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There is nothing unknowable after we experienced it. From the investigation of the history of camera proved hat the way we changed unknowable to knowable after the experienced it. On the another hand, there is something that we unable to know by the used of technology. We can never know the truth behind the photos which shows technology can change things from know to unknowable. The unknowable things determined by the development of technology. The existing knowledge store of human’s cognition are depending on the technology. Nevertheless there are still countless unknowns about the oceans and earth. “we don't know”and “we know”are depends on how far technology goes.

Technology helps us experienced as far as we can, to cover the truth from us by the sophisticate used, also to help us explore the unknowable to certain knowledge. The technology are two-sided, either, the technology distancing people from the possibility of getting to the knowledge or helping humans to getting closer to the knowledge.

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It’s a magazine for propagation of the sea animal's creature. Usually used for preschool education of 4-5 years old children.  My mom bought this book to me when i was in grade 1.

Even though there were many documentary and textbook that provides the information and knowledge of the creatures in the sea, nevertheless there are thousands of creatures that we are unable to know. Our range of knowledge of the creatures in the ocean is all based on the development of technology. From ship to the submarine, the efforts and success are proving the development of knowledge by the technology.

The KF methods and tools explained How does technology extend or transform different modes of human cognition and communication? In ancient times, people often turned inexplicable natural sciences into "myths". In modern times, human are constantly developing more rigorous through the development of science. In the magazine, scientists have turned complex biologics into fun explanations for children to understand. The development of technology has transformed the incomprehensible mysteries of nature into organized knowledge allows people to construct their perceptions.

Every advance in history proving and recording how human beings have explore the unknown by the progress of science. Every industrial revolution has revolutionized the use of the unknown. The double advance of technology and history is inevitable when the unknown becomes known.

I believed that human’s unknowable can be turn to knowable determined by the develop of technology. In my opinion, the degree of “know” and “unknowable” are based on technological innovation and development.

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Social media is an online communication platform. Users can hold conversations, share information, and produce web content on social media networks. People use social media to communicate with friends, family, and other members of their communities. Businesses utilize social media to market and promote their products while also keeping track of client complaints.

Social network itself has divergence, which means that information spreads very fast. In order to facilitate and improve the attraction to readers, Businesses often simplify the facts and process, or use some exaggerated description techniques. To some extent, it will make readers' views and understanding deviate from the facts. Under this concept, it can link to the IA prompt “How important are material tools in the production or acquisition of knowledge? ”

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It’s no doubt that reading is a great hobby, but reading what kind of content is a question.

During learning and speaking English, I gradually realized that I have to expose myself to more resources of English culture and current affairs. The content of English magazines and newspapers are both interesting and novel for me to keep pace with the world. It’s a great way to have some pleasure as well as learning something. I usually read Time, the Economist, Read‘s Digest, the Guardian and so on. They include both seriousness and literariness. Although sometimes I feel angry because of some false statements of China, I still consider reading English newspapers and magazines as a useful way to know more about the English culture and the western view of China. If you avert your eyes and turn a deaf ear to reality, how do you know others’ slander and beat back? Therefore, keep my pace with current affairs becmoes obviously necessary.

Also, reading English newspapers and magazines helps me to learn some new expressions I have never heard before, I will write down on the papers and try to use them in writing articles and my daily life. Learning knowledge in pleasure is the best way, because humans naturally feel tired when they think they are learning boring things. I not only take it as a way of learning English, but also broaden my horizon. Take the Economist as an example, it isn’t simply about economics. Actually, the articles are also humorous and full of wit. Many celebrities read it constantly, such as Kissinger, Merkel, Bill Gates, even Jack Ma also read this magazine. These celebrities keep reading these well-known English magazines and newspapers despite of their business, so we should understand its benefits must be a lot.

All in all, it’s a great method for me to both obtain knowledge and pleasure, hence I chose to list it here in the exhibition.

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This object is an English-English dictionary I bought to help me accurately grasp the meanings and usage of words and word groups. English-English dictionaries are the best tool for English learners. As second-language learners, only using Chinese-English Dictionaries sometimes could make us feel confused because of the ambiguity of languages. When you only use Chinese-English, it’s very difficult for you to understand the accurate meaning of one word, even though you may find that it lists many Chinese meaning of one word. However, mother-tongue learners are using English to explain English, which means they can obtain the original and accurate meaning of one English word.

There are many wonderful English-English dictionaries for you to choose, such as Oxford, Collins, Cambridge or Merriam-Webster’s. A dictionary is an authority on usage. Whenever we need to know the accurate meaning and usage of a word or phrase, we can turn to English-English dictionaries. First of all, you search the word you don’t understand in the dictionary. Then you will find it’s forms, pronunciations, functions, etymologies, meanings and syntactical and idiomatic uses. Illustrative sentence helps you to know how to use the word in the sentences.

Foreign languages are not simply to learn, because we lack of the knowledge of its language background, culture and history. Unlike mother-tongue learners, they are exposed to daily usage of English. If you still don’t feel the necessity of English-English dictionaries, just suppose that you are learning Chinese again without Chinese-Chinese dictionaries.

Therefore, this English-English dictionary is included in this exhibition as an example of material tool in producitio or acquisition of knowledge. Translation brings loss of accuracy of language. Another reason is that this dictionary symbolizes that I conquered the language barrier challenges as a DP student in communication with others.

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The prompt of my choosing is "In what ways do our values affect our acquisition of knowledge?". I have chosen this prompt because it discusses the importance of values within our life which is one of the cores of what a human is. Acquisition of knowledge creates and dictates self-improvement and personal understanding. The knowledge and the knowers relates to how a knower owns a piece of knowledge and applies it to their day to day life consciously and unconsciously. I am investigating how ones values and priorities change their views on the world as well as their ways of perceiving situations that occur throughout their lifetime.

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TOK commentary My chosen IA prompt is a ‘what is a relationship between culture and knowledge?’, and I choose objects of linked with that prompt are national flag, “armored dove of peace” its Banksy’s art painting, and religion. I’m explaining on poster about these.  The first object is a national flag, it is cultural thing because its expression country. The reason I chose this is because this represents and represents the country, and I didn’t know this had anything to do with knowledge. I didn’t know that this was created by incorporating the knowledge and geographic elements of society through culture. This is social and linked to History, because it represents the information and culture that history has built up. Also, I am a Japanese living in China. Therefore, I have many opportunities to interact with people from other countries and to encounter the flags of other countries. Even when I was living in Japan, I was entrusted with hoisting the national flag at school events. I chose the national flag as an object because I was very interested in the flag because it is a representative of the country and is cherished by the people.  The second object is a name of “armored dove of peace” drawn by Banksy’s art painting, it depicts on an attempt to shoot a dove, a symbol of peace, and is a satirical picture of those who are trying to break the peace. This is linked to history and politics. The reason is that it is people and countries that are destroying peaceful societies. Banksy often talked about as a street art painter, and his paintings are characterized by a variety of emotions, including criticism and respect for society. I was impressed and interested in his art paintings. There are many other famous paintings, such as a girl holding red balloon and a man throwing bouquet of flowers, some of which are sold or scraped and can no longer be seen. I chose these as my objects because they are sold, which means they are valuable, popular and well-known, and I myself was interested in them.  The third object is a religion, the reason I chose this is that there are many different types of religions, and they differ according to people, countries, and other customs. I thought this was a very cultural and diverse expression and easy to understand. Religions are linked to history and culture to help people acquire knowledge. I am a nondenominational student, so I do not have a strong relationship with religion, but I sometimes visit temples to see Buddhist statues, go to shrines to pray, and attend weddings held in churches. Japan is basically a non-religious country, and not many people follow a certain religion. The reason why I chose to do this is because I was interested in a religion-related incident that took place in Japan a long time ago. It was a serious incident in which more than 30 people were killed and 6,000 injured, and many others were harmed. I was not born in the late 1980s to mid-1990s. The reason why I learned about such a case is because I saw the news that seven people including Oyasama were executed in 2018 and the case was concluded. I was shocked by this news and wanted to research religion someday. The power of faith is frightening and has a great influence on the human psyche. It is important to establish a society and culture, but I learned from my research that it is not good to dwell on it too much.These are the commentaries of the exhibitions I researched. I did not have any direct experience or strong connection with any of them, so most of my research was done by research, but I was able to acquire various knowledge again and gain new experiences through my research. Many of these are strongly related to society, and many of them seem to be related to art, such as flags that represent countries with their patterns and religions with their logos. Art is also related to psychology because it appeals to people's emotions and spirit through visual elements such as colors and patterns. Thus, the three objects that are related to all three can be thought of as society, art, and psychology. I found it interesting that knowledge can be thought of in a roundabout way and related to each other.

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TOK commentary My chosen IA prompt is a ‘what is a relationship between culture and knowledge?’, and I choose objects of linked with that prompt are national flag, “armored dove of peace” its Banksy’s art painting, and religion. I’m explaining on poster about these.  The first object is a national flag, it is cultural thing because its expression country. The reason I chose this is because this represents and represents the country, and I didn’t know this had anything to do with knowledge. I didn’t know that this was created by incorporating the knowledge and geographic elements of society through culture. This is social and linked to History, because it represents the information and culture that history has built up. Also, I am a Japanese living in China. Therefore, I have many opportunities to interact with people from other countries and to encounter the flags of other countries. Even when I was living in Japan, I was entrusted with hoisting the national flag at school events. I chose the national flag as an object because I was very interested in the flag because it is a representative of the country and is cherished by the people.  The second object is a name of “armored dove of peace” drawn by Banksy’s art painting, it depicts on an attempt to shoot a dove, a symbol of peace, and is a satirical picture of those who are trying to break the peace. This is linked to history and politics. The reason is that it is people and countries that are destroying peaceful societies. Banksy often talked about as a street art painter, and his paintings are characterized by a variety of emotions, including criticism and respect for society. I was impressed and interested in his art paintings. There are many other famous paintings, such as a girl holding red balloon and a man throwing bouquet of flowers, some of which are sold or scraped and can no longer be seen. I chose these as my objects because they are sold, which means they are valuable, popular and well-known, and I myself was interested in them.  The third object is a religion, the reason I chose this is that there are many different types of religions, and they differ according to people, countries, and other customs. I thought this was a very cultural and diverse expression and easy to understand. Religions are linked to history and culture to help people acquire knowledge. I am a nondenominational student, so I do not have a strong relationship with religion, but I sometimes visit temples to see Buddhist statues, go to shrines to pray, and attend weddings held in churches. Japan is basically a non-religious country, and not many people follow a certain religion. The reason why I chose to do this is because I was interested in a religion-related incident that took place in Japan a long time ago. It was a serious incident in which more than 30 people were killed and 6,000 injured, and many others were harmed. I was not born in the late 1980s to mid-1990s. The reason why I learned about such a case is because I saw the news that seven people including Oyasama were executed in 2018 and the case was concluded. I was shocked by this news and wanted to research religion someday. The power of faith is frightening and has a great influence on the human psyche. It is important to establish a society and culture, but I learned from my research that it is not good to dwell on it too much.These are the commentaries of the exhibitions I researched. I did not have any direct experience or strong connection with any of them, so most of my research was done by research, but I was able to acquire various knowledge again and gain new experiences through my research. Many of these are strongly related to society, and many of them seem to be related to art, such as flags that represent countries with their patterns and religions with their logos. Art is also related to psychology because it appeals to people's emotions and spirit through visual elements such as colors and patterns. Thus, the three objects that are related to all three can be thought of as society, art, and psychology. I found it interesting that knowledge can be thought of in a roundabout way and related to each other.

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This is the math textbook I use to teach myself math. Although it is not used in our school class, it is helpful for my learning.

In this textbook, the knowledge of various mathematical concepts is produced. They have long been recorded and in consensus by mathematicians. Therefore, even if the knowledge is produced in different languages, the concept is preserved. The reason why I don't use the school textbook but use my own one is that they contain the same maths concepts after all. Like this, the concepts are commonly accepted by learners and they cannot be different even a little. Although readers might feel that they have to follow the majority's common belief (known as the 'bandwagon effect'), the maths textbook is considered the most reliable source for them as the concepts have not been changing frequently and they are included in the same in every textbook. Therefore, it is less likely for the learners to go against the mathematical concepts or generate a whole new theory. In other words, biases such as confirmation bias become less inevitable in the production of knowledge because of the common concepts.

The object is included in this exhibition because it shows that bias may be less inevitable in the production of knowledge. Although there are some biases in the production of knowledge in textbooks, it is difficult for the textbook to be significantly biased, at least to date, when the concept of mathematics is commonly produced and accepted by most people without any defect.

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This is a shampoo called “Talmo Shampoo” which I use when taking a shower. The picture on the right shows the description of its effects. It says the shampoo contains elements such as Biotin, Niacinamide, Panthenol, etc., and it washes dirt away easily and repairs damaged hair while moisturizing.

Before I bought this product, I saw the description of various shampoos to see which one fits me the best. Since my hair falls out a lot, I looked for a suitable product and I found this ‘TS Shampoo’. Its description was enough to attract my attention and I ended up buying it.

Even though I investigated the product in detail, there was a bias in buying it. In the description, the professional language used such as 'moisturizing', psychologically made me feel as if the product was invented with much research carried out by experts. However, it could have been replaced with much easier words, such as ‘making wet’.

This is an illusion that most marketers in shampoo companies make to attract customers. This shows that the knowledge in the description was presented not for truth value, but for economic goals. Therefore, the knowledge produced becomes distorted and unreliable, and it makes bias inevitable in the production of knowledge.

This object is included in this exhibition because the knowledge produced becomes unreliable as companies distort the description of their products for economic purposes. It shows that bias is inevitable in the production of knowledge in cosmetic products such as shampoo.

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The MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) Test is an introspective self-report questionnaire designed to identify a person’s personality type, strengths, and preferences. These are the pictures showing my MBTI test results.

The results describe accurately and detailly the hidden self that I didn’t recognize, which persuades me effectively. However, some descriptions were overstated. Nevertheless, I unintentionally ignored them and concluded that all the information was accurate.

