# data[].attributes.headline
Group 1 - Encela, Foo, Suarez, Tan, Tupaz

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 1 - Encela, Foo, Suarez, Tan, Tupaz

# data[].attributes.headline
12G Group 2 - Curabo, David, Johnson, Khan, Ozawa

# data[].attributes.subject
12G Group 2 - Curabo, David, Johnson, Khan, Ozawa

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 3 - Cornelio, Guevara, Tinga, Tuason, Uwaguchi

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 3 - Cornelio, Guevara, Tinga, Tuason, Uwaguchi

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 3 - Cornelio, Guevara, Tinga, Tuason, Uwaguchi

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 3 - Cornelio, Guevara, Tinga, Tuason, Uwaguchi

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 3 - Cornelio, Guevara, Tinga, Tuason, Uwaguchi

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 3 - Cornelio, Guevara, Tinga, Tuason, Uwaguchi

# data[].attributes.body
News:
https://news.abs-cbn.com/video/news/08/23/22/presyo-ng-pagkain-sa-mga-school-canteen-nagtaas-na-rin

The news article says that when students came back to face to face so did the canteen food, but it increased in price. So students just packed their own lunch and recess instead. The problem about students buying in the canteen that was stated in the article is that students kept on bumping each other while waiting in line for food. The school stated that after buying food students are to immediately go back to their classrooms and eat there. The management of the canteen will also appoint peddlers so that students wont go out of their classrooms and wander around the school campus after buying their food.

As a researcher, I can contribute to this problem by researching more about this topic and propose solutions that could mitigate it. Through the research, I could post it online so that it could have a bigger platform and more people would know about this issue and through that it could bring a bigger picture so the government could act upon it and help lessen the prices of the canteen food.

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 4 - Vega, Cruz I, Cruz J, Chandiramani, Guevarra J, Pangilinan. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 4 - Vega, Cruz I, Cruz J, Chandiramani, Guevarra J, Pangilinan. 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Group 4 - Vega, Cruz I, Cruz J, Chandiramani, Guevarra J, Pangilinan

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 4 - Vega, Cruz I, Cruz J, Chandiramani, Guevarra J, Pangilinan

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 4 - Vega, Cruz I, Cruz J, Chandiramani, Guevarra J, Pangilinan

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Group 4 - Vega, Cruz I, Cruz J, Chandiramani, Guevarra J, Pangilinan

# data[].attributes.headline
12F Group 4 - Del Rosario (Ivan), Sorra, Villasenor, Gianan, Hongo, De Leon (Erika), Silan

# data[].attributes.subject
12F Group 4 - Del Rosario (Ivan), Sorra, Villasenor, Gianan, Hongo, De Leon (Erika), Silan

# data[].attributes.body
News: https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/08/15/22/1999-million-filipinos-poor-in-2021-as-poverty-incidence-rises-psa?fbclid=IwAR2GC0odOmhbzvQK0HdsMLUxibQzhn6d_sdW-aUxBPxAUfs5C57EZlLwMro

As researchers, we can contribute to the eradication of poverty by conducting research on its most prominent causes. Through this, those capable can find the root of the problem and address it accordingly. Addressing the root of the problem can cause it to slowly subside.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Children play near the breakwater at the BASECO Compound in Tondo, Manila on July 7, 2022. Jonathan Cellona, ABS-CBN News

MANILA - At least 19.99 million Filipinos were considered poor in 2021 as the poverty incidence rose to 18.1 percent, the state statistics bureau said Monday.

Being poor means the number of Filipinos whose per capita income is insufficient to meet basic food and non-food needs.

The number is higher than the 16.7 percent poverty incidence in the last survey held in 2018, which was equivalent to 17.7 million poor Filipinos, the Philippine Statistics Authority said in the briefing.

In 2021, the National Capital Region posted the lowest poverty incidence while the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao registered the highest poverty incidence, data showed.

Socioeconomic Planning Secretary Arsenio Balisacan said 2021's data means the government failed to achieve the previous administration's goal of bringing down the poverty rate to 15.5 percent to 17.5 percent in 2021.

The increase in poverty incidence last year reflects the impact of mobility restrictions on wages and jobs, he said.

"The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, including income and employment losses caused the poverty incidence to rise," Balisacan said.

PSA: Philippine poverty incidence hit 18.1% in 2021, equivalent to 19.99M poor Filipinos. The poverty rate was at 16.7% in 2018, equivalent to 17.7M poor Filipinos. pic.twitter.com/bLnpbwL1Aj
- Warren de Guzman (@wddeguzman) August 15, 2022

In terms of family poverty incidence, the rate increased to 13.2 percent in 2021 or equivalent to 3.5 million families, compared to 12.1 percent in 2018 or 3 million families, data showed.

Meanwhile, the poverty threshold, or the amount needed for a family of 5 to afford basic needs rose to P12,030 in 2021 from P10,756 in 2018. This number is used to measure the poverty rate.

Inflation, which accelerated to 6.4 percent in July is likely to worsen the poverty incidence, National Statistician Dennis Mapa said.

