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- The two largest and Strongest Holy Roman Empire states; The Kingdom of Austria ruled by the Habsburgs, and the Kingdom of Prussia, ruled by the Hohenzollerns. Both of them are in rivalry in the mid-18th century. The idea of German Unification came from an idea of "greater" german states and "smaller" german states. There are two events of the german states' unification efforts one in 1848 weeks after the news of the french revolution broke out. Rural riots broke out in the weeks after February 1848 and spread to the urban areas. Throughout the German states, revolutionaries advocated for freedom of the press, a national militia, a national German parliament, and trial by jury. The second attempt at german unification was the successful one, led by Otto von Bismarck, the Prime Minister of Prussia. Time passed by war after the war has been passed, 1866 Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, mark the success of german unification. These led Bismarck to establish North German Confederation and later on the Western german states joined the alliance which united the german that took place in Versailles, France, 1871.

- Due to France's losing the Franco-Prussian war and Wilhelm and Bismarck's success in uniting the German Empire resulted in the Treaty of Frankfurt which ended the war, France was forced to cede Alsace and Lorraine to Germany. The loss of this territory badly stung the French and was a motivating factor in 1914.
Source: https://history.state.gov/countries/issues/german-unification

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- A secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed in May 1882 by Otto von Bismarck.
- Germany and Austria-Hungary were to help Italy if it were attacked by France without Italian provocation. Italy would support Germany if it were attacked by France. Italy pledged to remain neutral if Russia and Austria-Hungary went to war.
-  In 1887, the agreement was renewed and Germany made an additional promise to Italy. Italy had colonial ambitions in North Africa which were challenged by France. Italy expected military assistance from Germany to build Italian colonies in the regions of North Africa. But, the promise turned out be empty which leads to Italy divorced from the Triple Alliance, and later declared war against Austria-Hungary.

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Weltpolitik refers to "World Politics" as it was referring to Kaiser Wilhelm II's foreign policy.

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- Weltpolitik was a german foreign policy adopted in 1897 during Kaiser Wilhelm II's reign. This policy involved Germany's foreign ambition to make them from the one that concentrated on continental developments (progress in Europe), to one that sought to develop Germany into a world role and to enhance its status as a world power by seeking colonies and an empire. Through the development of its navy development - Flottenpolitik, The Creation of a German African Empire – Mitelafrika, and The creation of a European Economic zone of German domination – Miteleuropa.

- Kaiser Wilhelm II's Weltpolitik aggressive foreign policy tends to upset other countries, from his habits of dramatic gestures and statements. He set out to give Germany 'a place in the sun'. all of this was because of his jealousy of Britain and this led him to support building up the
German navy and challenging France in Morocco.
Kaiser Wilhelm II was also involved in the July Crisis (1914) because he was keen to push Austrian-Hungarian aggression toward Serbia after the assassination of the Archduke.
Source: https://isaacnewtonacademy.org/sites/default/files/L3-4.%20Weltpolitik%20Foreign%20Policy%202020.pdf

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Franko-Russkiy Al'yans, commonly known as the Franco-Russian Alliance or the Russo-French Rapprochement (Russian: ранко-уcски лнс; Russko-Frantsuzskoye Sblizheniye), was an alliance formed by the 1891–1894 agreements that lasted until 1917. The growth of the German Empire, the establishment of the Triple Alliance in 1882, and the escalation of Franco-German and Russo-German tensions toward the end of the 1880s led to a common foreign policy and common strategic military goals between France and Russia. The Russo-French Alliance's economic base was provided by the expansion of their financial ties.

-The alliance's beginnings can be traced to the conflicts brought about by the Franco-Prussian War and the Treaty of Frankfurt of 1871. When German threats to attack France in 1875 were curbed by Russian and British protests, the Russian government had backed France during that time. Otto von Bismarck, the German chancellor, tried unsuccessfully in 1876 to get Russia to promise to keep Alsace-Lorraine as a part of Germany in exchange for Germany's unqualified support of Russian policy in the East. When there was a new Franco-German war threat in 1877, Russia and France remained amicable. However, French diplomacy after the Berlin Congress of 1878 sought to improve relations with Germany and Great Britain.

source: Wikipedia

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A series of 5 laws started in 1898 to strengthen the German navy in order to compete with the British. The first naval law outlined the composition of the vessels that will be constructed by 1904. This was to fulfill the desire of the German Kaiser to assure "a place under the sun"(for Germany to become a global superpower(relating to Weltpolitik)). The laws were championed by Kaiser Wilhelm II and the secretary of state for the navy Admiral von Tirpitz. This law threatened Britain because of the British's two-power standard, that the Royal navy needed to be equal in strength to that of the next two naval superpowers.

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A bilateral alliance between Britain and Japan, its aim was to counter Russia's expansion into east Asia, This was a diplomatic milestone because this saw the end of Britain's "splendid isolation"(a policy of avoiding permanent alliances). It was renewed twice in 1905 and 1911. Article 2 and 3 of the alliance was most crucial in war and mutual defense ( Article 2 Declaration of neutrality if either signatory becomes involved in war through Article 1 , Article 3: Promise of support if either signatory becomes involved in war with more than one Power.). This alliance was opposed by the United States and China and guarentees Japan siding with Great Britian in the event of a world war.