Such a similar tendency is experienced during the test. In several questions asking about my values, I deliberately responded in a way I can be judged as smart since I wanted to be special than others and to elicit results. I ticked the choice which I believed was morally good in most questions, though I was not certain about my value. In the end, my MBTI result came out as a ‘logical thinker’.

These are the case of confirmation bias, which arises through cognitive shortcuts by believing what I want to believe and rationalizing myself. It completely confined the knowledge produced by the MBTI Test. ‘the knowledge’ means the result gained through answering with integrity and accuracy while being aware of myself well.

However, there is one questionable aspect of the tendency of my confirmation bias during the test. If other people also self-rationalize and find cognitive shortcuts to get the result they want, the erroneous results produced would not be responsible for my bias but for the test biased itself. In other words, as the MBTI Test was made in a questionnaire form which respondents can only tick one among five choices, their brain biologically looks for the shortcuts and eventually arises inevitable confirmation bias.

This object is included in this exhibition because my confirmation bias drove my results the way I wanted. It shows that bias is inevitable in self-report questionnaires such as MBTI.

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Object 3: NOBEL PRIZE SPEECH FROM MARIA RESSA

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Object 3: NOBEL PRIZE SPEECH FROM MARIA RESSA

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Maria Ressa, a Filipino-American journalist and CEO, accepted her Nobel Peace Prize in December 2021. Using a range of techniques, she expresses the strife of being a journalist and her willingness to continue the search for truth despite her hardships. She argues in her speech that the seeking of truth allows trust and a shared reality to be built which supports the human condition. The exhibition is diversified as an alternative interpretation of the prompt is offered through Ressa’s speech. Interested in journalism and philosophy myself, Ressa’s ideas evoked my natural, inborn curiosity. Her innate hunger and love for wisdom, shared by many other thinkers, scientists, and philosophers, demonstrates a unique relationship between knowledge and the knower; treating it as an end in itself.

A doubt is raised regarding the validity of this reasoning, because, after all, isn’t ignorance bliss? If we are happier without knowledge for its intrinsic sake, this justification to seek truth isn’t quite logical. On the other hand, it is precisely due to this ignorance that people fail to realize the true source and meaning of the saying. Originating from Thomas Gray’s poem, the ignorance described refers only to that of the impending, inevitable death. Our ability to be motivated by curiosity in our pursuit of knowledge, despite its potential distressing prospects as demonstrated in Ressa’s speech, defines us as human beings. As a utilitarian theorist, John Stuart Mill said, “It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied.” Perhaps it is only through this third-tier reason in which we seek knowledge that differentiates us from other beings who can equally acquire skills and abilities for the sake of satisfying their physiological and social needs. If this holds true, it can be argued that this intrinsic motivation is present in everyone’s human nature and can provide us with more than that which ignorance offers; not bliss, but concrete, genuine happiness.

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A popular Chinese poker game for three, Dou Di Zhu, is played at all kinds of social events, ranging from family gatherings to company networking events. Coming from a multicultural background, it was always hard for me to truly belong to a community. However, when I learned the rules of the game, I was much more accepted by my peers and Chinese family, which validated my identity. This object elevates the exhibition as it exemplifies another possible reason for seeking knowledge: the motivation for social acceptance.

Other than cultural conformity, students motivated by their parents’ expectations or employees driven by their manager’s praise are other examples of knowledge being sought on extrinsic bases. While this motive for the search for knowledge allows them to maintain their social status, it does raise doubts about the permanence and value of knowledge. If the knower isn’t truly motivated to search but is convinced merely through extrinsic values, the experienced cognitive dissonance might undermine the

reliability of the knowledge for the knower. The psychological compromise could lead to anxiety, uneasiness, and self-doubt which ultimately decreases the validity of knowledge. This, thus, goes against one of the previously mentioned assumptions that what is being sought is in fact ‘knowledge’. If the knower doesn’t believe it, does it really count as knowledge? While our psychological health is a valid reason for the pursuit of knowledge, its potential lack of authenticity and integrity challenges the merit of the knowledge.

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Actively exploring knowledge is more meaningful than giving answers directly. A globe is an item that can display the shape and geographic location of the earth's surface in three dimensions. It contains a lot of knowledge, and the spherical shape and turnable appearance also make it look more interesting than a stationary object. This will make me have the mentality of active exploration. I often turn the globe with my hands to play. During the process of playing, I will be subconsciously interested in the pattern icons on the surface of the sphere and learn about it. The globe was shrunk to restore the geography of the earth. It is marked with latitude and longitude, the north and south poles, the distribution of land and sea, the distribution of continents, countries and regions.
The contour map of the three-dimensional distribution of the earth is very vivid and interesting, and has detailed place names, intuitive cognition, and clear at a glance, which can better observe the topography of the earth, and have a more comprehensive understanding and understanding of the earth. The earth is flat, but it presents a three-dimensional effect on the earth, which can stimulate my imagination and feel the three-dimensional space. Since the amount of information that can be explored is very large, the globe is intuitive, three-dimensional, and clearly distributed, which can fully stimulate my curiosity about the unknown world and conduct geographic exploration compared to the boring text in books.
Acquiring knowledge without the need to seek knowledge cannot make people have a mentality of active exploration, which is one of the reasons why many people think that they are learning as well as others, but they always feel that they have not remembered anything. The most important thing is to have the mentality and desire for knowledge, which can make my learning of knowledge produce long-term and continuous actions.

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I love photography and make photography a part of my hobby and life. As long as we are impressed by our own vision, we can enrich our perception of life around us through the sensors of our eyes. For me, the real value of photography is to document life and preserve beauty. The

photos taken are of emotional and life value, and it conveys the photographer's first emotion. Even if the person in the photo is not very good-looking and the wrinkles on the face are not as smooth as the skin, the story behind the wrinkles must be very touching.
For example, through my camera, I think the waves have an infinite number of different expressions, different emotions, but they are always quiet. In my opinion, photography is not just about taking pictures, it is more about telling a story. As with writing articles, I can often feel a deeper understanding through the photos I take. Through photography, through the images my camera captures, I see my understanding of the world and life and all its beauty and emotion. The content of a photo is always more important than its form, because the meaning of a photo is far deeper than the surface skills. Meaning and value are always relative, just like the relativity of time and space in an image. It is superficial that we often look at photos and intuitively judge the quality of those photos. Usually I calm down and take a closer look at the different meanings behind each photo, that's what the photo shoot really spreads. Photography is a way of expressing a person's psychological state, giving the viewer a sense of shock, reflection and perception. Photography can even change the fate of a person, the fate of a city, the values of a society.

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Now is the age of Internet communication. We can use a large number of mobile phones to search for the information we want to know in our life. Mobile phones are research products that carry human intelligence. It's constantly updated and getting smarter.
Through my cell phone, I can receive news and information from outside of real life. I can also conveniently search for news from around the world on my mobile browser to gain a broader understanding of what's happening in or around the world. The information I receive on my phone is closely related to the real world, and the information is constantly updated over time. This helps me organize the knowledge I have gained while reading e-news. In the process of using mobile phones, the way of acquiring knowledge is orderly and fast.
The smart system of the mobile phone usually pushes the user's favorite content through big data. Possess massive information acquisition and information storage capabilities. The mobile phone intelligent system has the ability to organize, process and analyze this information. For example: Google, Facebook, Amazon and other companies have established flexible and powerful distributed data processing clusters while the amount of data is gradually increasing. Parallel computing clusters consisting of tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of computers are performing further processing and analysis on the accumulated data every moment. Using these data processing platforms, as many as tens of billions of search records are cleaned and converted into formats convenient for data analysis every day, and powerful data analysis tools are provided, which can perform aggregation, dimension transformation, classification, aggregation operations, etc. This makes the knowledge we acquire efficient and useful, and the data we read into what we need and like.

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https://flipgrid.com/s/7pepys3-zzks

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Welcome to our TOK Exhibition-Class of 2023!

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To what extent is certainty attainable?AOK: Politics & knowledgeObject 1: The USA and the cold war, 1945-63, History book. We cannot ever get to the full extent of the historical events from the history books, we can get a good to a great extent of certainty, but never fully. The historical events such as for example, the assassination of John F Kennedy, nobody unless the killer of the event could know what exactly happened or how and why did he proceed to kill the president at the time. But the history book usually consists from witness of other people and that usually is very unreliable, due such things such as conformation bias, how it works is basically is that if the people already had the belief of that John F Kennedy was killed by a Russian assassin, then they will not believe the person that killed JFK is not Russian or hired by them, it will only take in the information that supports it’s previous beliefs. But what is good with history book is that it is made of from a lot of witnesses from each event, so eliminate the conformation bias as much as possible. And this can be counter argued by using the examples of a history book written by the person who caused the event him/herself, but in psychology we learned about the reconstructive memory, memory is a constructive cognitive process, the brain requires the memory to reconstruct or re-build each time that memory is retrieval, which has a lot of issues for the reliability of the memory. We cannot ever experience the full extent of certainty on most if not all the things, because people have different perspectives on everything and due to the different perspectives/bias, people will have conformation bias, therefore changing the “real” story. OBJ2: CNN news cite As how I said for the previous object “The history book. This problem happens a lot with the politics, for example, the Fox news is a right wing conservative organization, so by watching the Fox news, you will have the impression that Vladimir Putin is not such a bad guy, and Donald Trump was a very competent president, but the CNN news is a more left wing liberal organization, by watching CNN, you will have the impression that Vladimir Putin is actually a cruel dictator and Donald Trump was a very incompetent president that never did anything good for USA. By having these different biases and perspectives in news cite, when people search for information, them believes the articles that will prove their point will always pop out first, this is due to the algorithm, which is like conformation bias but in advance, because the people will already have a believe in it and by seeing an article that supports their perspectives will solidify their beliefs. News cites could actually be the place for people to be more certain in the topics they want to learn from, but what happens with most of the people is that the algorithm will just provide the information that the researchers already believe in, closing them in a bubble, therefore making them have a narrower perspective. We cannot experience full extent of certainty, by using only one news cite, people cannot ever explore many different perspectives, making the information they are receiving to have a lot of bias, therefore reaching a very small extent of certainty. OBJ3: A mirror To what extent can we be fully certain that what we see in a mirror is 100% real, not high, some people argue that what we see in the mirror as the reflection is actually a one on one copy of what it is being reflecting, but in reality, what the mirror reflects might be completely correct but it will be all in reverse, and this just happens with all natural mirrors, but it is not just mirrors. To what extent can we even trust our own eyes to give us the full certainty of information, , we have to be careful with what we see also because there is optical illusion that exist, there are mainly 2 types of optical illusion, first is the physiological illusions, this ones are very common and happen to almost to everybody without them even knowing it, for example, after seeing a bright light for too long then looking away and seeing the afterimage of the light with a opposite color. There are also cognitive illusions, an example of that would be the famous optical illusion imagen that you can see both a young lady or an old grandma, and this is due to the viewer’s individual perception, scientist found out that with that image, young people tend to see the young lady more, and old people tend to see the old grandma more. And we have to be cautious with everything we see, because due to how easy it is to actually to lie to the human eyes, a lot of people uses it for their own benefit. An example of this would be when FOX news in order to deceive their audience for their own political views, used a bar chart to deceived the audience, for the Obamacare, the goal was 7 million, and the signups were 6 million, but the bar chart of the 7 million was 5 times taller than 6 million. So therefore, we cannot be fully certain with things we see with our eyes and we need to use our critical thinking skills In-order to be sure what we see is actually what we think it is.	

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To what extent is certainty attainable?AOK: Politics & knowledgeObject 1: The USA and the cold war, 1945-63, History book. We cannot ever get to the full extent of the historical events from the history books, we can get a good to a great extent of certainty, but never fully. The historical events such as for example, the assassination of John F Kennedy, nobody unless the killer of the event could know what exactly happened or how and why did he proceed to kill the president at the time. But the history book usually consists from witness of other people and that usually is very unreliable, due such things such as conformation bias, how it works is basically is that if the people already had the belief of that John F Kennedy was killed by a Russian assassin, then they will not believe the person that killed JFK is not Russian or hired by them, it will only take in the information that supports it’s previous beliefs. But what is good with history book is that it is made of from a lot of witnesses from each event, so eliminate the conformation bias as much as possible. And this can be counter argued by using the examples of a history book written by the person who caused the event him/herself, but in psychology we learned about the reconstructive memory, memory is a constructive cognitive process, the brain requires the memory to reconstruct or re-build each time that memory is retrieval, which has a lot of issues for the reliability of the memory. We cannot ever experience the full extent of certainty on most if not all the things, because people have different perspectives on everything and due to the different perspectives/bias, people will have conformation bias, therefore changing the “real” story. OBJ2: CNN news cite As how I said for the previous object “The history book. This problem happens a lot with the politics, for example, the Fox news is a right wing conservative organization, so by watching the Fox news, you will have the impression that Vladimir Putin is not such a bad guy, and Donald Trump was a very competent president, but the CNN news is a more left wing liberal organization, by watching CNN, you will have the impression that Vladimir Putin is actually a cruel dictator and Donald Trump was a very incompetent president that never did anything good for USA. By having these different biases and perspectives in news cite, when people search for information, them believes the articles that will prove their point will always pop out first, this is due to the algorithm, which is like conformation bias but in advance, because the people will already have a believe in it and by seeing an article that supports their perspectives will solidify their beliefs. News cites could actually be the place for people to be more certain in the topics they want to learn from, but what happens with most of the people is that the algorithm will just provide the information that the researchers already believe in, closing them in a bubble, therefore making them have a narrower perspective. We cannot experience full extent of certainty, by using only one news cite, people cannot ever explore many different perspectives, making the information they are receiving to have a lot of bias, therefore reaching a very small extent of certainty. OBJ3: A mirror To what extent can we be fully certain that what we see in a mirror is 100% real, not high, some people argue that what we see in the mirror as the reflection is actually a one on one copy of what it is being reflecting, but in reality, what the mirror reflects might be completely correct but it will be all in reverse, and this just happens with all natural mirrors, but it is not just mirrors. To what extent can we even trust our own eyes to give us the full certainty of information, , we have to be careful with what we see also because there is optical illusion that exist, there are mainly 2 types of optical illusion, first is the physiological illusions, this ones are very common and happen to almost to everybody without them even knowing it, for example, after seeing a bright light for too long then looking away and seeing the afterimage of the light with a opposite color. There are also cognitive illusions, an example of that would be the famous optical illusion imagen that you can see both a young lady or an old grandma, and this is due to the viewer’s individual perception, scientist found out that with that image, young people tend to see the young lady more, and old people tend to see the old grandma more. And we have to be cautious with everything we see, because due to how easy it is to actually to lie to the human eyes, a lot of people uses it for their own benefit. An example of this would be when FOX news in order to deceive their audience for their own political views, used a bar chart to deceived the audience, for the Obamacare, the goal was 7 million, and the signups were 6 million, but the bar chart of the 7 million was 5 times taller than 6 million. So therefore, we cannot be fully certain with things we see with our eyes and we need to use our critical thinking skills In-order to be sure what we see is actually what we think it is.	