"Inflation as we've seen, it will actually increase the poverty threshold. By the way, the next round the family income expenditure survey will be done next year, so we will have a 2023 report," he said.

But Balisacan said the level could have improved in 2022 due to the reopening of the economy.

President Ferdinand Bongbong Marcos' economic goals include reducing the poverty incidence to single digits by the end of his term. His 8-point economic agenda includes job generation and poverty reduction.

Balisacan said the goal is to reduce the poverty rate to 9 percent by 2028. This can be achieved by reopening the economy, generating jobs and investment in human capital, social development and social protection, he added.

Transforming the production sector and reopening face-to-face classes could also help spur economic growth and reduce poverty.

"We do know that we have a tough road ahead, but we are already prepared to face these challenges head-on," he said.
-- With a report from Warren De Guzman, ABS-CBN News RELATED VIDEO:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
19.99 million Filipinos poor in 2021 as poverty incidence rises: PSA

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
MANILA - At least 19.99 million Filipinos were considered poor in 2021 as the poverty incidence rose to 18.1 percent, the state statistics bureau said Monday. Being poor means the number of Filipinos whose per capita income is insufficient to meet basic food and non-food needs.

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 3 - Lomio, Gorreon, Bisnar, Valencia, Javillo, Manzano

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 3 - Lomio, Gorreon, Bisnar, Valencia, Javillo, Manzano

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 3 - Lomio, Gorreon, Bisnar, Valencia, Javillo, Manzano

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 3 - Lomio, Gorreon, Bisnar, Valencia, Javillo, Manzano

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 3 - Lomio, Gorreon, Bisnar, Valencia, Javillo, Manzano

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 3 - Lomio, Gorreon, Bisnar, Valencia, Javillo, Manzano

# data[].attributes.body
Fake news is one of the many current and common societal issues the Philippines is experiencing up to this very day. One thing that could prevent said issue from misleading our people into believing fake information is through research. As researchers, we strive to seek for truth, thus, finding and differentiating real from fake is a required skill for us to make exemplary research papers. Through learning and understanding the basic skills needed to research, the spread of fake news and misinformation can be prevented.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
MANILA, Philippines - Seven out of 10 adult Filipinos believe the problem of fake news and its spread on the internet is serious, according to the latest survey by the Social Weather Stations (SWS).

The survey, done from Dec. 12 to Dec. 16 through in-person interviews of 1,440 adults, found 69 percent of Filipinos saying the problem of fake news in the media is serious, up from 60 percent in December 2017.

According to SWS, 32 percent of respondents believe fake news in media like television, radio, and newspaper was "very serious," 38 percent said it was "somewhat serious," 6 percent said it was "somewhat not serious" and 3 percent think it was "not serious at all." Meanwhile, 21 percent were undecided.

Fake news on the internet like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube are also serious, according to 67 percent of respondents, with 32 percent saying it is "very serious" and 35 percent "somewhat serious."

Five percent think fake news on the internet is "somewhat not serious," 3 percent said it was "not serious at all," while 24 percent were undecided.

The issue of fake news in media worsened in all areas since December 2017, with those who consider it serious rising to 79 percent in December 2021 from 68 percent in Metro Manila, 71 percent from 61 percent in Luzon outside Metro Manila, 65 percent from 61 percent in Mindanao, and 63 percent from 51 percent in the Visayas.

SWS also found that 51 percent of Filipinos find it difficult to spot fake news from television, radio or social media (13 percent "very difficult" and 38 percent "somewhat difficult") while 48 percent can spot it easily (37 percent "somewhat easy" and 11 percent "very easy").

One in five, or 20 percent, said they "often" saw or read fake or wrong information on television, radio or social media while 40 percent said they saw it "sometimes," 35 percent "seldom" and 4 percent "never."

The percentage of those who say they often spot fake information is highest in Metro Manila at 34 percent, followed by Luzon outside Metro Manila at 23 percent, Visayas at 15 percent and Mindanao at 11 percent.

Fake news in the media is considered more serious by those who can spot them easily and those who often encounter fake news on television, radio, and social media.

By educational attainment, fake news in the media is considered more serious among college graduates at 74 percent.

-INQUIRER.RESEARCH

Subscribe to INQUIRER PLUS to get access to The Philippine Daily Inquirer & other 70+ titles, share up to 5 gadgets, listen to the news, download as early as 4am & share articles on social media. Call 896 6000.

For feedback, complaints, or inquiries, contact us.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
70% of Pinoys say fake news a serious problem - SWS

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
MANILA, Philippines - Seven out of 10 adult Filipinos believe the problem of fake news and its spread on the internet is serious, according to the latest survey by the Social Weather Stations (SWS). The survey, done from Dec. 12 to Dec.

