philippine Studies Association, 1986.

Despite the history of Chinese migration to Manila brought by economic opportunities, Chinese Exclusion Act targetted the Chinese women.

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Camagay, Ma. Luisa T. “A City with a Soul.” In The City with a Soul, 16–27. Quezon City: Camagay Publishing, 2019.

Desire to create a city with a soul, a Filipino soul. Street names represented a functional organ of the nation, historical event, name of a patriot region or province of the country.

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Kirsch, Scott. “Aesthetic Regime Change The Burnham Plans and US Landscape Imperialism in the Philippines.” Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints 65, no. 3 (2017): 315–56. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26621922.

Unrealized dream of US colonial officials to extend American empire through the production of space, particularly the aesthetic dimensions or what might be called a landscape vision of US empire.

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Kramer, Paul A. “Power and Connection: Imperial Histories of the United States in the World.” The American Historical Review 116, no. 5 (2011): 1348–91. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23309640.

Manila's urbanization program cannot be seen in isolation of US' imperial history.

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Larkin, John A. Review of Rethinking American Colonialism, by Peter W. Stanley. Reviews in American History 3, no. 1 (1975): 95–101. https://doi.org/10.2307/2700993.

Viewing American policy and practice in the colonial period and understanding the motivations and achievements of the officials involved as well as the response of high-ranking Filipino leaders to colonial rule.

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McCoy, Alfred W. “Philippine Commonwealth and Cult of Masculinity.” Philippine Studies 48, no. 3 (2000): 315–46. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42634410.

Mobilization and propaganda convinced a people to internalize a new standard of manhood, as can be gleaned from Commonwealth's leaders' stances on urbanization, particularly Quezon.

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McKenna, Rebecca Tinio. American Imperial Pastoral: The Architecture of US Colonialism in the Philippines. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. Introduction, 1–20.

This idea of treating the built environment as an expression of historical patterns of production and social and cultural reproduction presenting Baguio as “palimpsest of landscapes”

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Mojares, Resil B. “The Formation of Filipino Nationalism Under U.S. Colonial Rule.” Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 34, no. 1 (2006): 11–32. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29792581.

The invention of Filipino nationality bleeds into a critical discussion of the Filipino's space.

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American Power and Creating the Modern Filipino

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American Power and Creating the Modern Filipino

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Morley, Ian. “Modern Urban Designing in the Philippines, 1898–1916.” Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints 64, no. 1 (2016): 3–42. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26621881.

Why did city planning become such a fundamental component of governance at that time and what impact did urban design have upon the local civilization and the construction of nationhood?

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Sociospatial and Marginality of Quezon City

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Sociospatial and Marginality of Quezon City

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Pante, Michael D. “The Contours of a Capital at the Margins.” Introduction to A Capital City at the Margins, 1–18. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2019.

The article focuses on Quezon City’s short-lived status as capital. There is a focus on the idea of the sociospatial dynamics -- spatial changes in the city in relation to simultaneous changes in its socio political context that show how the sociopolitical is contingent upon space.

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Pante, Michael D. “Far from Isolation: The Spatial Politics of the Relocation of the Main Campus of the University of the Philippines, 1930s–1970s.” Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 33, no. 3 (2018): 499–535. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26538277.

Attention to the peculiar historical geography of the main campus of the University of the Philippines shows socio-spatial relations between universities and Southeast Asian cities.

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Pante, Michael D. “Quezon’s City: Corruption and Contradiction in Manila’s Prewar Suburbia, 1935–1941.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 48, no. 1 (2017): 91–112. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26348570.

Filipino politicians and elite conferred upon the city narratives of nationhood but underneath was Quezon's authoritarian regime.

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Pante, Michael D. “The ‘Cocheros’ of American-Occupied Manila Representations and Persistence.” Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints 60, no. 4 (2012): 429–62. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42634737.

Carriage drivers were seen as relics of a backward past that the progress of modernity would render extinct. However, the cocheros were not easily eradicated, and frustrated colonial authorities tagged them as barriers to modernity.

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Pante, Michael D. “Urban Mobility and a Healthy City Intertwined Transport and Public Health Policies in American-Colonial Manila.” Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints 64, no. 1 (2016): 73–101. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26621883.

Colonial Manila continued to be defined during the early American-colonial period (1898–1913) as mobility and public health became intertwined policy areas. Innovations in transport technology and infrastructure were introduced to "cure" Manila's unhealthy geography.

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Reps, John W. “Burnham before Chicago: The Birth of Modern American Urban Planning.” Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies 10 (1983): 191–217. https://doi.org/10.2307/4104337.

Burnham reaped the benefits of his new status as he resumed the practice of architecture.

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Reyes, Raquel A. G. “Modernizing the Manileña: Technologies of Conspicuous Consumption for the Well-to-Do Woman, circa 1880s—1930s.” Modern Asian Studies 46, no. 1 (2012): 193–220. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41330659.

Modernization in technology allowed for women to diversify roles in urban colonial Manila, whether it be working or consuming goods.

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Rydell, Robert W. Review of Putting the “Ideals of America” Into Practice in the Philippines, by Rebecca Tinio McKenna. Diplomatic History 42, no. 5 (2018): 935–38. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27199075.

Rooted in imperialist rhetoric, this article reviews a speech by Woodrow Wilson, that Filipinos were not ready for independence, hence the need for American aid in building Manila back from the ground up.

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Salomon, Elgin Glenn R. “Colonial Urban Planning and Social Control: The City Beautiful Plan of Iloilo City.” Philippine Sociological Review 67 (2019): 35–62. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26933204.

This article argues that the Proposed Development Plan of the City of Iloilo and Vicinity (The City Beautiful Plan of Iloilo) provided a comprehensive and ideal model on the everyday power relations and social control between Americans and Filipinos. Consequently, these forms of social control in urban spaces downplayed the religious aspects of Spanish colonialism and made it more rational, utilitarian, and civic oriented.

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Shatkin, Gavin. “Colonial Capital, Modernist Capital, Global Capital: The Changing Political Symbolism of Urban Space in Metro Manila, the Philippines.” Pacific Affairs 78, no. 4 (2005): 577–600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40022969.

Capital cities play an important role in representing the aspirations and

ideals of a nation, or at least the national government's interpretation of these aspirations and ideals.

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American Infrastructure and Filipino Elites' Houses

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American Infrastructure and Filipino Elites' Houses

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Yamaguchi, Kiyoko. “The New ‘American’ Houses in the Colonial Philippines and the Rise of the Urban Filipino Elite.” Philippine Studies 54, no. 3 (2006): 412–51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42633879.

Importance of American-period public buildings, which showcased American superiority, and the Filipino urban elites' interpretation and appropriation of American colonial culture and their creation of "American-style" dwellings.

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Urbanization patterened after American urban settings and spatial order by Americans.

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Discursive, psychological, and epistemological; American control of the political and colonization of territory in institutions.

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Filipino Nationalism under American Guise

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Filipino Nationalism under American Guise

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American power is still perpetuated and the idea of the Filipino as a nation is still colonial in nature in the early American Period.

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Looks at the values and roles granted and taught to Women under American urbanization.

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Looks at the gender role imbalances of the "self-made" Filipino man in the Commonwealth system; Quezon

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The US's history as an upcoming empire is inextricably tied with the urbanization of Manila as it affects colonial policy-making and urban environments.

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Manila politics and colonial ordinances can be seen as an inextricable factor to Manila urban development; interdisciplinary approach

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The urbanization of Manila cannot be seen in isolation of global movements and transnational progression in history.