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This is the landing page of the Facebook Terms of Service, Facebook being a social media site that I’ve used and plenty of previous peers still continue to use. What separates Facebook from other social media platforms is the misuse of consumer data that occurred during 2019 that leaked many millions of account’s personal details such as legal names, check-in location, and passwords.

Needless to say, it’s unethical to collect information, especially such sensitive information, unbeknownst to the person. In addition to this, the data itself is being used to profit off of the users. However, all users, upon first creating an account will have to agree to the Terms of Service via clicking “I’ve read and agree to this”.

This object contributes to the exhibition by showing the real world application of ethical considerations of owning knowledge. Legally speaking, Facebook has every right to use the consumer’s data for monetary purposes, especially since it doesn’t charge the consumers for using the site. Despite this, people have been vilifying the company for “stealing” the data of its users despite handing it to them on a silver plate. Due to this, is the ownership of knowledge defined by the access to said knowledge?

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This object is a young adult novel that follows the story of Simon, a closeted gay teen struggling as he’s being blackmailed of his secret that the blackmailer. The book itself was released during 2015, during a period where the pride movement was only in its infancy and the general approval of the LGBTQ community is still around 50% in the United States.

The book ties itself to the prompt by asking about the moral applications of owning knowledge in our everyday lives. Though the blackmailing situation was undoubtedly an immoral act. However, would the outlook on the situation change if Simon voluntarily told them about his sexuality? The ownership over these types of knowledge seems to fluctuate very quickly with a simple consent, as it would completely dissolve the issue if Simon allowed that individual to share that knowledge. It should be known that it’s legal to tell someone else about a secret such as one’s sexuality, assuming it’s not defamatory or deceitful. However, one’s still expected, via the elusive social contract, that only the originator of the knowledge should have the power to share that piece of knowledge, despite every other knower objectively having the same capacity and power to do the same. These scenarios raise the question: Is the nature of owning a piece of knowledge constitute only as having the right or allowing another to distribute that piece of knowledge, if so, are those individuals now own that piece of knowledge equally to the originator?

When it comes to knowledge that’s personal or sensitive that doesn’t fall under the law, it’s often hard to navigate the caveats of intellectual ownership.

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Kentucky Fried Chicken is the flagship food product of the company with the same name. It’s been an enigma ever since the company’s inception due to the famous “Eleven Herbs and Spices” that can be found on the recipe for the Fried Chicken. This led to many attempts to uncover the recipe itself and generated much intrigue towards the company itself. Many involved in the restaurant industry have described it as “A brilliant marketing ploy” and stating that it benefits the company greatly as “everyone wants in on a secret.”

This object relates to the prompt as it demonstrates the current real world application of the prompt, the legal aspects of owning knowledge. Interestingly, the KFC Recipe is not patented as an intellectual property of the company. Which is quite curious given how a patent would legally protect the recipe. A legal definition of intellectual property ownership states that it allows one to possess, enjoy, and sell the property whilst stopping everyone else from doing so.

The recipe highlights the nature of owning new knowledge as though the legal power over the ownership of the knowledge is unprotected and undefined, the knowledge itself is still able to be limited and still remains under the control of the current owners of that knowledge. As though there’s no patent, trademark, or copyright of any sort towards the recipe, it’s still well kept from the other seven billion people on Earth despite its infamy and notoriety.

What this shows in relation to the TOK exhibition is that owning knowledge, despite the current systems employed to define the ownership of knowledge, can still be “owned” as demonstrated with the KFC recipe scenario.

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The first object shows that the usefulness of knowledge depends on the needs of career, such as the eletrolyte drink is useful for athletes. The second textbook shows that the usefulness of knowledge depends on the different education system,  even if we are learning the subject, the content is totally different. The third object shows that musical instrument only have its use on music area. Thus, different areas of knowledge different knowledges . Even though people in different areas has their specific knowledge to learn, but they can also get to know the knowledge from others areas. For examples, a math major student can also learn music. The expanded of knowledge doesn’t impact people’s original knowledge.

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Object 3 A photo of my cousin doing homework on my keyboard

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Object 3 A photo of my cousin doing homework on my keyboard

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I use my keyboard every single day I use it to practice singing, I use it to do composition. However, last week when my cousin visited my house, he used my keyboard as a not very good use of a table to do his Chinese homework. I was really angry about it.

This relates to my IA prompt. The background of the knower can decide some knowledge is more useful than others knowledge. Because of differences in knowledge, the use of equipment is different. I plan to study as a music major, so I use the piano as a study tool, as an essential tool of creation. The piano is of great value in the area of music. However, for people who have a different area of knowledge, the value of the equipment is different.

The KF that I chose is ‘ Methods and tools’:How important are material tools in the production and acquisition of knowledge?

In music area, piano is essential. We need piano to compose, we need piano to practice, we need piano to know music. The components of music comes from this tool, the creation of music comes from this tools. Therefore, the production of piano build the knowledge system of music.

The TOK concepts I chose is value:

The value of knowledge depends on the needs of people. Keyboard has a good value in music because it helps musicians to understand and create the music. However, the value of the keyboard for others people is less. This Is because the keyboard is not the tool for them to gain their area of knowledge.

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Object 2 A book called 'Five years of college entrance examination, three years of practices’

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Object 2 A book called 'Five years of college entrance examination, three years of practices’

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This is a book that my cousin gave to me last month because she has already finished the Chinese college entrance examination, which is called Gaokao. She wanted to give it to me now because she heard I am going to graduate from high school. I tried to read it, however, except for the English part, I can barely understand the knowledge inside.

This relates to my IA prompt, The different needs of knowers decide some knowledge is more useful than others knowledge. In China, this is a textbook that is used by all Chinese local students, and this book has helped many people get into a university. However, the Chinese college entrance textbook is not useful for me———an IB student. Because of the differences between education systems, the knowledge can be different. IB system adapt international textbook, but Chinese local student may not understand our system.

The KF I chose is ‘Scope': What makes this theme/area of knowledge important?

The knowledge that student should learn depends on different education system. It is less important for IB student to learn Gaokao knowledge, because IB students need to get the IB exam. Therefore, the needs of IB students decides IB knowledge is more important than Gaokao knowledge. It is essential to understand the importance of knowledge depends on the need of knower.

The TOK concept I chose is Culture

The need for knowledge of the knower depends on different cultures. In Chinese culture, Gaokao is important for all students. The knowledge of Gaokao is mostly cultural and nationalism. It is good for Gaokao students to be respectful and well-understand their culture. However, the being globalization is essential for IB students, IB is different from Gaokao. Globalization is the most important theme for IB students to learn. If an IB student follows their culture too much, then this student can gain limited knowledge from IB

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This is a bottle of electrolyte drink that I would never buy if I walk into a shop because it is more expensive than a regular drink. Until I went to the gym this evening to work out, I noticed that many people were drinking this electrolyte drink, so I realized that this drink has a special use. Then I researched the use of this drink, I realize it is a drink for people who do sport to restore strength.

This relates to my IA prompt, The career or habits of a people can decide some knowledge is more useful than others. This is because the electrolyte drink is used to recover and restore strength. Therefore, this drink that contains electrolytes is useful for some typical careers such as athletes, coaches, and the people who play a lot of sports. For normal people, basically, no one will use it, and even if they are thirsty, they will not buy it because of the price. But in the refrigerator of the gym, this drink is a best-selling product. Because of the knowledge of nutrition, people realize that different drinks have different effects on humans, so electrolyte drinks will be chosen by people who do sports.

The KF I chose for this is Perspective:• Is an understanding of the perspective of other knowers essential in the pursuit of knowledge?

It is essential to understand why people choose to drink this type of drink. If I was not trying to understand why people choose to drink this expensive drink, I would never get new knowledge in the nutrition area. Therefore, understanding different perspectives are essential for us to gain new types of knowledge.

The TOK concept I chose is perspective:

People need to understand the perspective of others to gain new knowledge. For example, if I was not trying to understand the knowledge of the drink, I wouldn’t gain the new knowledge in the nutrition area. However, our perspective is essential too. If I am not doing sport, I won’t waste my money on this expensive drink. People need to stand on their perspective.

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My IA prompt is'Are some types of knowledge more useful than others?’The theme I chose Is knowledge& Knower. The keyword of the prompt is knowledge, which is a fact and information that acquired by a  person. The knowledge has to be proved and admitted. The use of knowledge depends on the needs of the knower.

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By knowing the time, I can manage time, so that I can use time more efficiently, but if I don't know it, we'll waste time. By having knowledge of the reason for existence of baseball stitch, I can throw ball farther and faster. So, I can lead the baseball game to victory. But if I don't know that knowledge, I can't throw the ball effectively. Having more knowledge may imply I can win argument by targeting opponent’s weaknesses. On the contrary, having little knowledge can lose argument because I know less than others.

Having knowledge can lead me to do great things, such as managing my time well or achieving things like winning baseball game or argument. There are many advantages to having this knowledge. Time management through the watch increases my responsibility, throwing the ball more effectively using stitch helps my self-development, and winning argument through more knowledge gives me confidence.

Having knowledge can imply it makes me a more valuable person because it allows me to do great things in any subjects through more knowledge. However, not having knowledge will reduce my value because I lack the knowledge to do great things in any subject.

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Object 3: The book called "The Great Gatsby"

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Object 3: The book called "The Great Gatsby"

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My third object is a book called “The Great Gatsby”. Books give knowledge to people or give them pleasure and newness. As I read The Great Gatsby, I thought that having knowledge implies power. In the book, Tom had many knowledge about Gatsby, won the argument with Gatsby, and persuaded all his acquaintances. So having knowledge implies power. But not having knowledge has no power to persuade others.

In KF ‘Scope’ the KQ is “Why should we care about acquiring knowledge?” To gain knowledge is to gain power. Knowing more knowledge than the opponent means we can win the argument by targeting the opponent's weaknesses. On the contrary, if we’re not cared about obtaining knowledge, we cannot win argument because we don’t have more knowledge than opponent. Tom knew many information about Gatsby. So, Tom let Gatsby's secret out to people and let Gatsby's plan fall through

The TOK concept I chose is power. Knowing more knowledge than the opponent has stronger power than opponent because we know more favorable information than opponent.

Having more knowledge than the opponent may imply we can win argument by targeting opponent’s weaknesses. On the contrary, having little knowledge can lose an argument because there is more to not know than the others.

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My second object is my ball I used to play baseball. Baseball players use the ball's stitch when they throw ball. I was baseball player. If I throw ball using stitch, I can throw the ball farther and faster. But ordinary people don't have that knowledge. So, they can't throw ball effectively.

In KF ‘Scope’ the KQ is “Why should we care about acquiring knowledge?” Being cared about acquiring knowledge allows us to gain more detail knowledge. However, if we’re not cared about acquiring knowledge, we cannot get variety of knowledge. That is, the knowledge we know is limited. If I don't care about baseball’s stitch, I cannot throw ball effectively. But if I care about this knowledge, I can throw ball more effectively and lead to victory in game.

The TOK concept is values. Throwing the ball using stitch can led to victory in baseball game because it can be thrown more effectively. So, it’s valuable to acquire and know this knowledge.

Having this knowledge implies I can do great things such as winning baseball game. However, I won't be able to do so if I don't know that knowledge.

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My first object is broken watch. Watch is a machine for measuring time. My mum gave it to me so that I can use this watch to tell time rather than being distracted by looking on my phone to tell time. Having my watch to tell time will allow me to practice and keep my plans, such as time to study and sleep. That implies I can use my time efficiently. When this watch was no longer working, the time management failed time was unknown.

In KF ‘Methods and tools’ the KQ is “How do we acquire knowledge?” We can acquire knowledge through experience or education. Many experiences and educations give me more accurate knowledge. However, knowledge acquired through little experience and education may not be accurate because it’s limited. My broken watch is not accurate. So, I can use various watches to acquire the exact time. So, this implies more information can acquire more accurate knowledge.

The TOK concept I chose is values. Through exact time gained through many watches, I can do something more valuable. A broken watch can waste time by acquiring the wrong time. I can get accurate time using various watches, and I can use my time efficiently and valuable.

Having the time implies I can use my time more efficiently. However, if I don’t have that knowledge, it implies I cannot manage my time and waste my time.

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Implication refers to consequence or effect of some action or decision, which action or decision indicates having, or not having, knowledge. Knowledge refers to understanding of theoretical or practical information or skills acquired through experience or education on a subject.

Having many knowledge implies it can have positive effect on me and not having knowledge implies it can have negative effect. However, knowledge is diverse and broad, so we can acquire false knowledge. To have good knowledge, we must accept knowledge with sufficient evidence. I chose to explore my exhibition on theme of ‘Knowledge and the knower’ because knower doesn’t simply accept knowledge at face value, but must accept knowledge that has sufficient evidence and certainty to support it.

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My third object is father’s driver license. A driver's license is like a proof that an individual has sufficient knowledge and qualifications for driving. The degree of knowledge application ability of intellectuals is evaluated through a logical process.