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 1 - Canlas, Claravall, Gapay, Bunquin, Lacson, Se

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 1 - Canlas, Claravall, Gapay, Bunquin, Lacson, Se

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 1 - Claravall, Canlas, Bunquin, Gapay, Lacson, Se

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 1 - Claravall, Canlas, Bunquin, Gapay, Lacson, Se

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 1 - Claravall, Canlas, Bunquin, Gapay, Lacson, Se

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 1 - Claravall, Canlas, Bunquin, Gapay, Lacson, Se

# data[].attributes.headline
12G GROUP 2 - Curabo, David, Johnson, Khan, Ozawa

# data[].attributes.subject
12G GROUP 2 - Curabo, David, Johnson, Khan, Ozawa

# data[].attributes.body
https://youtu.be/eSL4FGsa6Ng
Video Title: Research Skills For High School Students

In the video, the creator talked about 5 necessary research skills:

1) checking your sources (make sure it is timely, correct, and trusted)

2) asking relevant and specific questions (especially when it comes to your research topic)

3) going above and beyond (use technology to your advantage, go above in effort)

4) being mindful of rights (do not commit plagiarism, properly cite sources)

5) remain persistent and resilient (do not give up so easily, even if it seems that your research is impossible at first)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Research Skills for High School Students

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 2 - Curabo, David, Johnson, Khan, Ozawa

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 2 - Curabo, David, Johnson, Khan, Ozawa

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 4 - Vega, Cruz I, Cruz J, Chandiramani, Guevarra J, Pangilinan 

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 4 - Vega, Cruz I, Cruz J, Chandiramani, Guevarra J, Pangilinan 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Group 4 - Vega, Cruz I, Cruz J, Chandiramani, Guevarra J, Pangilinan copy

# data[].attributes.headline
12G Group 1 - Encela, Foo, Suarez, Tan, Tupaz

# data[].attributes.subject
12G Group 1 - Encela, Foo, Suarez, Tan, Tupaz

# data[].attributes.headline
12G Group 1 - Encela, Foo, Suarez, Tan, Tupaz

# data[].attributes.subject
12G Group 1 - Encela, Foo, Suarez, Tan, Tupaz

# data[].attributes.body
Research is essential to finding treatments and solutions to diseases across the world. Previous research arms us with an existing body of knowledge on similar diseases across human history, allowing scientists to synthesize a vaccine more efficiently and minimize the effects of the outbreak. As researchers, we can aid in the dissemination of new developments in monkeypox research to ensure that people dont feel unnecessary fear and anxiety. It is important to motivate our neighbors and loved ones to keep being cautious and protect one’s self since the COVID-19 has deeply affected everyone’s life.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Metro Manila (CNN Philippines, August 23) - It is not yet established if there is already a local transmission of monkeypox in the Philippines, a health official said on Tuesday, as the government continues to confirm the source of infection of the country's fourth case.

Department of Health (DOH) officer-in-charge Maria Rosario Vergeire said the Philippines's fourth case of monkeypox has no history of travel to other countries with confirmed cases or contact with any patient.

"We cannot say for now that this is already a local transmission because we are still establishing the source of the infection," she told CNN Philippines' New Day. "We are still trying to establish and back trace as to where he got the infection."

DOH on Monday said the 25-year-old patient was in an isolation facility. It identified 14 close contacts, including six in isolation, one taking care of the patient, and a health care worker on self-monitoring.

The World Health Organization declared monkeypox a public health emergency of international concern. But DOH believes there is no need to tighten border controls; instead, surveillance and heightened awareness on the viral disease are considered as more effective in controlling its spread.

"It is not really a matter of if but it's a matter of when if these cases come in the country. We just need to be vigilant especially in our communities, do our surveillance and immediately isolate people who have these symptoms," Vergeire said.

Monkeypox is a less severe cousin of smallpox that can be transmitted between humans through close contact with an infected individual's body fluids, sores, or contaminated items.

Symptoms include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and rashes that can turn into lesions. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said lesions could resolve over a period of two to three weeks.

The DOH, meanwhile, said it is now talking to two monkeypox vaccine manufacturers for the country to receive its first doses.

Vergeire said the government is working to get some monkeypox shots before yearend. She added one manufacturer committed to provide the Philippines with vaccines by early next year.

"Please remember that we do not do mass vaccination for monkeypox. We're just going to vulnerable sectors and we are prioritizing those who had been exposed and also our health care workers," she said.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
DOH: Local spread of monkeypox in PH unclear; govt in talks with two vaccine makers

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Metro Manila (CNN Philippines, August 23) - It is not yet established if there is already a local transmission of monkeypox in the Philippines, a health official said on Tuesday, as the government continues to confirm the source of infection of the country's fourth case.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Purple Peach Minimalist Marketing Tips Venn Diagram

# data[].attributes.headline
12H GROUP 2 - Bacolod, Dimaculangan, Encallado, Esguerra, Madrid

# data[].attributes.subject
12H GROUP 2 - Bacolod, Dimaculangan, Encallado, Esguerra, Madrid

# data[].attributes.headline
12H GROUP 2 - Bacolod, Dimaculangan, Encallado, Esguerra, Madrid

# data[].attributes.subject
12H GROUP 2 - Bacolod, Dimaculangan, Encallado, Esguerra, Madrid

# data[].attributes.body
Chosen Video (Link): https://youtu.be/1b3iteSyg1I

# data[].attributes.headline
12H GROUP 2 - Bacolod, Dimaculangan, Encallado, Esguerra, Madrid

# data[].attributes.subject
12H GROUP 2 - Bacolod, Dimaculangan, Encallado, Esguerra, Madrid

# data[].attributes.headline
12H Ramos, Bondoc, Garcia, Rivera, Espiritu, Velmonte

# data[].attributes.subject
12H Ramos, Bondoc, Garcia, Rivera, Espiritu, Velmonte

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Research Writing Vs. Inquiry  Ramos, Garcia, Bondoc, Espiritu, Rivera,  Velmonte 12H

