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a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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35 mm film is a film gauge used in filmmaking, and the film standard. In motion pictures that record on film, 35 mm is the most commonly used gauge.

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A twin-lens reflex camera is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens", while the other is used for the viewfinder system, which is usually viewed from above at waist level.

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A camera obscura is a darkened room with a small hole or lens at one side through which an image is projected onto a wall or table opposite the hole. Camera obscura can also refer to analogous constructions such as a box or tent in which an exterior image is projected inside.

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The gelatin silver process is the most commonly used chemical process in black-and-white photography, and is the fundamental chemical process for modern analog color photography. As such, films and printing papers available for analog photography rarely rely on any other chemical process to record an image.

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a keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection.

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a public display of works of art or items of interest, held in an art gallery or museum or at a trade fair.

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a room or building for the display or sale of works of art.

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a building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited.

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A photographic studio is often a business owned and represented by one or more photographers, possibly accompanied by assistants and pupils, who create and sell their own and sometimes others’ photographs

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An element of art defined by a point moving in space. Line may be two-or three-dimensional, descriptive, implied, or abstract

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An element of art by which positive and negative areas are defined or a sense of depth achieved in a work of art .

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An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width.

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The definition of color is a component of light that is separated when it is reflected off of an object

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In photography, texture is the visual depiction of variations in the color, shape, and depth of an object's surface

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Value defines how light or dark a given color or hue can be

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Form refers to when shape takes on three dimensions.

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Balance is a composition technique that arranges elements within the frame to achieve equal visual weight across the image

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Variety is the principle of art that adds interest to an artwork

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Pattern in Photography is a regularity within a scene

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Proportion in photography is usually comparing size of objects, or the amount of one thing to the whole

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Movement in photography simply refers to elements of a photo that are moving (or appear to be moving)

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Unity describes the visual relationship between elements in a photograph

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Emphasis draws viewers into your image and holds them there long enough to tell your story

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Radial balance is a form of symmetrical balance where elements within an image radiate outwards from a central point

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The dictionary states “the quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis.”

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When a photo is asymmetrical, it has unequal visual weight on either side. But those visual elements balance out each other.

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juxtaposition photography involves combining two or more elements in the same picture, highlighting the interesting contrast between them, to create an eye-catching and thought-provoking image

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existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence

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Constructive definition, helping to improve; promoting further development or advancement (opposed to destructive): constructive criticism

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A backlight is a form of illumination used in liquid crystal displays.

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Diffused light is a soft light with neither the intensity nor the glare of direct light. It is scattered and comes from all directions

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Ambient lighting is essentially indirect lighting. A soft light that is reflected off the ceiling.

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Chiaroscuro is a renaissance painting technique which literally means “light-dark” in Italian.

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A silhouette is a solid, dark image of a subject against a brighter background

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Diptychs are a set of two photos you can use to tell a story and emphasise contrast.

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A photographic triptych is a common style used in modern commercial artwork. The photographs are usually arranged with a plain border between them.

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the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

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moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity.

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Objective photography is an impersonal image not influenced by feelings, interpretations or prejudice.

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Subjective photography was an international movement founded in Germany by the photographer Otto Steinert in 1951 which championed photography that explored the inner psyche and human condition rather than reflecting the outside world.

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Copyright in photography means that you own an image you created

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A trade mark may exist in original or derived work. Original means originating from the creator and not copied from someone else

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The rule of thirds is a composition guideline that places your subject in the left or right third of an image, leaving the other two thirds more open

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Leading lines are lines that appear in a photograph that have been framed and positioned by the photographer to draw the viewer's eye towards a specific point of interest.

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The photograph is divided into nine rectangles along two horizontal and vertical lines according to the golden ratio.

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Negative space photography is related to minimalist photography. It emphasizes not just the subject, but the empty space around the subject.

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Simply put, positive space is the actual subject while negative space (also called white space) is the area surrounding the subject.

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An orthographic projection is a way of representing a 3D object by using several 2D views of the object

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When straight lines are curved inwards in a shape of a barrel, this type of aberration is called “barrel distortion”. Commonly seen on wide angle lenses, barrel distortion happens because the field of view of the lens is much wider than the size of the image sensor and hence it needs to be “squeezed” to fit

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Pincushion distortion is the exact opposite of barrel distortion – straight lines are curved outwards from the center. This type of distortion is commonly seen on telephoto lenses, and it occurs due to image magnification increasing towards the edges of the frame from the optical axis.

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ISO is your camera's sensitivity to light as it pertains to either film or a digital sensor. A lower ISO value means less sensitivity to light, while a higher ISO means more sensitivity.

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The ASA (American Standards Association) scale is an arbitrary rating of film speed; that is, the sensitivity of the film to light. If everything else is kept constant, the required exposure time is inversely proportional to the ASA rating

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An image sensor or imager is a sensor that detects and conveys information used to make an image.