In the relationship between knowledge and knower, it seems that knower possess knowledge, but knower' abilities can be evaluated differently according to changes in knowledge. A certain standard of knowledge for a driver's license should be acquired, but it is not certain that knowledge will work when it is applied to actual driving situations. So it leads to KQ: To what extent can gap between concept and application be reduced?

It is guaranteed that knower are acquiring the least standardized leveled knowledge for driving. However, the knowledge at the time of license acquisition does not contribute to the possibility of being utilized in practical situations.

Therefore, the certainty of the concept cannot define the certainty of application of knowledge. Various external environmental variables that exist when driving cannot be controlled because they exist on knowledge known by knower. In addition, if the world of concept and the world of application are overlooked without clearly distinguishing it, the concept will eventually be degenerate, and no certainty and confidence in the knowledge possessed can be obtained. Moreover, the possession of knowledge by an knower is only a part of the spectrum from acquisition to utilization and application of knowledge which does not contribute to the certainty of the justification of the driver's knowledge implied by the driver's license.

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My second object is personal medical certificate. I went to the hospital last year with a sty but the medical certificate and prescription didn't ease my symptoms.

A medical certificate is a knowledge medium that conveys the knowledge of the diagnosis from doctor to the patient. Truth that doctors have expertise in diseases, patients fully trust the doctor's knowledge. This object is related to responsibility among key concepts, and lead to KQ: To what extent knowledge recipient determine whether to accept or reject knowledge by judging the reliability and certainty of knowledge transferred from the knower? Since the knowledge on the medical certificate originated from doctors, doctors have a great responsibility for knowledge recipient. In some aspect, we do not have access to absolute knowledge. It leads to an epistemological attitude that naturally accepts even uncertain knowledge.

I believed in the diagnosis and prescription on the medical certificate because I trusted the expert, but the medicine had no effect. Knowledge is applied in real life and there is a degree of fluidity of definite perception according to various variables. In the case of diagnosis and prescription, no one can guarantee the certainty that all knowledge will be applied. Especially, uncertainty in knowledge conveyed by knower in the medical field is expressed as anxiety to third parties, which may limit treatments that can be derived from better trust relationships between doctors and patients.

If knowledge is not applied well, some people may deny 'knowing' it. However, mistakes in the application of knowledge are not negatives of 'knowing'. The perception through understanding the context of the situation is conveyed to the maximum. This means that the possibility of a change in knowledge cannot be implied. Therefore, even if there is not complete attainment of certainty, the interaction for maximum attain is the movement of knowledge that surrounds our world build the value of knowledge rather than being skeptical about the certainty of the worldview in which we live.

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My first object is Monk’s Sarira. Sarira encompasses bone fragments left after cremation of the body, but in Buddhism, it is a product of the bodies of Buddhists who are loyal to Buddha. I went to various temples since I was young. There is a pagoda in the temple that sometimes houses the Sarira. I have seen many people praying in front of tower and strengthening their faith since it symbolizing the dignity of a strict and implicit religious faith. Sarira is a mysterious bead that connects people with sky after Buddha's death however many scientists is uncertain what exactly Sarira is and how it is made.

This relates to certainty from key concepts, leading to KQ: Does certainty of knowledge affect the degree of religious belief? Knowledge transmitted within religious groups relies heavily on faith among the elements of knowledge. Faithful knowledge of religion is not based on the certain source and is invisible, so hope can be placed on its mysterious symbolism.

The group of scientists evaluate the process of Sarira generation with 'incomplete knowledge'. For scientists, knowledge is based on an approach using technology and logic because they heavily rely on justified proven fact. Differences in methodological approaches to knowledge can lead to various conclusions about certainty, and the implication of knowledge will also be applied differently depending on people and groups.

The monk's training process and faith delivered through the remaining Sarira are implicitly conveyed to posterity. Although the process is unclear, considering Sarira as a sacred object, shows that there is no certain correlation between "proof of knowledge" and "belief." For Buddhists, the transcendence of knowledge due to technology and empiricism does not affect beliefs. For Buddhists who understand and accept metaphysical knowledge through faith rather than proof, any scientific hypothesis about self-interest does not affect the certainty of religious knowledge they contain, but rather, uncertain knowledge allows them to achieve certainty based on faith. Therefore, the uncertainty of knowledge can be determined by the choice of 'knowledge' and the potential utilization category of knowledge. It imply that the nature of acquisition of knowledge define different criteria of certainty.

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The First object shows knower’s experience should be shared with the knowledge claim. The second object shows for certain knowledge, experience helps knowledge acquisition, but it creates bias. The third object shows correlation of the knowledge and experience determines whether it hinders from or helpful for knowledge acquisition. Overall, all three objects respond to the IA prompt that the personal experience of knowers is helpful for knowledge acquisition under certain conditions.

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The third object is a Shinai stick that I used when I was learning Kendo. The object is used for training kendo. For me, I gained experience of kendo by training and participating in tournaments and competitions with it for 4 years.

I found this object useful for the acquisition of knowledge. This is because due to the experience of training kendo, I could easily learn how to play golf. However, even though both use sticks, the way it is used is different. For me, I had used a stick as a weapon for 4 years, so even though I hold a golf club, I hold them like they are weapons. This shows whether personal experience is helpful for knowledge acquisition depends on their correlation.

Knowledge question “how do our interactions with the material world shape our knowledge?” discusses the relationship between personal experience and knowledge acquisition in terms of scope. My personal experience of using Shinai made me to be familiar with objects with shape of stick. Therefore, when I learn golf, I could have deeper interpretation of hitting the ball with the club than others. However, the experience hindered me from learning, because it caused me to be biased and to have interpretation that sticks are weapon. This shows lack of correlation of experience and the knowledge hindered me from knowledge acquisition.

To sum up, whether personal experience is helpful for knowledge acquisition depends on how they correlate rather than their similarities.

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The second object is a CT scan of my ankle. The object is used for checking internal damage. The CT scan proved that my ankle is fractured, and I learned how it feels.

Since I have experience with bone fracture, I was sure that it also happened to my friend who was having the same pain. However, when he took a CT scan, the doctor said it was not a fracture.  This shows my experience was not helpful for knowledge acquisition in this case.

Knowledge question “Are there types of knowledge that are specifically linked to particular communities of knowers?” identifies the link of IA prompt and the object by showing personal experiences are not helpful for knowledge acquisition for certain area, hence it creates bias to knowers. My personal experience gave me(knower) limited idea of how fracture feels, which is helpful to identify if it's fracture when I feel the pain again. However, the experience was not helpful to knowledge acquisition. This is because the area of knowledge is linked to the communities of knowers who have medical understandings with wider perspective within the knowledge, in this case doctors. Experience of knowers without understanding of the knowledge creates bias and cause them to have narrow perspective within the knowledge and hinders them from the knowledge acquisition, just like how I(knower) thought it is sure that my friend’s ankle is fractured.

To conclude, whether personal experience is helpful for knowledge acquisition depends on the area of knowledge. In areas of knowledge that require understanding, experiences help knowledge acquisition. However, acquisition is extremely limited, and it causes knowers to be more biased than knowers without experience because it creates them to have narrow perspective.

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The first object is chopsticks for kids. The object is a tool for kids to practice using chopsticks. My personal connection to the object is I used the object to learn how to use chopsticks when I was a kid.

From personal experience, I find using this object useful in my acquisition of how to use chopsticks and I will recommend this object to young learners. However, some knowers might find this object useless due to their lack of experience with the object, hence creating a bias towards this object.

Knowledge question “What constitutes a “good reason” for us to accept a claim?”  identifies relationship between personal experience and knowledge by discussing whether personal experience is a good method and tool to support knowledge claim. My personal experience used as tool to support the claim that “using the chopstick for kids is helpful for acquisition of how to use chopstick” made knowers who have common personal experience with me to agree, which shows personal experience in common is a good reason for knowers to accept a claim. However, knowers without experience will have a bias toward the object and reject the knowledge acquisition which shows the limitation of personal experience to be a good reason.

In other words, knowledge claim with personal experience used as a reason has subjective certainty that depends on knowers’ value. Knowers with common value to the personal experience used the reason will believe the claim has high certainty while knowers without common value to the reasoning will believe it has low certainty. The conclusion to the IA prompt is that personal experience of knower is helpful for knowledge acquisition but only when it is shared with the knowledge.

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IA prompt that I chose is "What is the relationship between personal experience and knowledge?”  The keywords of this IA prompt are knowledge and relationship. Relationship is a connection between things with common factors and knowledge is an idea that is justified. IA Prompt with the core theme “Knowledge & Knower” discusses how knower’s experience contributes to acquisition of knowledge and how it cause knowers be biased.

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The “Duck-Rabbit” painting was drawn by Joseph
Jastrow, who is a famous American psychologist. He
created this piece of drawing to test how quickly people
can see the second animal and then change their
perception of the drawing to switch between the two animals (Cox, 2016). However, as this picture was shared through social media, people’s contrasting opinion became the focal point. This picture contains an image of two animals: a duck and a rabbit. Some people perceive this picture as a duck because of its’ thick beak, while some people view it as a rabbit because of the mouth that is folded inwards and its’ straight ears.

This object can be used to explain how “opinion” and “knowledge” can be distinguished. Opinion defines a judgment and the way people think. The “Duck-Rabbit” painting well represents this terminology, because people attempted to draw a reasonable conclusion about why they believe this image depicts a rabbit or duck based on facts, which here refers to the way this image is being perceived. In contrast, knowledge must be verifiable such as by numbers and testimony that provides crucial support for one’s assertion. Hence, when people use “knowledge” to interpret this object, they would not argue whether it is a duck or rabbit. They would rather “learn” that this piece of picture can be viewed through diverse perspectives and that it was created to test people’s mental activity. This is verifiable since the artists of this drawing once mentioned that this was to examine human’s mental activity, which is why he has purposely mixed the feature of two animals. In order to be an opinion, it needs to mainly satisfy these two questions: Is it changeable and arguable? In addition, this object linked to the optional theme of "knowledge and language", because it exemplified how the change of single word, duck or rabbit, can bring huge difference to the definition and interpretation of an object.

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When I turned 15, my parents gave me a dreamcatcher for my birthday gift and that was when I first saw this object. Dreamcatcher is a handmade willow hoop that has derived from the Ojibwe people, who are a group of natives of North America (McKiernan, 2018). The hoop that looks like a spider web symbolizes that the nightmares are entangled through the pattern of sinew inside the hoop.

According to the Ojibwe’s oral traditions, a Spider-woman called Asibikaashi was in charge of putting the sun up on the sky every morning. The sun normally sent its’ energy to the people in the tribe, but this was getting difficult as the tribe grew larger. Since she could not get the energy to all the people, she enlisted grandmothers to young females to create hoops that would hold the energy of dreams. The bad dreams were caught by the web in the center while good dreams would pass through the web and arrive at the sleeper (“The History and Meaning of Dreamcatchers - Elements”, 2017).

This object explains how knowledge and belief can be distinguished. Belief is an unknown concept that people rely on due to their cultural or personal faith. By applying this definition to this object, dreamcatcher surely represents the word “belief”. This is because in indigenous society, knowledge hardly exists since any information are more likely to be created from their traditional belief and religion due to their customs that have been passed down from generation to generation. Many cultures have their distinct legends or mythology based on their traditional faith and Asibikaashi is one of the people that appear in Ojibwe’s mythology. In past, there were lack of resources to confirm something as knowledge, and there were fights against specific tribes. Hence, this has led them to make their own mythology based on their faith to strengthen their tribe’s identity and serve as navigation of life. Dreamcatcher cannot be related to “knowledge” since it cannot be justified with absolute certainty as it is a product that has derived from indigenous people’s imagination. In other words, this object has demonstrated the optional theme of knowledge & indigenous society by informing that belief is regarded as knowledge in indigenous society.

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“Zoom Meetings” is a video conferencing platform created by the founder Eric Yuan (“Eric Yuan & Family”, n.d.). The purpose of Zoom is to allow people to virtually meet with others by video or audio-only or both, and I have used this object when my school went on online learning.

This object exemplifies how knowledge, opinion, belief can be distinguished by specifically focusing on the concept of “skills” and “familiarity” which is the key definition of knowledge. Through Zoom, people have acquired two forms of knowledge. First, knowledge is not only about the fact, but it also refers to skills and familiarity gained by an individual’s experience or education. Hence, by constantly handling Zoom, people have obtained knowledge about ways to use Zoom techniques, such as clicking the hand icon to virtually raise the hand. From another perspective, people have gained knowledge about different paths of accessing knowledge through Zoom. However, through zoom, we were able to innovate new ways of learning and interacting, which is hugely important knowledge in this advanced society. Knowledge is something that is “certain”, whereas an opinion is something that is “uncertain” because opinion is created by senses and can be altered, hence, these two cannot be similar. Plato, a famous philosopher, once said “opinion is really the lowest form of human knowledge. It requires no accountability, no understanding.” (Bill Bullard, n.d.). However, Zoom was manufactured by diverse people specialized in different field gathering up their knowledge and testing the product to reach a clear purpose. Hence, it is not considered as opinion. In addition, Zoom is neither an object derived for cultural purposes which is why it cannot be linked to the idea of belief.

Zoom demonstrates how technology creates new knowledge. Zoom provided new forms of knowledge by not only offering new ways of accessing knowledge but also allowing people to acquire skills related to virtual conferencing through their experience of handling it. Without the sophisticated technology, none of these would have been achieved. Zoom can also be correlated with the optional theme, language, since it offers nine languages (“Using Language Interpretation in Your Meeting or Webinar”, 2022). By setting diverse languages in their software program, it allowed many people to comfortably interact, share, and interpret their thoughts.