# data[].attributes.headline
12H Ramos, Bondoc, Garcia, Rivera, Espiritu, Velmonte

# data[].attributes.subject
12H Ramos, Bondoc, Garcia, Rivera, Espiritu, Velmonte

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Activity 3 Ramos, Bondoc, Garcia, Rivera, Espiritu, Velmonte

# data[].attributes.headline
12H Ramos, Bondoc, Garcia, Rivera, Espiritu, Velmonte

# data[].attributes.subject
12H Ramos, Bondoc, Garcia, Rivera, Espiritu, Velmonte

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Activity 4 Ramos, Bondoc, Garcia, Rivera, Espiritu, Velmonte. (1)

# data[].attributes.headline
12H Group 4- De Guzman, Famatid, Pagkalinawan, Rathore, Valenova

# data[].attributes.subject
12H Group 4- De Guzman, Famatid, Pagkalinawan, Rathore, Valenova

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 5 - Amor, Galura, Salumbides, Salian, De Leon, De Guzman

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 5 - Amor, Galura, Salumbides, Salian, De Leon, De Guzman

# data[].attributes.body
If I were an instrument for research, then I would be as loud as a tuba that can be heard from afar if I were to post outputs online, but that won't be enough to address rising prices for transportations. As a researcher, I can continue to address these issues through making informative outputs that won’t fall on deaf ears especially towards the community and government. Through joining social welfare organizations who investigate modern issues, we would be like an orchestra and make our voices heard in order for society to do something to avoid being caught in mass hysteria. With the collaboration of organizations who create solutions we can reduce the potency of the price spike by adding alternatives to just oil-fueled vehicles in the community.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Inflation in the Philippines rose to 6.1 percent in June - nearly double the figure from the same month last year - with an overall increase in fuel costs helping to drive up prices for basic commodities, the government said Tuesday.

The transportation sector contributed heavily to the surging prices as prices at the pump swelled by 17.1 percent - up from 14.6 percent in May - according to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). Gasoline and diesel prices worldwide have risen as a ripple effect of Russia's invasion of Ukraine.

In the Philippines, the price shock is deeply affecting drivers of Metro Manila's ubiquitous jeepneys.

"Before the fuel price hikes, I could easily earn about 2,000 pesos on a good day," Kevin Estrada, 30, who drives a commuter jeepney in central Manila, told BenarNews.

"I wonder if Filipinos can really get out of this crisis. Only the haves are saying that life is getting better, but for us, the poor, it's always the same."

Meanwhile, Ferdinand Marcos Jr., the country's new president, questioned the PSA report.

"Of course the inflation rate is a problem, not only in the Philippines, but everywhere," Marcos told reporters on Tuesday.

Despite that acknowledgment, "I think that I will have to disagree with that number. We are not that high."

Marcos delivered the comments during his first official press conference as president after emerging from his first cabinet meeting.

He discussed the economy with members of his cabinet and stressed that his administration's policy essentially is to use interest rates to hold down inflation.

"We are not specifically looking at the exchange rate now. What we are targeting is the inflation rate. So that's what we are doing," he said.

"The increase in the commodity prices are again something that happens (when) the forces push prices up beyond our control."

The 6.1 percent figure for June - up from 3.7 percent for the same month in 2021 - was within the central bank's forecast inflation rate of between 5.7 percent and 6.5 percent, according to the PSA. The average rate of inflation for the first six months of 2022 is 4.4 percent.

Earlier this year, the Asian Development Bank projected that the Philippines' economy would recover strongly in 2022 despite concerns about geopolitical tensions, as loosened pandemic restrictions should propel local consumption.

Specifically, the growth is expected at 6 percent this year, one of the highest rates in Southeast Asia, and is forecast to rise by another 6.3 percent next year.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Rising prices at the pump help drive inflation spike in Philippines

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Inflation in the Philippines rose to 6.1 percent in June - nearly double the figure from the same month last year - with an overall increase in fuel costs helping to drive up prices for basic commodities, the government said Tuesday.