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A series of agreements signed from 1904 Between Great Britain(and the commonwealth) and the French republic Which saw a massive improvement to the Anglo-French relations. The most important parts of the agreement is the mutual recognition of Egypt in British control and Morocco in French control. The largest impact of this agreement is the signal to the end of the nearly thousand year intermittent conflict between the two nations and its predecessors, A conflict that has been ongoing since the Napoleonic wars of 1815. This makes France the only other official ally of Britain(Japan also an ally). This relationship (though not meant to be opposing the Germans) led to Germany feeling threatened and eventually to the first moroccan crisis

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Russian Defeat In The Russo-Japanese War

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Russian Defeat In The Russo-Japanese War

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The Russo-Japanese War, also known in Japanese as the "Japanese-Russian War," and in Russian as the "Rssko-yapónskaya voyna," was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan in 1904 and 1905 over competing imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire. The Liaodong Peninsula, Mukden in Southern Manchuria, the Yellow Sea, and the Sea of Japan were the main military theaters of operations. For both its fleet and for marine trade, Russia needed a port with warm waters on the Pacific Ocean. In contrast to Port Arthur, a naval port in Liaodong Province that the Qing dynasty of China leased to Russia starting in 1897, Vladivostok was only operational and ice-free during the summer. Japan has worried Russian incursion would thwart its efforts to create a sphere of influence in Korea and Manchuria ever since the First Sino-Japanese War ended in 1895. Since Ivan the Terrible's rule in the 16th century, Russia had pursued an expansionist agenda east of the Urals, in Siberia, and in the Far East. -Russian forces were left without supplies as the Trans-Siberian Railway was unfinished and there was no effective way of moving troops from the west. Russian armies suffered heavy losses on the Yalu River and at Mukden as a result of the vastly superior Japanese forces. Japan won a convincing victory over Russia, becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power.

source: Wikipedia

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Germany tries to challenge France's control over morocco that was recently formally recognized with the Entente Cordiale, The german Kaiser paid a visit to morocco and supported the sultan's sovereignty undermining French influence over the country. In truth the german government nor its Kaiser was interested in Morocco as a country, it only wanted to disturb the Anglo-Franc alliance(Entente Cordiale). This led to Germany's worsening alliance to the Triple Entente and eventually becomes one of the reasons for WW1.

History.com Editors. “The First Moroccan Crisis.” HISTORY, HISTORY, 5 Nov. 2009, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-first-moroccan-crisis.

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The dreadnought was a type of battleship during the early 20th century. The first ship HMS Dreadnought was launch in 1906 and similar ship built after her were also called dreadnought. With their 15 inch naval gun and armor in their body, the dreadnoughts was the most powerful battleship ever created. They become the crucial symbol of a nation power and the arrival of these ships renewed the naval arms race between Germany and the United Kingdom which was one of the causes of World War 1

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- Officially composed of Great Britain, Russia, and France opposing the Triple Alliance.
- Germany was rapidly becoming the leading social and economic power in Europe which gave Britain, France, and Russia cause for grave concern.
- The Entente Cordiale was an agremeent that Britain and France signed in 1904 as a response against German expansion. Russia joined the Anglo-Russian Entente to allay British fears of German expansion into the Middle East.

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- It was sparked by anger over the annexation of the Balkan regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary.
- Bosnia and Herzegovina were officially a part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire but Austria-Hungary annexed the territory with the agreement of the rest of Europe (Treaty of Berlin).

- This caused international tension particularly in Russia and Serbia. Because Serbia was outraged by the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which they had hoped to unite into one Serbian nation.

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Second Moroccan Crisis also known as Agadir Crisis was a brief crisis from April-November 1911. The crisis was spark by the deployment of French troops in Morocco and the deployment of the German Navy gunboat, SMS Panther. The negotiation between the 2 countries resolved the crisis on November 4 1911. The result of the negotiation is France took over Morocco in exchange for territorial concession to German Cameroon from French Congo. This crisis left the Germans unhappy because French was able to colonize Morocco while the Germans was only given an area of the Congo that was once belong to the French

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From October 1912 to May 1913, the Balkan League—the Kingdoms of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro—fought the Ottoman Empire. This conflict is referred to as the First Balkan War (Serbian: рви алкански рат, Prvi Balkanski rat; Bulgarian: алканска вона; Greek: o; Turkish: Birinci Balkan Savaş). The combined armies of the Balkan nations quickly defeated the numerically and strategically handicapped Ottoman armies, who were ultimately much superior.

For the Ottomans, who lost 83% of their European lands and 69% of their European population, the war was a complete and utter tragedy.

Following the battle, the League seized and divided nearly all of the Ottoman Empire's remaining European possessions. The emergence of an independent Albania also resulted from subsequent events, which infuriated the Serbs. The Second Balkan War began on June 16, 1913, when Bulgaria attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, because it was unhappy with how the spoils of war in Macedonia had been divided.

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Bulgaria, not satisfied with the share out spoils during the First Balkan War decided to attack their former allies, Serbia and Greece on 29th June 1913. Eventually Serbia and Greece repulsed the Bulgarian invasion. By working together Serbia, Greece, Romania, Montenegro counter-attack and enter Bulgaria. Ottoman Empire also use the momentum in this war to regain lost territories from the last war. When Romanian troops approached the capital city of Bulgaria, Sofia the Bulgarian troops asked for an armistice that results on the Treaty Of Bucharest. This war also caused tension and rivalries  between European countries. I think that this is one of the prominent causes of WW1 because it caused instabilty and tension between Balkan countries.

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An informal discussion among military leaders about the plan of the great war or World War I. The discussion includes how countries will take sides and the alliance. This discussion take place in Stadtschloss, Germany in December 1912. They also talk about how war is inevitable after the First Balkan War and how Serbia won the war. It includes discussions about the certain British communication system.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Imperial_War_Council_of_8_December_1912