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The world map that we often use today is created by Mercator, the Dutch, in 1569. It is usually used for the location and size of the countries and oceans. In the past, the world map was essential and very important when using it to interact with, trade with, and war with other countries. Most people think that the world map contains all the accurate Earth appearance and location, but this is not true. The optional theme used for this object is technology. This is because as it develops over time, a new knowledge has emerged which was that the Mercator projection which is used for the world map is not accurate. Also, as time goes by, other methods were invented such as the Mollweide and Peters projection for the world map. Since the new knowledge has revealed, it would be better for people to adapt the new knowledge to the established value of the world map. The value for the world map is significantly important, so changing it more accurately should be better for understanding the truthful world. However, majority of people still prefer to use Mercator’s world map. Although an advance of technology can benefit them, they tend not to adapt other methods for the world map because it is much easier to use, difficult to change as most people believe it to be the truth, and they are already using it with convenience. If the world map is forced to adapt the new knowledge to be more accurate, there would be many problems within confusion as its history is long and people do not try to change their familiar habits. Therefore, the development and knowledge of the new technology should help us understand the world better and the value of existing maps we use now should also be developed, but it is difficult to change its values or beliefs as people do not accept them easily and may cause serious confusion which can have adverse impact on the world.

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Most countries are based on right handed person and there was a culture and tradition of using the right hand as the main hand for many countries. However, left hand has been a hand that is hated by many people and does not receive much good awareness for many people which historically tends to be similar in most countries, especially in East Asia such as China, Korea and Japan where this culture and perception are particularly strong. The optional theme for this object is technology. At the same time, it is also related to indigenous societies as this is a perception problem and bias of society. Most societies follow traditions of countries and they have continued until now which shows the result of the perception of left handed these days even though new technology discovers the benefit of left handed. However, according to a new scientific results and knowledge today, left-handed people are more creative, imaginative and insightful than right-handed people. This is a very important strength for people and if any of these are good, it is a significant advantage in living life, so there have been better perception of left-handed people since this new knowledge were revealed. However, people have a faith and persistence to believe what they want to believe, so if they strictly follow tradition or have old thoughts, it is difficult to change the established values or beliefs of left-handed people even if in fact they have advantages. Therefore, it is not easy to change established values or beliefs by new knowledge because there are various factors including stereotype, strong beliefs and different perspectives that make difficult to change everyone’s knowledge, yet, the perception for this object can be better over time as society of the world is getting changed through the development of technology.

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As people live their lives, it is natural for them to wonder where humanity came from. In the past, even if there was no scientific basis, many people believed religions that mankind was created by God and as time goes by, more kinds of religions have produced and more people began to believe this knowledge and belief. However, because of the development of science and technology, the creation of new scientific evidence for human development created new knowledge and theory about the evolution by Darwin. The optional theme for this object is technology. He researched evolution and with the advance in technology, he could make the theory of evolution with scientific evidence. Scientific facts and evidence have given rise to a new knowledge that mankind, which people believed without scientific evidence, was not created by God. Darwin’s theory of evolution states that ‘all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual’s ability to compete, survive and reproduce’. People have no choice not to believe this new knowledge and uncertain established values or beliefs of birth of mankind must be replaced by new knowledge through development of technology. However, it is impossible to change all people’s knowledge. People may ignore this new scientific based knowledge and if they do not want to believe it, no matter how solid the evidence is, it may not work because of any prejudice or belief that people already had. Especially, people having a religion may try not to believe Darwin’s theory of evolution no matter how clear it is as they want to believe that the religion is an answer for them. Therefore, established knowledge should be changed by new knowledge if it has problem, but it will not change because of stereotypes, different perspective and strong beliefs that are difficult to be changed

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Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs?

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Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs?

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https://flipgrid.com/s/dKZ_jNUgDFD6

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Welcome to our TOK Exhibition-Class of 2023!

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The last one we chose is the mask that we use a lot these days. It has triggered many changes worldwide over the past two years since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus pandemic in 2019. Among them, the most obvious change is this mask. Before the outbreak of the new coronavirus infection, few people wore masks, such as celebrities mainly used masks to protect their privacy. Therefore, this tremendous pandemic had a significant impact not only economically but also on the existing knowledge that most people had. Not only that, but online has become very active and more active through online meetings, school classes, and company meetings. A lot of things happened that we couldn't have imagined until just a few years ago, and they greatly influenced our existing viewpoints and knowledge of the world.

Young children who go to school for the first time after the outbreak of the pandemic naturally listen to online classes and usually wear masks when they go to school. This is how knowledge changed. This change in knowledge does not mean that the knowledge that we have before the pandemic is useless. With existing knowledge, we are looking for ways to develop vaccines and end this situation because we know the convenience of meeting and communicating with people face to face without masks. If we think existing knowledge is no longer useful and turn it into knowledge like those children, the infection can continue without end. Then we will take it for granted people are dying of the virus, and that the global economy is in a slump. By that, children's knowledge is not wrong. Their knowledge is inevitably created by society. Since they are young, they depend heavily on what they have experienced in person. Therefore, by respecting their knowledge, wearing masks and online classes, and trying to develop more convenient masks and develop online educational applications.

Such different knowledge is respected for each other, and their respective advantages can be used to create a better society and prevent conflict with each other. As in the example above, society has developed further by accepting different knowledg

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The second object is a balance scale. The balance scale is mainly used when comparing the weights of two objects, but these days, there are many electric balances, which can show the exact weight but only measure one object. However, my chosen object can compare the weights of two objects instead of knowing the exact weight value. We have a confirmation bias that most of the things that have developed are unconditionally superior to before.

For example, phones used to be big and difficult to carry around, but now they are easy to carry and have all kinds of functions. Therefore, we usually think development is always better than before. Useful knowledge should not contain subjective or biased ideas that can be used appropriately in real life after we have acquired it. If knowledge takes in the subjective point of view the value will fall, and its weight will weigh less than that of useful knowledge. Conversely, if knowledge is very useful and many people want it, the value will rise and its weight will be very heavy.

However, if some of these exceptions occur, can the weight of the knowledge be light or heavy? If ants use scales, they will think most objects are heavier than they are, but if we compare the weight of apples with ours, then of course apples will be heavier than ours. In this way, knowledge is judged differently depending on each person's point of view, and its usefulness is difficult to conclude objectively.

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The first object is a digital camera. Knowledge can be determined from different perspectives by different groups, so it is hard to be convinced that some types of knowledge are more useful or not. This means we gain knowledge mainly from our own culture and identity. Furthermore, they can change with the times, becoming new or old. This is my main idea for this IA prompt, and there is a connection with a digital camera. When I was young, my father mainly used this camera to take pictures of memories of my family. It wasn't long after digital cameras became popular, so I took them for granted an  d efficiently, but my parents thought it was bizarre and uncomfortable. When my parents were young, they thought film cameras would be the most useful because there weren't digital cameras. In other words, people's knowledge changes with the times. I think that knowledge same like this digital camera, will change with the changing times.

For example, many people take pictures at the beach. However, from person to person, the background of beach pictures can be different. It can be the sea, sandcastles, or others. Photographs can change completely depending on who takes them and how might reflect cultures and backgrounds. This may be related to the concept of knowledge that people have different values from different memories. My parents and I are from different generations and have different knowledge of the ocean, so it's different how to take pictures. However, we can't criticize each other's knowledge, we don't have to correct it, we need to respect each other. However, if a man thinks his knowledge is the only right and forces it on others to get it, the value of his knowledge will be diminished and considered useless. Therefore, it is not always possible to say that certain knowledge is useful, and sometimes it is not useful depending on who has it.

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World War 2 can answer to the question “why do we seek knowledge?” because there are many
arguments behind this photo. The picture was taken during the war, nonetheless, the people in
the picture look very happy. However, in reality, many people were injured and killed in this
war. That's why many people see this picture only as a picture that shows that you can be happy
even in a war.
This object is very suitable for TOK because people who see this picture can interpret it in their
own way, and in the end this explains why we need to seek knowledge.

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Object 2:  Mona  Lisa (portrait painting by  Italian  artist Leonardo  da Vinci)

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Object 2:  Mona  Lisa (portrait painting by  Italian  artist Leonardo  da Vinci)

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Mona Lisa is one of the most well-known art work in the world. There are many arguments on
the Mona Lisa. These arguments include the facial expression of her whether she is smiling or
not and her eyebrows. There has been a huge number of talks about it. This brings an idea of
human ingenuity and indigenous societies about how the Mona Lisa can be interpreted by
people.
Specifically, the standard of beauty of woman in renaissance period, was not to have eyebrows.
This also has been disproven by many people and the argument is still on going but the thing
is that the ideas of eyebrows in Mona Lisa are valued well even though the it has been more
than 500 years since it was made.
Another aspect linked to knowledge-indigenous is that the facial expressions of Mona Lisa. It
throws two questions “is Mona Lisa smiling”” and “is Mona Lisa frowning?”. She is thought
to have no genuine smile. However, in our society, smiling always comes first in facial
expressions. Smiling is considered to be normal. What this means that being normal and acting
normal is a common factor we seek for in a new thing.

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Object 1:  a website  for saving dogs and cats

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Object 1:  a website  for saving dogs and cats

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Seeking  knowledge is a  process of  questioning  to everything that  exists in our  lives.
This gives  opportunities to find  the  truth  ourselves.
A  website devoted to saving  animals  fights the  disastrous effects on animal abuse.
The websites provide a sanctuary system for  homeless animals and rehabilitating
abused and neglected  animals.  Even  though there are many foundation supporting  and
saving animals, there are still  many animals  In  danger.  However, the seriousness of
helping and  saving animals has  been  aware  by  more people,  the  aspect of this
problem shows being solved.  Personal gain of knowledge could have a powerful
influence  to this problem.
One of the  most well-known  cases  caused by these  knowledges  is a bringing  human
ingenuity.  They differentiate  the  thoughts on majority of animals. This has  reduced
the gap between farm  animals  and other animals like  cats  and dogs. And  also created
many  stereotypes on both  farm animals and non-farm animals. Farms animals  were
considered to be  good producers of food for  humankind.  In contrast, animals like
cats and dogs  are  now becoming  a friend of human.

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The IA prompt I have is “why do we seek knowledge?”. This exhibition investigates IA
prompt through art, history and language. Knowledge can be shaped by many external factors,
specifically on art that all people are aware of can be interpreted in many ways. People have
different cultural background and biases so they might only be scratching the surface of a
specific object, not fully understand the knowledge.

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Object 1:
The album is way for knowledge about personal issues with drug abuse and mental health to be talked about openly and discussed more explicitly among communities. The inclusion of this object is due to the realm of possibilities it can offer a variety of individuals and communities as it tackles taboo issues like mental health and drug abuse which share a symbiotic relationship. The range of possibilities the "real world" can offer young people lacking in knowledge in those issues is also concurrent with this album. It not only teaches knowers of the negativity in the world, but it also allows them to learn how to avoid or to cope with these issues specifically if they become subject to it. The topic of realms of possibilities are key in this object as it specifically mentions issues personal with the artist. The knowledge he provides in his music can be limited in how understandable the messages portrayed are to those who don't share the same experiences or knowledge as the artist. Through this, imagination plays a role in creating a world in which this knowledge can be applied and accessed by those who couldn't before. The role of imagination in this object is key as it asks the listener to explore a variety of perspectives and possibilities by creating false realities, in which the knowledge can be applied to themselves, which unbeknown to the listener could plague them in the future. The artist uses the music to give a guide to those who don't have in order to avoid doing what he did. Despite the surface level of understanding being quite clear to all listeners, there is also a limitation in the imagination of many listeners as the imagination of the artist may not be the same due to the differing experiences him and his listeners have had throughout life. Many people will have perspectives on issues like his which don't comply with his music and therefore limits the role of which imagination can aid those lacking in knowledge of the world. Overall, issues regarding mental health have led me to look for a job based around psychology.

Object 2:
Peaky Blinders is a TV show aired in 2013. This was a newfound interest of mine which cultivated my attention for many weeks as I endlessly binged all the seasons as I wanted to know more on what was gonna happen. This source of entertainment not only allowed me to enjoy a new TV show, but allowed my imagination to play a role in understanding the experiences and life problems the characters went through of this fictional TV show. This allows me to better understand the show and it creates a deeper connection to the characters. The understanding of a different era is impossible for viewers to know what it was like during the 1920's, which is a limitation as to how much they can understand, however imagination not only plays a key role in understanding, but it also opens up to the knowledge which becomes available such as societal norms and social systems in that era. This knowledge not only allows for critical judgement by analysing 2 different types of societies, but it allows for the creation of opinion and hence advanced knowledge. This can be a way to use both the past and the present to improve the future. Curiosity's breeding of knowledge is also a vital part as curiosity and imagination can work in conjunction. The curiosity in this context leads knowers to learn about distinct time periods and places and the show is one such facet to access this knowledge. It provides a unique way to learn about history. The show also allows me to adapt specific acting roles or sets that I would think are similar to those I use in theatre and henceforth expanding my knowledge further to aid a class in school, with the aid of imagination. This would not only allow me to get a better grade, but it would allow me to know more about an era based around war, a personal interest of mine.

Object 3:
Hot wheels are toy cars produced to innovate young minds and to give car enjoyers small hopes of what's real and of what can be achieved from success. I chose this object because as a child it was the source of false worlds which were only possible to due to my imagination. Imagination as a child allowed me to create new stories everyday. I would create different situations and issues which led me to expand my knowledge and perspectives My knowledge on conflict solving and decision making broadened, and it turned out to be a vital skill necessary in life. The creation of stories allowed me to also have the ability to have a contrasting perspective on a situation. My longing for innovation in my stories, pushed me to read more books and overall demanded me to further explore a variety of topics to make the stories versatile. This showed my creative side that was developed because of my vivid imagination. Despite the usefulness to myself, it is limited due to its mostly male audience, and the connection it shares with other children could be varied as fast cars might not be everyone's preferred toy. Hot wheels have also allowed me to further expand my knowledge as I have aged. This knowledge had developed within my personal interests of sports and since then I have been a motorsport fan. The creation of knowledge about the world has been the most prominent through this object as it has allowed myself, and many other kids to positively affect our future routes whether that be in jobs or interests.

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“IPhone 13 Launch: How Apple IPhone’s Design Has Evolved over the Years, in Photos.” News18, 11 Sept. 2021, www.news18.com/photogallery/tech/iphone-13-launch-how-apple-iphones-design-has-evolved-over-the-years-in-photos-4192310-2.html. Accessed 26 May 2022.