# data[].attributes.headline
12H - VALENOVA, DE GUZMAN, RATHORE, FAMATID, PAGKALINAWAN

# data[].attributes.subject
12H - VALENOVA, DE GUZMAN, RATHORE, FAMATID, PAGKALINAWAN

# data[].attributes.headline
12H GROUP 4 - VALENOVA, DE GUZMAN, RATHORE, FAMATID, PAGKALINAWAN

# data[].attributes.subject
12H GROUP 4 - VALENOVA, DE GUZMAN, RATHORE, FAMATID, PAGKALINAWAN

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
12H Group 4 De Guzman, Pagkalinawan, Rathore & Valenova

# data[].attributes.headline
12F Group 4 - Del Rosario (Ivan), Sorra, Villasenor, Gianan, Hongo, De Leon (Erika), Silan

# data[].attributes.subject
12F Group 4 - Del Rosario (Ivan), Sorra, Villasenor, Gianan, Hongo, De Leon (Erika), Silan

# data[].attributes.headline
12F Group 4 - Del Rosario (Ivan), Sorra, Villasenor, Gianan, Hongo, De Leon (Erika), Silan

# data[].attributes.subject
12F Group 4 - Del Rosario (Ivan), Sorra, Villasenor, Gianan, Hongo, De Leon (Erika), Silan

# data[].attributes.body
In the video, The creator talked about ways we can improve our problem-solving skills. In research, trials will come one after another. We should respond accordingly and focus on what we can do, not the damage that has already been done. Once we are solution-oriented, we will be able to solve greater problems with better solutions

# data[].attributes.headline
12H Group 5 activity 1 - Blanco, Chan, Costas, Encarnacion, Tuason

# data[].attributes.subject
12H Group 5 activity 1 - Blanco, Chan, Costas, Encarnacion, Tuason

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Group 5 activity 1 - Blanco, Chan, Costas, Encarnacion, Tuason

# data[].attributes.headline
12H Group 5 activity 4 - Blanco, Chan, Costas, Encarnacion, Tuason

# data[].attributes.subject
12H Group 5 activity 4 - Blanco, Chan, Costas, Encarnacion, Tuason

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Group 5 activity 4 - Blanco, Chan, Costas, Encarnacion, Tuason (1)

# data[].attributes.headline
12H Group 5 activity 5 - Blanco, Chan, Costas, Encarnacion, Tuason

# data[].attributes.subject
12H Group 5 activity 5 - Blanco, Chan, Costas, Encarnacion, Tuason

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Group 5 activity 5 - Blanco, Chan, Costas, Encarnacion, Tuason

# data[].attributes.body
12N Group 1 activity 1 - Polancos, Azarcon, Reyes, Tacuboy, Valmores

# data[].attributes.body
12N Group 1 - Polancos, Reyes, Azarcon, Tacuboy, Valmores
Doing research is the direct solution to the issue of disinformation and fake news. To be able to distinguish between what is fact and what is fiction is an important facet of research. Scrutinizing the things we see on social media through the scope of a researcher will allow us impartiality and a better understanding of the reality of things and allow us to avoid falling into a hole of falsehoods and half-truths that these politicians depend on to secure votes. Even if that politician wins, we’ll know that we voted for the right person with the right and moral agenda.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
"Fake News, Internet Propaganda, and Philippine elections: 2016 to 2019" is a study presented in a #FactsFirstPH research briefing held on May 04, 2022. The full copy of the research is reposted with permission from the authors. This is part one of a two-part paper on fake news and internet propaganda in the last three elections, including the upcoming 2022 elections, which will be discussed in part two. Part 2: [ANALYSIS] Fake news and internet propaganda, and the Philippine elections: 2022
***

The 2016 Philippine general elections is said to be a watershed moment for social media and elections in the Philippines. The increased availability of social media led to its effective use by Rodrigo Duterte in his campaign for the presidency. His campaign highlighted how social media can be used in Philippine elections, and all the issues that entails. One of the more significant issues is the rise of internet trolls, fake news, and internet-based propaganda in Philippine elections, as supporters and campaigners began using social media as an electoral propaganda platform. This continued all the way to the 2019 legislative and local elections, having proven the potency of social media.

But how have Filipino elections come to this? We would explore the history of fake news and internet propaganda in the 2016 and 2019 Philippine elections. How did it start? How prevalent fake news was back then? What were the most recurring themes? And how did these affect Philippine politics?

A bit of Philippine social media history

The Philippines is currently considered the social media capital of the world by amount of use, where eighty million individuals use social media on average about four hours a day. Facebook is the predominant platform in the country, accounting for 93 percent of the country's social media market share as of 2020.

This is the result of the Philippine telecommunications companies, such as Smart Mobile, availing the Free Basics service from Facebook in 2015, a service where data usage is made free to users through bundled prepaid and postpaid promos to the telecom companies.

But social media and information technology have been with Filipinos much earlier, especially in their social and political lives. Text blasts were the leading method in organizing EDSA 2, the protest movement that ousted Erap Estrada from the Presidency. It is through social media where survivors of Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) not only indicated their survival to their family and friends, but also made their attempts to get over their experience by documenting and memorializing them. PDAF, or the Presidential Development Assistance Fund, was disestablished as the result of the August 2013 "Million People March" in Luneta Park.

In terms of elections, social media has evolved from a peripheral yet potentially powerful area, to a major arena and tool for political propaganda. Rappler has documented such a rise leading to the 2019 elections. Although 2016 was the first election where social media became a major factor in elections, 2013 was the first election where a major case of social media's effect on elections took place. Cynthia Villar's "room nurse" comment that went viral over social media cost her a substantial portion of her potential voter support in the senatorial elections, though she still managed to retain her performance as top polling senator.