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Film grain or granularity is the random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons

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Just like with sound, where noise refers to auditory disruptions, in photography, the term digital noise refers to visual distortion. Noise looks like tiny colored pixels or specks in your photograph, and sometimes resembles the grain that you may see in film photography.

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The “f” in f-stop stands for the focal length of the lens. While focal length itself refers to the field of view of a lens, f-stop is about how much light you allow to hit the sensor via the aperture opening

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Aperture refers to the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes. It is calibrated in f/stops and is generally written as numbers such as 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11 and 16

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In photography, bokeh is the aesthetic quality of the blur produced in out-of-focus parts of an image.

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The depth of field is the distance between the nearest and the furthest objects that are in acceptably sharp focus in an image captured with a camera

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Lens focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be. The longer the focal length, the narrower the angle of view and the higher the magnification

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Auto Mode. Automatic Exposure is when the camera chooses the optimum shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings for your shot. All you need to do is point and shoot. This can be good if you have no idea of what settings to choose and also when you need to shoot quickly.

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As the name suggests, “Manual” mode stands for a full manual control of Aperture and Shutter Speed. In this mode, you can manually set both the aperture and the shutter speed to any value you want – the camera lets you fully take over the exposure controls.

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Aperture priority, often abbreviated A or Av on a camera mode dial, is a mode on some cameras that allows the user to set a specific aperture value while the camera selects a shutter speed to match it that will result in proper exposure based on the lighting conditions as measured by the camera's light meter

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Shutter priority (usually denoted as S on the mode dial), also called time value (abbreviated as Tv), refers to a setting on cameras that allows the user to choose a specific shutter speed while the camera adjusts the aperture to ensure correct exposure.

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In program mode the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture. For any given brightness of light, the camera has been programmed to set a specific combination of shutter speed and aperture. In low light, for example, the camera might set 1/30 second and f4.

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18% grey is what photographer's call “middle grey”, a reference point for photographic exposure, B&W or color. 18% of the light falling on the surface

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Spot metering allows the camera to measure the light reflected from the person's face and expose properly for that, instead of adjusting exposure for the much brighter light around the hairline. With the face properly exposed, the area around the back and hairline will become over-exposed.

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In photography, shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light when taking a photograph

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Bulb mode is simply a shutter speed option that you can select in Manual mode on your camera. It allows your shutter speed to be any length you choose: one second, one minute, 17 minutes, or anything else.

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Motion blur is the apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames, such as a film or animation

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Both a tripod and monopod are accessories designed to support a camera — where the two differ are the legs. A tripod has three legs (that's the “tri”). A monopod is a camera support that has one leg (that's the “mono”).

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements

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Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence. When played at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster and thus lapsing

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A 'light painting' is an image that is created by capturing a long exposure of a dark scene that contains a moving light source

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Panning photography freezes objects in motion in a still frame.

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burst mode  is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject.

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Centre-weighted Average metering is like using Evaluative metering with a centre AF point. It places greater emphasis on the centre area while also taking meter reading across the entire frame

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Evaluative metering is the default metering mode on most cameras. It ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast.

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A medium tone, one that is neither very dark nor very light.

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Highlights are the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas

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A digital single-lens reflex camera is a digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a solid-state image sensor and digitally records the images from the sensor.

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Photo metadata is a set of data describing and providing information about rights and administration of an image.

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A thumbnail is a small image representation of a larger image, usually intended to make it easier and faster to look at or manage a group of larger images.

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Post-processing is the use of any technique or technology to enhance the original image captured by the photographer.

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ost-processing is the use of any technique or technology to enhance the original image captured by the photographer

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Post-processing is the use of any technique or technology to enhance the original image captured by the photographer

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Layer masking is a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them.

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Crop factor or magnification factor refers to the diagonal measurement of a camera's sensor size when compared to the diagonal measurement of a traditional 35mm frame of film

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A full-frame sensor is most simply deﬁned by its sheer size—36 mm by 24 mm—and the distinctive look it makes possible.

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Advanced Photo System type-C is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C format

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A reflector is a photography tool used to redirect light to a subject or scene. It doesn't create light; rather, it redirects light that is already there.

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A scrim is a material placed between your light source and your subject that either reduces light or diffuses (and reduces) light.

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Saturation describes the intensity of the color.A grayscale or black-and-white photo has no color saturation, while a full-color photo of a field of sunlit wildflowers might be extremely saturated

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In photography and image processing, color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors (typically red, green, and blue primary colors).

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Hue refers to the dominant wavelength of light that the human eye interprets as color, but you can think of it as the basic color on the color wheel.

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Vibrance is often referred to as “smart saturation,” because it intensifies colors – but it does so more selectively.

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Contrast in photography is the visual ratio of different tones in an image.