On, Belita. Sandwich Mode : Davson and Danielli Model, 4 Dec. 2021.

“Course in General Linguistics (Classic Reprint): Saussure, Ferdinand De: 9781397663894: Amazon.com: Books.” Amazon.com, 24 Aug. 2018, www.amazon.com/Course-General-Linguistics-Classic-Reprint/dp/1397663898. Accessed 26 May 2022.

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<Course in general linguistics> is the lecture note reconstructed and published by the disciples of Saussure, the authority and founder of structural linguistics and semiotics. It was controversial because it wasn’t written by Saussure, so some scholars argue it didn’t reflect Saussure’s academic world completely. It is still considered the masterpiece of linguistics of the 20th century.

This book introduces the theories of the basis of modern linguistics and semiotics. Saussure’s discovery changed the linguistic research stream. The linguistic research before Saussure was only focused on the written language rather than the spoken language. There hadn’t been taking any research on the nature of language. Thus, by changing the perspective, Saussure could provide the extension of the linguistics concepts such as langue, parole, synchrony, and diachrony.

For example, there is a coin that has 1 RMB value. Value of the coin is determined by what product can be exchanged with it and relationship with currency system. The meaning of symbol expression is determined by the currency system. Combination of meaning and value consist of the symbol that express the things can be done with 1RMB. Saussure said there aren’t many natural relation between expression and meaning of symbol, but it constructs the linguistic system. It’s just to limit the linguistic meaning of things, not the meaning of things. Many people didn’t think about the concept of the semiotics before Saussure, even it was existing. Through building the semiotics and structuralism, we could establish the order in component of language and identify how the past knowledge impact current linguistic knowledge.

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It is a sandwich model, that I drew during a biology lesson. In 1935, Davson and Danielli proposed the cell membrane model, which was the first discovery of protein associated with the cell membrane. It contains the previous cell membrane model. The phospholipid bilayer is located between two protein layers. They used the newly invented electronic microscope to discover the cell membrane structure. The electron microscope allowed the greater magnification of the cell membrane. Therefore, they were able to observe the white layer between two black layers like a sandwich. It was the improved version of Gorter and Grendel’s cell membrane model and helped progress the knowledge of the cell membrane structure.

Science is an imperfect subject, which is always being up-to-date by other people’s studies. Especially, biology is a subject hugely impacted by the development of technology. The characteristic of science triggers that makes scientists keep working on their work for advanced and more accurate knowledge. Technological development made hypotheses raised in the past to be either proven or disproven. A new hypothesis is also proposed. The sandwich model had been proven as incorrect structure by Singer and Nicolson’s new propose, which proteins, cholesterols, and other molecules are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. but it gave the basis to investigate and postulate about further improvement.

The cell membrane model was updated several times and became more accurate over time. Scientists discovered improved knowledge due to the nature of science. It’s always required scientific and factual evidence to support their studies. It builds on the prior knowledge as the cell membrane did. When the scientist proposed the cell membrane structure, people were biased and believed the structure is correct as we are doing now. However, the structure of the cell membrane that is used in today’s scientific field is the fluid mosaic model. From this point, we could know every current scientific knowledge was based on past knowledge, which is developed by many scientists.

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To conclude, the Dada needle dispenser shows knowledge depending on cultural background and membership of a community of knowers. Buddha statue reflects cultural knowledge that can make the knower avoid gaining accurate knowledge. Lucky bag indicates the examination of culture depends on which knowledge is used. Hence, culture and knowledge relationships can vary in different contexts.

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This object is an iPhone 1st generation my mom used in 2007. It’ll explain how we can know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge. It was innovation and invention. It was the first smartphone functions as a widescreen iPod with touch controls, a revolutionary mobile phone, and a breakthrough internet communicator. It changed the whole world’s IT market. It triggered IT boom. The main difference between the iPhone 1st generation and today’s smartphone is function and performance. The development of the smartphone was possible due to the previous work and experience on the early model. The iPhone 1st generation was an improvement of the previous phone model, which is big and not portable.

As time passes, science and technology have developed rapidly. Huge components for the device could be reduced its size and improve performance. The development of semiconductor engineering and information technology made the iPhone improve. The iPhone 1st generation couldn’t use cellular data, but it was able to use the internet with a wi-fi connection. However, its function has been improved. A year later, Apple released the iPhone 3G, which can use cellular data and become the guideline for a further smartphones.

People became to prefer communicating with others through messages and calls. It provided more opportunities for people to communicate in different places by activating social media and other platform. It changed people’s lifestyles, especially communication methods. Furthermore, my current phone, iPhone 11 has many differences. It has better camera, wi-fi connection, etc. Having a better internet connection and a better camera with a widescreen helps us to eliminate bias by allowing people to access latest information with visual references. For example, some people have been doing live streaming to let people know what is happening in Ukraine now. It contains the actual situation and delivers the fact without any framing. Thus, people outside Ukraine can know the condition with more objective perspective. The first generation involved the overall improvement and development of the iPhone. Through the development of the iPhone, we can see how past knowledge developed and consists of today’s knowledge.

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This is a Korean dictionary. As I was born and lived in Korea, I speak Korean. When I was in Korea, I never thought learning Korean is special. It just seemed usual. However, after getting into an international school, I find the language more significant. It is because it is evidence of my cultural background. Language can help communication. Using Korean, my mother tongue, I can express my ideas and feelings. I was born to speak it. Yet, I had never learned it deeply in the past.

Ironically, I had to study Korean more in China. I started to look at the dictionary to find definitions of words that I am not aware of. Suddenly, an idea came to my mind. The definition of dictionaries is different from each other. This is due to the preferences and choices editors make. And These are because of the feeling and emotions humans have. They feel a different thing when looking at the same thing. Objectivity, which is a significant topic of my prompt, should not contain feelings. Thus, it links to my prompt.

We can see making a dictionary as the production of knowledge. Dictionary has knowledge about the language “Korean”. But, there are different dictionaries as different writers are there. Objectivity is possible as the dictionary only has a definition, not a claim. Yet, as it is written with people’s subjective views, it would affect the objectivity of the book. This would happen when making a new dictionary with a different author. The editor’s preference for words is significant. Then, what extent of objectivity is achieved by these different dictionaries? The objects suggest that objectivity is mixed with subjectivity. In other words, the knowledge without emotions and feelings will get impacted by subjectivity (different perspectives of writers).

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This object is vaseline, made by Robert Chesebrough, is used as moisturizers or repair of minor burns. It offers a good solution to the people who suffer from dry skin, which helps us to gain better knowledge of responding to skin problems.

Thinking about this object, we have realized a better understanding of knowledge for responding to dry skin problems more quickly and effectively. After the discovery of

petroleum jelly, we became able to understand skin care more in-depth as this object solves the dry skin problems with better moisturization than before. This knowledge produces the further knowledge that experts apply this object to cure skin irritations faster. Through the application of the current knowledge, doctors gain a new ability to cure and soothe skin problems. Hence, the new knowledge can be perceived as an improvement upon the lack of knowledge in skin problems since this object allows us to get the ability to react faster to the problems with dry or irritating skins.

This object highlights its simpler usage for the treatment of my skin, which proves that the current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge. Personally, I often use this object whenever my skin gets dry or irritated even though I am not an expert like doctors or specialists. This shows that the current knowledge helps me to gain the ability to take care of my skin problems because I feel very safe and find it easy to use for soothing my skin. Since the previous or traditional medicines like oils for skin are difficult and slower to soothe the skin irritation compared to the vaseline, this offers not only the experts but also the non-experts the easier solution to any future skin irritations. Therefore, vaseline can be interpreted as an improvement from the past knowledge when we feel safe and gain the ability for treating our skin problems more easily without the help of the experts.

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Bible is a book, which is about Christianity. It introduces a series of stories, God’s law. It is also related to ethics. It has been translated and changed over time, getting affected by the perspectives of writers heavily. Perspectives links to subjectivity. Thus, my prompt, which is about objectivity achieved in the production of knowledge is closely related. The bible is having a strong connection with me because I believe in Christianity. After going to church with my family every Sunday, the bible became familiar to me.

As the language changes over time, the words and tone also differ from the original book. Thus, in real life, there are some bible transitions that are strange or different from the original. In other words, the translations of the bible vary. Translated Bibles are not wrong but less objective as it is based on the editor’s word choice.

Thus, as people alter the Bible into multiple languages, the book will be more subjective as time goes by. The perspectives of editors will make the knowledge less reliable. Perspectives of humans are limitations in this case. The different ideas will make a special and creative result. This proves that the production of a bible book (knowledge) will have limited objectivity as it will change drastically over time. At the same time, people can know the creative views of people. Then, can perfect objectivity be achieved? And should it be there? Does perfect objectivity overweigh People’s special minds?

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This object can block the blue light from electronic devices. It has become very useful as more and more people use electronic devices everyday and experience problems with their eyesight due to bluelight; however, this object solves this problem.

I chose this object because it is useful to help me understand knowledge about the negative effect of the blue light on my vision. Based on the new application of the technology of a blue light-blocking agent and pigments, this object can decrease the bluelight affection rate to 5% (“What to Look”), which justifies the inclusion of this object in this exhibition. Through the use of this object, I gained knowledge of protecting and preventing having bad eyesight in future. So, the current knowledge can be interpreted as an improvement upon past knowledge since it is very useful to the acquisition of knowledge for protecting our eyesight, which makes us respond to the future health issue regarding our vision.

This object highlights that it allows me to gain new knowledge of how to reduce my eye strain, which is important for maintaining my concentration. When I started to take online classes everyday, I suffered from my eye strain, which made it very difficult for me to concentrate on the lesson as I kept rubbing or massaging my eyes often. My bluelight glasses help me to know how to increase my concentration by reducing the tiredness of my eyes. Through my personal experience, I can be certain that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge when the new technology produces other knowledge of alleviating the pre-existing eye health problem.

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This object is my iPad Pro that I use everyday for studying and entertaining. I believe this is the improvement because it gives me a new and faster way of accessing and understanding new knowledge.

This object is particularly interesting for this exhibition because it is very useful to understand new knowledge by using the collection of data kept safely. For saving the data more effectively, the new technology of this object uses the application of Good Notes, which was developed from writing on papers. The collection of my data in the iPad can be used as a useful and valuable resource when I try to develop my knowledge, which explains the inclusion of my object in this exhibition. In my iPad Pro, I save my note-takings from all the classes in order to understand the new or other knowledge that I learn in future classes since I would not remember the past knowledge perfectly. Keeping and collecting data safely is highly important for acquiring and developing knowledge as the data functions as evidence and helps me to remember what I understood in the past. Hence, this object can be

interpreted as an improved knowledge upon past knowledge as it allows me to gain and improve my knowledge through the collection of data.

This object also enriches this exhibition because it offers me better and faster accessibility to other knowledge, which is very valuable for the acquisition of knowledge. iPad Pro uses the M1 chip, a new technology developed from A-series chips, which is proved by evidence that the speed of this object to be 3.5 times faster than old iPads (Clover). This is important since I can access new or other knowledge more quickly. For example, Netflix, which requires a higher capability, helps me to understand new knowledge about other perspectives and various cultures by accessing international films. When the current technology gives us the emotional impacts that help us to understand and interact with others, we can know that the object is an improvement upon past knowledge because we can feel and share the emotions. As the speed of objects gets faster, I am able to access the knowledge faster and it can save time to acquire the knowledge. All of us have limited time and with faster speed, we can get more knowledge with iPad in limited time, which supports the inclusion of this object in the exhibition. So, I know that current knowledge of making iPad in Apple is an improvement upon past knowledge of Apple when I can gain new knowledge and expand old ones.

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This is a history textbook from a school. It has detailed historical information. History books also have different opinions as authors have different perspectives. The different perspectives on history create subjective information.

Thus, the history book is an interesting object for this prompt, which focuses on objectivity. In real life, people make opinions based on pieces of evidence given to them. Even Historians claim differently from each other as they do not have universal truth (the most objective truth) that everyone agrees. So, there is a clear limitation for knowledge in the History book. This is the main reason why this object links to this exhibition. From this, the history book supports that there is no absolute objective knowledge. Yet, knowledge will still be produced with the help of records and observations taken in the past.

This happens mainly because of the close relationship between perspectives and knowledge. history is the study of past events. Unfortunately, it is impossible for us to go to the past. The information historians can access is limited. Hopefully, there are still shreds of evidence and historians make arguments using them. Even though history is not a collection of facts, it is worth reading. We learn from the past. For instance, by remembering the past, we can prepare for similar disasters.

Back to the objectivity discussion, knowledge is limited by our senses and emotions. It is inevitable for humans to have different ideas from each other. People cannot present a piece of information without subjectivity. But, Is full objectivity really important? History is the subject of subjective views from historians. Yet, it teaches students and even adults. It not only lets people know the past but also lets them use it in the present.

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The TOK prompt I have selected is: The TOK prompt I have selected is: “How can we know the current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge”. This exhibition explores this prompt by reflecting on knowledge and technology, and more specifically on how we interpret current knowledge as an improvement on past knowledge. The interpretation can be influenced by value, perspective and personal experience. In particular, we can know that new knowledge is improved upon past knowledge when it solves prior problems in terms of utility and safety.

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I have chosen a TOK prompt, “To what extent is objectivity possible in the production or acquisition of knowledge?”. By reflecting on the knowledge and how it is produced, the prompt will be explored. This writing focus on the objectivities achieved by the acquisition of knowledge. Full objectivity means it should not contain any personal emotions or tastes. Therefore, attaining the perfect objectivity in knowledge production is almost impossible. It is why we explore this topic.

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The image above is covid-19 vaccine made by Pfizer which is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world and sold the greatest number of vaccines and made the most profits during this pandemic. As there are uncountable number of people who got vaccinated with Pfizer vaccine, there are also a lot of reports of experiencing side effects around the world.

First, as someone who has some friends and family members in Korea, I can hear some of them are experiencing side effects of Pfizer vaccines. I can see many of them are posting Instagram stories or texting me saying they are showing the symptoms of fever and sore muscles.