Then, 2016 came, and Duterte's campaign took advantage of social media, going as far as to get assistance from Facebook in optimizing their social media presence. They also utilized online volunteers and internet trolls to bolster support to Duterte and his slate and harass their opposition. Much of the reason for Duterte's heavy reliance on social media in 2016 is practical: his campaign team did not have the resources that the major political parties had, maximizing their minute 10-million-peso media campaign budget through creative means.

Of course, there have been countermeasures since then. Rappler has established the Fact Check section, where articles are published to rate the falsity of claims made on the internet, not just political ones. Facebook is also doing its part, an example being their efforts to take down Philippine-based pages and accounts that spread false news in the site.

Fake news in 2019

As a rudimentary measure of the prevalence of and major themes in fake news during and around the 2019 elections, we looked at Rappler's Fact Check articles published between October 2018 and May 2019. The selected period covers the months from the filing of candidacy to the actual 2019 elections. To measure prevalence, interactions, or the sum of available likes, reactions, shares, retweets, views, and comments in each claim or article are used. For prevailing themes, keywords are considered. Note that what would be recorded would be data from the time of the publication of the Rappler articles.

Checking first on some preliminary statistics, we find 135 articles tackling specific claims in Rappler between October 2018 and May 2019. These articles rate claims from (ideally) true, to mixed, to false. Of these 135 claims, seventy-three are rated as false, forty are hoaxes, and nineteen are misleading claims. Facebook is by far the biggest source of recorded interactions, with 104 claims being posted in the social media site, while nine claims came from direct statements from interviews and other records. The articles have recorded a combined total of 4.36 million interactions from the claims. Assuming that these interactions are divided equally to likes/reactions, shares/retweets, and comments, and are done by the same people, this meant that there could be as much as 1.45 million people that has viewed fake news, giving us a preliminary estimate on how many people are vulnerable to fake news and internet propaganda.

Moving now to the major themes or typology of these articles, we find that political claims form most claims studied and rated during the selected period, with eighty-two instances. It also has the greatest number of recorded interactions, with close to two million interactions recorded. This may not be surprising at all since much of these articles and even the claims themselves have arisen (or in some cases resurfaced) from the then-upcoming 2019 elections.

Looking at the specific themes or topics, the 2019 elections as a source of claims can be argued as both direct and indirect. Directly, the 2019 elections contributed to a sizable number of claims, at 10. Indirectly, the 2019 elections was supported with other top topics. For example, the presence of President Rodrigo Duterte as the top topic in the claims can be construed as support to his party and his chosen slate of candidates. Claims on Otso Diretso, Liberal Party's senatorial slate for 2019, meanwhile, can be seen as, at the very least, arguments to their failure to capture seats in the Senate.

To say that the 2019 elections is the major source for the rise of all the 135 claims attested by Rappler is a stretch, however. Looking at the top five claims by the number of interactions garnered, the selection is mixed, with the misleading claim regarding processing costs for land titles being the overall top article.

Zooming into the political claims, and it is still a bit mixed. Only one article of the top five, that of voter fraud via pre-shaded ballots, explicitly mentions the 2019 elections. The top story was about the lack of evidence on former President Ferdinand and former First Lady Imelda Marcos' graft and corruption. The middle three, meanwhile, are focused on the achievements, both real and supposed, of President Duterte.

Nonetheless, fake news and internet propaganda were then effective. A strong social media presence can help candidates boost their electoral performance, especially if said candidates have multiple supporter pages helping them spread all their messages and statements, including memes, viral content, and fake news. For example, out of the eighteen candidates for Senator running in the 2019 elections, all but three have official Facebook pages.

Conclusion

The 2016 and 2019 Philippine elections give us a look at how widespread fake news and internet propaganda is, and how much these could affect elections. Even in this cursory look, the fact that more than a million people can be argued to have been exposed to fake news just based on recorded interactions alone is quite telling.

A more complete data, which include followers and page views might paint a better yet different picture. But this can already be indicative of a virtual political environment that is vulnerable to malicious and deleterious propaganda.

Everyone, therefore, should be vigilant, especially that another national and local elections is forthcoming. One now wonders; however, how far fake news and internet propaganda has taken hold in this upcoming election. We shall see soon enough. - Rappler.com
Gerardo V. Eusebio has had extensive experience in public service, consultancy work, and academia. He has served in both the legislative and executive branches of government. He is currently the head of political marketing at Warwick and Roger and board director of Lilac Center for Public Interest and has been teaching political science, development, and history at various Philippine universities since 1992.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
[ANALYSIS] Fake news, internet propaganda, and Philippine elections: 2016 to 2019

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
"Fake News, Internet Propaganda, and Philippine elections: 2016 to 2019" is a study presented in a #FactsFirstPH research briefing held on May 04, 2022. The full copy of the research is reposted with permission from the authors.