Second, I saw an article about a Korean high schooler who died after getting Pfizer’s vaccine even though he didn’t have any diseases before. This shows how my personal experiences made me have a biased opinion about the Pfizer’s vaccine; they are risky to get injected into our body.

In contrast, people who never have similar experience about the vaccines would have different perspective and knowledge about it, and they would think it’s worth to get Pfizer vaccine because it’s certified and tested safely. They and I both have some personal or shared experience about the vaccines by Pfizer, we have a big difference in our knowledges about it.

Knowledge can be defined as “familiarity, awareness, or understanding gained through experience or study” (Collins English Dictionary). From the perspective of the core theme ‘knowledge and knower’, each knower’s personal experience contributes to create bias. In my case, the newly created bias influences our knowledge, no matter whether it is true or not.

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My second choice of the object is <Animal Farm> which is an allegorical novel published in 1945 by George Orwell, a British writer. This novel is known for criticizing soviet communism of the era, using animals on an English farm to create allegorical representations of some significant individuals, and divided social classes of Soviet communism. Therefore, being aware of the historical background of the book plays an important role in understanding and interpreting the knowledge from this novel.

Fortunately, in Individual & Society class I took when I was in Y10, I have learned about Soviet communism such as how Russian revolution happened and who were the people brought out Communism into Soviet Unions, and I had an experience of creating PPT about Russian revolution and presenting it in front of the class.

Thanks to this background information and prior experience, I could get a deeper and extended understanding through reading this book, and this understanding got me gain more highly interpreted knowledge about this novel.

Not only the learning experience, but also the lingual experience contributed to my extension of knowledge regarding this book. The original written language of this novel is English. Although my mother tongue is not English, my learning language became English since I started to attend an international school. Therefore, I could read English novels and understand the meaning and message of the literary works, which results in gaining knowledge without any obstacles.

On the contrary, people who don’t speak English or people who haven’t learned about the historical events and context of Russian revolution or the Soviet Union’s communism might have significant difficulties to perceive the novel.

This object is indicating lack of personal experience creates the limitation in their abilities to view the knowledge properly, understand it effectively, and convert it into fully their own knowledge by rethinking, questioning, justifying the knowledge.

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Personal experience can both positively and negatively affect the formation of knowledge of every individual. The first object I’ve chosen is a broken MacBook Air that I had before. I’d used this laptop for less than 3 months, which is a very short period of time. I put my biology textbook, which is about 500 pages thick on it, and when I opened it, I found that my laptop was broken. As a person who has used a lot of laptops from a different companies, I was disappointed at how weak the screen of the MacBook is. I didn’t hit the screen with the book or drop it on the floor, but it just got broken just by putting a book on it.

After this experience, I became more careful with using MacBook, I tried not to put too much pressure on it, because I already realized that MacBook can be broken if there is pressure on it. This RLS shows that my personal experience of breaking the screen of the MacBook Air has formed the new knowledge for me, which is ‘MacBook is very fragile.' If I hadn’t had any personal experience like this, I would never have this personal knowledge too.

My knowledge of the MacBook can be contrasted with the knowledge of a person who has never used a MacBook in their life. Some people would believe that MacBook is strong and durable just by watching the advertisements made by Apple. The difference between my knowledge and their knowledge is because of the personal experience, I had, but they never had.

I could find knowledge is affected by the knower’s perspectives, and personal experience has a significant impact on those perspectives. It can both alter or maintain the perspectives, by reassuring people that their perspectives and opinions were correct, or challenging the people that

their perspectives were wrong, and their opinion was false. The perspectives affected by the personal experiences have the ability to form new knowledge of a person.

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Classical Literature. “The Iliad - Homer - Poem: Story, Summary & Analysis.” Ancient Literature, 11 Jan. 2022, https://www.ancient-literature.com/greece_homer_iliad.html#:~:text=%E2%80%9CThe%20Iliad%E2%80%9C%20(Gr%3A,or%20Ilium%20in%20ancient%20times).

Costa, Clarie D. “Top Programming Languages and Their Uses.” KDnuggets, 19 Jan. 2022, https://www.kdnuggets.com/2021/05/top-programming-languages.html.

Oezie , Sabine. “Heinrich Schliemann, the Man Who Discovered Troy: DW: 11.10.2021.” DW.COM, 11 Oct. 2021, https://www.dw.com/en/heinrich-schliemann-the-man-who-discovered-troy/a-18946144.

Snyder, English Editor Joshua. “‘The Korean Alphabet Is the Most Scientific in the World.".” 포항공대신문, 1 Jan. 1970, http://times.postech.ac.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=4589.

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Technology has made a huge progress throughout the centuries and it is enhanced the quality of our life. These creations of these innovative technology are based on technological languages C-Language, python, or Java. These forms of language are capable of programming the applications we have and shape the software which our daily use products run such as laptops, smartphones, and electronic devices. By the usage of the programming language, people had made invention that had changed people’s daily life more efficiently and enabled people to live more efficiently.

One of the famous examples that is made base on this technological language is AI. AI is an artificial intelligence that is recently used by the majority of people to collect information by assisting people to get appropriate knowledge and enhance our daily life quality. This new form of knowledge would not have existed if there was no imagination that had wanted this new form of technology. So, the computer language had become a tool that produces the knowledge which had been thought by the imagination. This made a world which could make new knowledge people need by coding by using the computer language. This shows how language could be the link to connect the imagination into knowledge.

Scientists may say, the role of imagination in creating knowledge is not necessary since the knowledge should be based on facts. However, in my opinion, to create knowledge imagination becomes the fundamental component.

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Object 2: Korean Language explannation book 

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Object 2: Korean Language explannation book 

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Language is a factor that heavily influences the identity of people. Language influences people’s lifestyle and relationship. It also influences the interpretation of knowledge we understand. Within some particular languages, there are certain words for which there is no translation to it. These words are often show a typical characteristic of the language or culture. It shows the lifestyle of the people who use those languages. As a Korean, I use Korean as my first language. Within the Korean language, there are phrase there is no direct translation for English and Korean. The Korean word “JEONG” is a typical example, it is also hard to describe the exact meaning of the word. “JEONG” is a description of an emotion where people feel empathy and share emotion even, though they do not have close relationship with the people. Therefore, we can expect Korean people to be heart-warming and friendly. In fact, unlike the other languages around the world, the creation of the Korean language was unique.

The creation of the Korean character was made by a king who had imagined a society where all people were able to learn the language and use them. Therefore, he worked on making a new form of character for a long time to make it simple as possible and he published the bases of the Korean language which is still used in present days. This is because people had to spend lots of time for agriculture which made them impossible to learn difficult Chinese characters. These languages have enhanced the overall lifestyle of the people at that time.

This shows how one person’s imagination of an ideal society had made a new type of knowledge as a form of language. The unique character of the Korean language and the fact that the characters were the visualization of the shape of the vocal cord when a person produces sound makes the Korean language more fascinating. The purpose of this book is to transfer the meaning of the new character, the purpose why the king made these characters, and what it is based on. This real-life example shows how one’s imagination of an ideal society created a language that has become the base of the culture and identity of a nation that has been kept for more than six centuries. Therefore, imagination takes up important part when producing new form of tool to help understand knowledge.

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All stories and history are either transferred down the generation by written or spoken form. People have changed their way of recording history throughout the centuries. This history handles the mythical events within the country. Most of these historical records which are verbally transferred are often exaggerated.

One of the famous myth and legends of Gods is the Greek Roman myth. Gods within Greek Roman myth each represent a subject that is seen as important to Greek Roman people. Furthermore, due to the existence of heroes represents how society wanted a leader. One of the famous stories within Greek Roman history is the battle of Troy which is a battle between Greece and Troy. Unlike other myths which is assume they are related to the historical event, most of Greek Roman Stories were considered spurious.

The epic poem “Iliad” was written by Homeros, the oldest record of an epic poem was written around BC 8C. The poem tells detailed information about the Troy war written but archeologist and historians categorized the recording as an epic poem and it is irrelevant to the actual history. However, an archeologist called Heinrich Schliemann founded the region of Troy with help of Kalbert. This started from his imagination where the country would actually exist. The excavation of this imaginative city had led to huge development and understanding of the people and culture in the Ancient Greek-Roman period. This shows how one’s imagination can create new knowledge which has made a huge influence on one side of the area of knowledge. By the linguistic record which the story is written, the archeologist was able to imagine the idea and successfully revealed new knowledge. Therefore, it inducts that, due to the existence of imagination, people are able to seek and reveal new knowledge.

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In short, Object 1 shows how people who have different linguistic knowledge understand each other differently creating bias; Object 2 talks about how some concepts are linked with certain assumptions, and these assumptions turn into bias; Object 3 discusses how biased use of language can be used for monetary benefits. There is some inherent bias in language, but people’s values can shape the bias and make it stronger.

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This object is an advertisement for a health product that was once very popular in China. This advertisement was repeatedly shown on TV in 2007. I grew up listening to friends joking about how this product could help us to be smart and study better, and had always questioned if it really could be that effective.

This advertisement talks about how the product can make older people younger - aiding their memory, etc. It is biased because memory fading is irreversible with aging. Yet the knowledge producer chose to sell the product with inaccurate information. Sometimes, benefits can lead people to purposefully produce inaccurate information. Biased use of language can influence people into believing false beliefs for the producer’s purpose.

This object discusses the Methods and Tools section of the KF: “In what ways can language be used to influence, persuade, or manipulate people’s emotions?” This object shows how language can manipulate people for the promotion of a product. This bias is not inevitable, but people still chose to do it for a purpose.

Values (KC) is addressed in this object, it shows how different values can affect the production of knowledge. Adding bias like in the advertisement is a negative example as it makes false claims for monetary benefits. However, values can also positively influence knowledge by advocating for good deeds like helping the impaired when they need it.

In conclusion, this advertisement shows how bias can be purposely added when producing knowledge by manipulating language. It also shows how values can impact the production of knowledge, either in a bad way by adding bias or maybe in a more neutral way.

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This is a doll I bought when visiting the zoo. It is a souvenir for tourists to remember their travels and experiences after they have returned. I liked the rabbit because of its cute appearance and hung it on my school bag for a short while. Yet, it is biased to think that rabbit is often fluffy and gentle (visual language) as evidenced in the doll they have made. In contrast to how cute the doll is, rabbits can be quite violent, one tried to bite me in the zoo. This object shows how imagery or perceptions that come from language are not always accurate, this creates bias.

Perspective section of KF is explored by this object: “How do our values and assumptions influence the language in which we express our ideas?” Our values and assumptions are unconsciously present in the language we use, like the idea of rabbits being gentle, therefore we communicate the idea we have by making a cute object.

People’s perspective (KC) is based on experience, which creates assumptions. When people delve into a certain perspective and not be open to other perspectives, the echo chamber effect takes place and people become very inclined to their own opinion, creating bias. The positive of having a perspective is that the person is not too easily influenced and manipulated by others because they have their own opinion.

In conclusion, there are assumptions associated with language that over time and repetition becomes intrinsic in the language and becomes biased.

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This object is a ‘Single Doge Certificate’, it was given to me as a present from a friend. It shows people labeling the community of ‘single people’ with the phrase ‘Single Doge’, which is very common amongst Chinese people. It may not mean anything in English as the animal dog is often associated with loyalty and vigilance, in Chinese, it has a negative meaning of someone being an inferior human because they cannot find someone who would be with them. This shows the bias of the Chinese society that a single person cannot be happy or have any achievement. It is a label with a cultural context, which does not translate exactly into other languages.

My object addresses the Scope section of the Knowledge Framework (KF), specifically the knowledge question (KQ): “Are there differences in how knowledge itself is conceived of, or presented, in different languages?”. Bias is inevitable in the production of knowledge, people who speak different languages often have different linguistic knowledge, leading to a barrier to understanding. This object shows how one word can have no meaning in one language and its culture but have a slightly offensive meaning in another language.

Key concept (KC) interpretation of knowledge is affected by language. Accuracy of interpretation becomes a problem because of bias in language, which could potentially lead to misunderstandings between people. However, cultural and contextual differences can also lead to different interpretations, which can open Knowers up to new perspectives.

In conclusion, this object shows how some words in a language are inherently biased because of the cultural meaning behind the word. It also shows how language barriers exist to prevent knowledge from being translated accurately and potentially create misunderstandings.

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Bias is having a strong inclination or a preconceived opinion about something or someone. The prompt discusses bias present when producing knowledge, which is difficult to eliminate. I chose Knowledge and Language because language can be biased as it often has cultural attachment or assumptions in its communication and the producer of knowledge is sometimes unconscious that the knowledge produced is biased.

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To conclude, personal experience might interfere the formation of knowledge in a certain way (object 1), change the knowledge about something, or lead to misunderstanding of knowledge. Hence, they have different relationships for each situation.

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My third object is a picture of me when I was 7. It was taken on Jeju Island with its famous statue called Dolhareubang. It was my first experience taking an airplane and traveling with the whole family. I often see this picture to think of my childhood. Thus, this is one of the most memorable pictures that reminds my childhood memories.

In contrast to this memorable memory, I in the picture have a frown face. As the picture shows frowned face, another knower who sees this picture probably thinks I am unsatisfied with the travel although it was due to the sunlight. This misinterpretation is made from his own experience which is showing frowned face when he does not content with something. In other words, language, especially non-verbal communication, without any context of it can easily lead to misunderstanding about the knowledge or truth. This indicates that individuals’ experiences might lead to misunderstanding or misinterpretation depending on the way it is communicated, making knowers’ knowledge away from the truth.

From another perspective, my own memory of this experience might be faded as time passes. If there is no one remembers what happened in this picture including me, then the understanding of the picture will change significantly. The interpretation differs depending on which elements of the picture the person closely focuses on such as the place, face, background, etc. As there is no one who can correct this misunderstanding, new knowledge about this picture is formed, and the previous or true knowledge is hidden. This shows that as people tend to fill in gaps in knowledge, they sometimes accept wrong information or knowledge without any verification. In other words, faded or incomplete experiences might lead the knowledge to form in the wrong way.

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My second object is the verification of covid-19 tests. There is no need to get tested officially in Korea at this time because they changed the policy. However, as I live in China, I have got covid tests multiple times. The object allows me to verify that I am not infected with Covid-19. This largely contributes to my knowledge and perception of covid-19.

Being tested many times raises the significance of covid-19 for me. Since I am tested almost every day, it makes me think that covid-19 is still severe. However, my friend in Korea thinks covid-19 is over, and there is no point to get tested because they do not need to get the test. This shows that different personal experiences and environments can form different knowledge of the same thing. Also, I need to explain the process and the way of testing because their experiences are incomplete. Although they can search on the internet and already have some experience, the most reliable and accurate knowledge can be transferred through me who experienced those multiple times.

This different experience influences my way of thinking. When I and my friend hear or think about Covid-19, we are going to imagine and think of different things as we have different experiences. This affects the acquisition of knowledge as our previous knowledge certainly affects the further formation of knowledge. To show my knowledge with evidence (Covid-19 is still severe), I need to use my own experience to explain it. Only in this way, their knowledge can be expanded with different perspectives.

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My first chosen object is a Korean social science textbook from primary school. It includes politics, geography, climates, and others that are related to the world. I learned this in Korean secondary school. From this book, I want to especially focus on the history of Dokdo Island that is specifically introduced in this textbook. Learning this book counts as a personal experience because it refers to all things that I have done.

I have been educated that Dokdo Island is Korea’s and saw various evidence. I even have been to the Dokdo museum. Thus, I have strong knowledge of this history. From this, I established values and ethics that Dokdo is Korea’s Island and believe that all arguments against this knowledge are not true. As I build values and ethics from what I know, that affects the formation of them. This causes me to selectively take information in, making selection bias. As I believe from my personal experience that Dokdo Island is Korea’s, and there is sufficient evidence to support this claim, it is impossible to form counter knowledge for me. This also disturbs the communication with people who have built on counter knowledge.

In the scope of language, any words related to Dokdo Island remind me of this experience that has been converted to knowledge. In this textbook, they keep using similar sets of strong words. Using strong words for the topic over and over gives me a strong belief in it. In this aspect, language plays a role in making more concrete knowledge and managing its inflow. In addition, repeated personal experience leads the knowledge to be formed in only one way although that might be not true. Since I am strict about this knowledge on Dokdo Island, it more strongly affects the way of knowledge is built. If this is a weak belief or knowledge, then the other experiences might cause my knowledge to change. However, it is unlikely this knowledge to be changed since this is too concrete knowledge

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Chosen optional theme is language and knowledge. Language includes both verbal and non-verbal communication such as facial expression, letter, any mean to communicate. Key words are experience, knowledge, and communication.

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The second object was Meitu app which is an app for photoshop people’s face, skin problem and add filter to make photos beautiful. I have been using this app from my grade 6 for decorates my pictures in the way I want, therefore this app shows me how fake could a picture be.

We never able to know who is the real people behind the internet since the power of photoshop can change one thing to another totally different thing.  The software development and audience of mobile phones prove that technology and knowledge are always changing with the needs of people's desire. This technology in turn has contributes to creating 'unknowns'.

The KF ethics discussed in KQ “Should we hold people responsible for the applications of technologies they develop/create?” People reduce the responsibility  face the applications that have the technique to cover the truth under the technology. Behind the use of ps software to change their appearance and facts, it is full of unknowns and mystery for viewers. Majority  photos that can be identified turn out to be completely unknown to people. Thereby, we can never touch the truth behind the photos created by people who have an ulterior motive.

In the world of humans sciences, we are constantly creating possibilities to facilitate human life and entertainment. The development of science and technology has proved time and again that human social interaction can be unknown. For instance, the development of online love has proved that people can cultivate feelings or give trust to people who are completely unknown without knowing what the other person looks like or the real state.

I believe the convenience of technology can distort truth and facts. There may be known real people or things behind the composite photos, but the transformation of technology turns the previously known things into unknown things. We can never know or understand what lies behind a photograph through man-made changes. Thus, human  take something from the known to the completely unknown, but it's hard to take something from the unknowable to the known.

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First object was camera that’s used for capturing information, memory, experience, and object.This was my 16th birthday present which given by my mom. I have taken a lot of precious photos and moment by this camera.

When cameras were first introduced to China during the Qing Dynasty, everyone was amazed by their ability to freeze time. People who had been bound by feudal thoughts could not accept this technology which was full of science and technology. Only through the constant infiltration and participation of technology in people's lives can the unknown technology become known, and even people will get used to the once unknown things.

The KF Scope demonstrated “Have technological developments had the greatest impact on what we know, how we know, or how we store knowledge?”Technology such as the camera has changed the way we store memory events or objects and has contributed to knowledge and history a lot. Camera was unknown and unacceptable at the beginning, somehow people were getting accept and interpreting to the new technology, when the technology prove to be useful and was helping them to have a better life, such as store memory, reflecting the experiences. Somehow, camera technology has proven the development of how humans can store our knowledge and demonstrate it.

The development of camera is the real life evidence to provide the new technology can also count as “the realization of unknowable”. The responsibility that scientist develop new technology for people to experience the unknown. The value of people refuse to reasoning the knowledge that never exists in the world.

Through a series of discussions and retrospections carried out by the camera, I believed that there is nothing unknowable after experienced it. However, people's fear of the unknown is bound to be the biggest limitation under this proposition, and knowledge must be explored and summarized by human beings.

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The term of “unknowable” is defined as the mystery that limits human experience or knowledge.  How do we measure the knowledge we know and can be certain of the knowledge we know if we cannot know if there are unknowable in the knowledge we know ? In the modern society where we rely on technology to investigate and discover the unknown knowledge, thus I chose knowledge and technology to justification my topic.

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Object 1 shows that my interaction with other knowers gave me empirical methods of experiencing accurate knowledge.

Object 2 shows that my interaction with other knowers allowed me to experience emotions and gain knowledge from experiences that weren’t mine.

Object 3 shows that knowledge acquisition does not necessarily depend on interaction with other knowers.

Interaction with others can have a positive impact on knowledge acquisition/production. Hearing or reading about one’s experience also contributes strongly to knowledge acquisition/production, yet without knowledge coming from personal experiences. However, depending on the knowledge, it may not come from interaction.

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This is a diving learning book, teaching about the marine world. This book belonged to my mother as she used to be an amateur and passionate diver when she was younger. She has now given it to me so I could learn about her past passion.

I acquired new knowledge through written language, not having any interaction with other knowers. This learning book only offers a teaching possibility, yet not an exchange of ideas or argumentative communication with another knower, therefore no interaction.

From KF Scope: “How does language allow humans to pool resources and share knowledge?”

Language, in any form, allows humans to pool resources as language can gather knowledge; present, like past. In my learning book, knowledge was shared in a written and pictorial form. In learning, the whole concept is to ultimately be able to pool resources and turn them into knowledge.

Depending on culture and values, the writer (giving the knowledge), may share the knowledge in differing ways, allowing the acquirer a chance to explore different perspectives of knowledge.

However, as no interaction is made here, there is no mutual communication on the origin of the acquired knowledge, thus it may be biased.

In this case, knowledge doesn’t depend on interaction with others, as the teaching aspect allowed no exchanged communication between two beings, as only one is sharing knowledge. Hence, it cannot be considered an interaction.

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As a child, I used this Barbie doll, an adult human-looking doll, to play with friends, hence, interact with other knowers. These interactions were essentially based on recreations of situations experienced in our daily lives. These recreation games are examples of interaction with spoken language; Players speak as they play.

Moreover, my friend once suddenly yelled at this Barbie doll as we were playing. She later told me her mom acted similarly. Thus, through this interaction, I gained knowledge about the experience of another knower, that I hadn’t personally experienced.

From KF P erspective: “To what extent does language allow us to make our private experiences public?”

I believe language is the easiest way to exteriorize personal experiences as you can better convey them to the public. Furthermore, turning private experiences public could involve some type of interaction with someone or something, as confessing private experiences can be done through communication with another knower.

In this case, my friend was able to exteriorize her previous experience. Hence, she transformed her private/personal experience into a public one I could understand even though I hadn’t experienced it.

If another knower renders their experience public, the public can acquire evidence of their knowledge from that knower’s perspective. However, this other knower’s evidence may not be accurate as it is subjective.

In this case, knowledge does depend on interaction with another knower but contrarily to the first object, the knowledge acquired is not one from a personal experience with direct interactions with other knowers, but re-living a knower’s experience when interacting with them.

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This is a Tibetan tent souvenir, which is being used as a record of the time my family and I spent with a Tibetan nomad family. I felt this was a unique experience, I probably would never experience again.

When interacting with the Tibetan family, we mainly used non-verbal language, as we did not speak the same language. However, we were able to communicate through sign and body language.

From the interaction with the nomad family, I gained knowledge about their lifestyle. Without this interaction, I certainly would have had a biased view of their lifestyle. Therefore, this knowledge depended on interactions with these other knowers.

From KF Perspective: “Does the transmission of knowledge from one person or generation to another depend on language?”

I do believe knowledge is transferred through language; however, language isn’t necessarily a spoken one. In this situation, my inability to comprehend Tibetan and the family's inability to comprehend English resulted in interaction through sign/body language as well as through practical demonstrations. As I lived in the Tibetan family’s home tent, I got to visualize their life, such as milking yaks early in the morning. Therefore, empirical experience through interaction is a better way of learning knowledge while avoiding bias.

Furthermore, everyday life things are often self-explanatory, thus using language with no words will not disable people from understanding and interpreting. However, this interpretation may not be accurate.

This object shows that interaction is needed with others in knowledge acquisition and exchange. If I had no interaction with the Tibetan family, my knowledge would have been limited to a documentary or book, which may deliver bias.

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I believe Knowledge is an understanding with insight gained through experience or education. Knowers are people who know, contrarily to believe. Interaction is an exchanged communication between two beings.

Knowledge can depend on interactions we have with others, as the environment we surround ourselves with will influence and shape our knowledge. To respond, I will use knowledge & Language as I believe knowledge sharing is mainly through different language forms (writing, body language…).

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The lucky bag is the third object. It is used to put items from Doljabi. I have my lucky bag used in Doljabi. It is a tradition practiced at a baby’s first birthday party. The baby is placed in front of various items and encouraged to grab one item. Each item symbolizes a certain future regarding the baby’s career. This traditional practice was developed in South Korean culture.

In Ethics of KF, it questions “Can the practices of one individual or culture be judged with any validity by applying the moral values of another generation or another culture?” As cultural practices are derived from Indigenous society’s distinct historical understanding, the conclusion depends on which moral values of generation are applied. In the past, parents believed strongly in the meanings of which item their child chose. This is narrowing the opportunity for children and thus, unethical. However, as time passed, this tradition now has a celebratory meaning rather than prophecy.

I chose an interpretation of the concepts. Having similar cultural knowledge has a positive impact on the interpretation of culture as it will give insight into how the culture started and was maintained. However, it is hard to have similar background knowledge unless you are from an identical culture, making it easy to misinterpret.

The interpretation of Indigenous society tradition depends on what cultural or space background the person has as these will shape the knowledge used for interpretation. Depending on the context, tradition can be interpreted as something that has a positive influence by giving faith but also a negative impact by restricting their perspective.

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The Buddha statue, my second object, is used for various Buddhist practices. My grandma owns one at her house. I saw my grandma praying/prostrating to Buddha. Praying to Buddha is Buddhism believers’ cultural practice. The practices were developed in smaller Indigenous societies sharing the same specific beliefs and later into a community of knowers and then across as one of the major religions. People believe in Buddha because they think their faith in Buddha will solve their problems as their prayer will deeply move Buddha.

In the Methods and Tools, it inquires “What is the role of folklore, rituals, and songs in acquiring and sharing knowledge?” In most religions, imagery and stories are important factors in spreading the religion. The use of statues helps the mass public to visualize their faith and their gods as the practice of spreading religion in the past including illiterate societies that cannot read or visualize religious texts for themselves. The culture of Buddhism and the rituals could hinder people from acquiring accurate knowledge as it gives a sense of faith in the unknown and stops them from acquiring alternative knowledge.

In the TOK concept of certainty, people who are Buddhism believers have high certainty that Buddha will solve their problems if they pray hard. Their belief positively impacts their certainty to believe their problems will be solved. However, it can cause knowers to be overdependent on the rituals, stopping them from finding an alternative to their problems by themselves.

The relationship between knowledge and culture is important in producing culturally specific knowledge and should be preserved but when people completely rely on this knowledge based on faith and rituals, it could blind them to be open to other perspectives and acquiring accurate knowledge.

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My first object is a Dada needle dispenser. In Korea, whenever you have discomfort after eating, there is a traditional remedy where a small needle is inserted below your thumb fingernail. A tiny amount of blood will come out. This is believed to relieve your indigestion symptoms. In my home, I use this remedy to relieve the discomfort. This is a traditional knowledge/practice specific to Korean culture.

In the scope of KF, it asks “Does our culture determine what we know?” As a South Korean, I come up with this method when I have indigestion discomfort. If I was not South Korean, I will probably go to see the doctor rather than using the fork remedy. This reflects that some knowledge cannot be understood by the knower who is from a different Indigenous society.

I chose perspective from the TOK concept. Culture shapes the perspective of the person. Having a positive perspective toward folk remedies allows the person to have multiple suggestions in curing methods. However, having a negative perspective obstructs them from accessing wider choices.

Culture plays a significant role in the acquisition of knowledge because the production of knowledge differs depending on the context. Although knowledge produced in Indigenous society may not be accepted widely and is short in accuracy, people inside the community of knowers easily accept culturally specific knowledge and be able to enhance their knowledge by having different ways of approaching a problem.

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Knowledge using Electronic naver dictionary was developed through the use of technology by knowledge using paper dictionaries in the past. Knowledge, which uses the Library Internet service to find books, has developed with technology in the past from knowledge, which finds books through communication with people. In the past, it takes a lot of time to find the information I want to find using iPad, but through the advanced Internet and technology, I have a knowledge to find information quickly.