# data[].attributes.headline
12N Valmores, Polancos, Azarcon, Reyes, Tacuboy: 

# data[].attributes.subject
12N Valmores, Polancos, Azarcon, Reyes, Tacuboy: 

# data[].attributes.body
In this video, the creator decided to give out 5 steps on how to develop research skills. For number one, they stated that you should cite recent empirical studies and theories to avoid your research from looking out of date or old. In short, you have to define your topic. Doing this can assist you gain more ideas for your paper. Followed by number two, where you should skim through the abstracts of your collected data. It is given as a tip by them to collect only what’s important and interesting for your paper. As well as only gathering papers with contrasting perspectives to give you more ideas as well as to help you improve your paper. Third is to analyze and read the materials you got for your paper. If the material is relevant, then know more about it and continue reading it including collecting similar information. Always take note that knowledge is power, and less is more. For the fourth step, you need to take down notes. It’s crucial to take down notes, because it’s going to be needed in cases such as defenses, etc. They stated that you should jot down the key arguments, results, and discussion points. Lastly is to analyze the sources you collected. Identify all the significant, interesting, and innovative arguments. As well as the point the references agreed and disagreed on. These steps can help you become a more effective researcher, and can help you  achieve greater milestones.

# data[].attributes.headline
12F Group 5 - Amor, De Guzman, De Leon, Galura, Salian and Salumbides

# data[].attributes.subject
12F Group 5 - Amor, De Guzman, De Leon, Galura, Salian and Salumbides

# data[].attributes.body
As said in the video, the necessary skills needed in order to be an effective research student are as follows: Organization, Critical Thinking, Communication, Stress Management, and Learning how to Learn. Let’s first define organization. Organization would mean making a list of everything you have to do and want to do which would help with setting goals in a certain matter, and achieving it before the deadline. Critical thinking would mean that you’d have the ability to analyze and synthesize. Analysis means that you break down the main topic into subtopics into components. Synthesis means combining separate articles and separate sources. These processes purpose is to come up with a conclusion. With communication, the key point is to be an effective speaker, but at the same time to be a good listener. Its important not to interrupt when someone is speaking. One on one convos are also important so you can focus on the person while making sure to keep eye contact. Lastly, managing stress is a skill since you need to know how to handle it. The first thing you need to do is to recognize that you're in stress. Find out what helps you relieve it.

https://youtu.be/LAJM9ezn3J8

# data[].attributes.headline
12N Group 3 - Andrade, Bautista J, Degracia, Destura,  Guinjicna, Octaviano, Robillos, Tamarion, Trinidad

# data[].attributes.subject
12N Group 3 - Andrade, Bautista J, Degracia, Destura,  Guinjicna, Octaviano, Robillos, Tamarion, Trinidad

# data[].attributes.headline
12N Group 2 - Andrade, Bautista J, Degracia, Destura,  Guinjicna, Octaviano, Robillos, Tamarion, Trinidad

# data[].attributes.subject
12N Group 2 - Andrade, Bautista J, Degracia, Destura,  Guinjicna, Octaviano, Robillos, Tamarion, Trinidad

# data[].attributes.headline
12N Group 2 - Andrade, Bautista J, Degracia, Destura,  Guinjicna, Octaviano, Robillos, Tamarion, Trinidad

# data[].attributes.subject
12N Group 2 - Andrade, Bautista J, Degracia, Destura,  Guinjicna, Octaviano, Robillos, Tamarion, Trinidad

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Research: Innovating, Transforming and Diversifying the Future

# data[].attributes.body
The poster is a reflection of how research is a combination of inspiration, inquiry and critical thinking. The colors chosen reflect how lively imagination is and how it drives the human potential to accomplish something novel and innovative.

Research is a gateway towards new innovations in various academic and scientific fields. It assists us to creatively come up with concrete solutions to prevailing problems and discovers new innovative ways to issues to improve the quality of life. Research helps to give attention to many issues that lack solutions or to delve deeper into the undiscovered and the unknown.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
As a researcher how would you be able to contribute in addressing these issues through research?

# data[].attributes.body
I believe that as a researcher we could delve into these topics and be able to brainstorm possible solutions to many of these problems. Not only that we as researchers would be contributing to the resolution of many of these issues by completing our research paper for future generations to revisit and improve on. Finally we as researchers would be able to contribute again to the identification of the cores of these issue leading to quicker resolution and concrete solutions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ACTIVITY 3_CURRENT ISSUES and CONCERNS in the PHILIPPINES_BASILIO_PEREZ_REYES

# data[].attributes.body
youtube link: https://youtu.be/SVw8KsopzXE

canva link: https://www.canva.com/design/DAFK-2GRiss/toJ2UpvEYbTaZJSi2kK38g/view?utm_content=DAFK-2GRiss&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link2&utm_source=sharebutton

# data[].attributes.body
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjGMBBQOONg&ab_channel=ELCOpenOnlineCourses
Title: Developing Research Skills

For the video the speaker had 5 steps on how to develop your research skills.

1. For the first step you have to Identify specific key terms. You should cite recent empirical studies and theories & models.

2. For the second step you should gather information by skimming through abstracts and downloading papers that are relevant to your topic.

3. Third step is to read the material and analyze it. If it is relevant to your topic then read more into it and also check the reference list for more sources.

4. Fourth step is taking notes. Taking down notes is important because this could help you in not just writing your paper but also in defending it.

5. Last step is to analyze the sources. You should look through all your notes and identify if there are important or interesting arguments. You should also look for more commonly cited sources because these could have really good material.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
what is inquiry and how is it different from research writing

# data[].attributes.headline
12L Group 3 activity 5 - De Leon, Velasco, Yatco.

# data[].attributes.subject
12L Group 3 activity 5 - De Leon, Velasco, Yatco.

# data[].attributes.body
The skills relevant to the inquiry course include honing critical thinking, project planning and communication skills. The course will instill into the students the ability to find information through the inquiry process; criticize the relevance and reliability of sources; develop plans for the searching of new information and possible solutions; execute the research process to attain said information/solutions; document data and results; create interpretations and conclusions based on the data and results; and report the findings to an audience.

Outside of the technical and academic learning aspects, the course will hone the students’ thinking skills (LOTS and HOTS), communication skills, creativity, and integrity to fulfill their duties as a citizen — both in the national and global communities.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tDGcqeVwKS8

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 1 12I - Ebora, Sevilla, Gonzalez, Huab, Lalu, Oco 

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 1 12I - Ebora, Sevilla, Gonzalez, Huab, Lalu, Oco 

# data[].attributes.headline
12I-Group 2: Aguilar, Lee, Ampatuan, Novicio, Pacheco, Tuazon

# data[].attributes.subject
12I-Group 2: Aguilar, Lee, Ampatuan, Novicio, Pacheco, Tuazon

# data[].attributes.body
Enumeration on the difference between research and inquiry.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
12I_Group 2 Aguilar, Lee, Ampatuan, Novicio, Pacheco, Tuazon

# data[].attributes.headline
12I-Group 2: Aguilar, Lee, Ampatuan, Novicio, Pacheco, Tuazon

# data[].attributes.subject
12I-Group 2: Aguilar, Lee, Ampatuan, Novicio, Pacheco, Tuazon

# data[].attributes.body
During the culminating activity of the Kalivungan Festival on Thursday, September 1, Vice President Sara Duterte urged the Cotabateños not to support the advocacy propagated by the New People's Army (NPA), a communist group known for its unwavering fight against government corruption in the Philippines, although the significant tensions between the government and the NPA have generated high levels of violence in the nation, especially during martial law under the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos.

As researchers, we can develop future research comparing the Philippine government and NPA since both organizations' goals, objectives, and activities seem to be the main problems and causes of disputes. Additionally, we can gather data via personal interviews with members of both organizations if granted the opportunity and analyze such to provide answers to questions and develop reasonable conclusions. Thus, our research shall deliver truthful and unbiased information about the similarities and differences between the Philippine government and the NPA for improved social and political aspects of the Philippines.

By doing so, we may also be able to foster better understanding between the government and the NPA whereas proper research as well as founded information could lead to both groups working together towards one common goal, which is to serve and make the Philippines a better place for Filipinos!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Do not support communist groups, VP Sara urges Cotabateños

# data[].attributes.headline
12I-Group 2: Aguilar, Lee, Ampatuan, Novicio, Pacheco, Tuazon

# data[].attributes.subject
12I-Group 2: Aguilar, Lee, Ampatuan, Novicio, Pacheco, Tuazon

# data[].attributes.body
(Kindly access the file to see the explanation)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
12I_Poster_Group 2 Aguilar, Lee, Ampatuan, Novicio, Pacheco, Tuazon

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 1 12I - Ebora, Sevilla, Gonzalez, Huab, Lalu, Oco

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 1 12I - Ebora, Sevilla, Gonzalez, Huab, Lalu, Oco

# data[].attributes.headline
Group 1 12I - Ebora, Sevilla, Gonzalez, Huab, Lalu, Oco

# data[].attributes.subject
Group 1 12I - Ebora, Sevilla, Gonzalez, Huab, Lalu, Oco

# data[].attributes.body
Research can act as the voice of the minimum wage earners in the country. In our study, we can interview some people from different fields that are being affected by this problem. Once our research has been fully conducted, the results may be one of the bases of the government in proposing bills or policies that concern minimum wage earners. The study may only be focused on a small group of people but its outcome will greatly affect the society in the long run.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
‘Philippines one of the worst countries to live for minimum wage earners’

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Philippines is one of the worst countries to live for minimum wage earners, a new report by e-commerce firm Picodi released Tuesday found.

# data[].attributes.headline
12I Group 1 - Aguinaldo VI, Barlis, Delos Santos, Juntereal, Marasigan, Pleno

# data[].attributes.subject
12I Group 1 - Aguinaldo VI, Barlis, Delos Santos, Juntereal, Marasigan, Pleno

# data[].attributes.headline
12I Group 1 - Aguinaldo VI, Barlis, Delos Santos, Juntereal, Marasigan, Pleno

# data[].attributes.subject
12I Group 1 - Aguinaldo VI, Barlis, Delos Santos, Juntereal, Marasigan, Pleno

# data[].attributes.headline
12I Group 5 - Aguinaldo, Barlis, Delos Santos, Juntereal, Marasigan, Pleno

# data[].attributes.subject
12I Group 5 - Aguinaldo, Barlis, Delos Santos, Juntereal, Marasigan, Pleno