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Bharati, K. (2020, December 16). Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development: Why is it Still Relevant Today? Medindia. https://www.medindia.net/patientinfo/eriksons-theory-of-psychosocial-development-why-is-it-still-relevant-today.htmhttps:/www.medindia.net/patientinfo/eriksons-theory-of-psychosocial-development-why-is-it-still-relevant-today.htm

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The third stage encompasses the years between the ages of three and five when children often start preschool and kindergarten. They will be expected to study and practice things on their own throughout this period, as well as start to make constructive decisions for themselves during this time. They will have reached this phase, having formed a sense of what is morally acceptable and what is not. It's possible for the child to feel ashamed of themselves when they do something that other kids wouldn't do or when they have to seek help with something that other kids find easy to perform on their own.
Children who are now in stage four spend the entire day in class. Their level of maturity and self-awareness will increase as a result of this. According to Bharati (2020), Erikson was of the opinion that a child's level of self-confidence is an essential component in preventing them from developing a sense of inferiority. At this time, youngsters ought to be able to be measured against one another, compete with one another, and succeed in order to advance industry.

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According to Erikson, there is a logical progression to moral growth. It consists of a series of phases, any of which an individual's failure to complete would negatively impact their future moral standards. In order to quantify this, Erikson hypothesizes that each stage indicates maturity, and even if it is not reached at the time it is expected to be passed, it will be passed at a certain stage in life.

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Mellor, S. (2016, August 1). Gender differences in identity formation as a function of self-other relationships. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02139255?error=cookies_not_supported&code=0473fc4f-4b68-4a11-9492-9e09972db088

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According to Mellor (2016) Erikson explains the period of adolescence known as Identity vs. Role Confusion is often when a person comes to terms with their gender identity. This discovery, which is extremely important to one's growth, occurs during adolescence. "Figuring out whether one sees themselves as male or female is an essential step in determining the kinds of roles and activities they engage in and their eventual placements in society." (Mellor, 2016). When their ideal notion of gender is not realized by their teen, parents might sometimes lack the understanding necessary to deal with the situation. Because of this, there may be difficulties with openness and communication. It is totally natural for an adolescent to not fit into these conventions, even though society establishes the norms for what roles males and girls are expected to play.

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How People Develop an Identity or Cope With Role Confusion. (2022, June 23). Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/identity-versus-confusion-2795735#:%7E:text=One%20of%20the%20main%20elements,our%20daily%20interactions%20with%20others.

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From infancy through maturity, there are a total of eight distinct phases of psychosocial development, according to Erikson's theory. The phases correspond to a set order and help shape a person's personality. A psychosocial situation occurs throughout each stage of a person's development, and the consequence of that situation can either be beneficial or detrimental to the person's overall personality. One of the most important phases of Erikson's theory is the sense of self. Developing your ego is the sense of self that creates social interaction with others and continues to change through each phase.

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Bandura believed that multiple factors influenced someone's moral development, such as choosing positive/negative role models and even environmental factors such as society's views/morals (Powell et al., 2017). As children judge whether something is right or wrong they will consider consequences first, were they rewarded for following the rules or punished? (Santrock, 2021)

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Lopez-Garrido, G (2020, Aug 09). Self-efficacy. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/self-efficacy.html

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McLeod, S. A. (2014, February 05). Bobo doll experiment. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html

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[Miss B]. (2015, December 9). Self Efficacy [video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnACsrdGZAI

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Ockwell-Smith, S. (2020, February 19). "Be a Man" "Man Up" "Stop Being Such a Girl" "You Big Sissy" "Boy's Don't Cry" [picture]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/sarahockwellsmithauthor/photos/a.1652979104966361/2407917002805897/?type=3

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Powell, R. A., Honey, P. L., & Symbaluk, D. G. (2017). Introduction to learning and behavior (5th ed.). Cengage Learning.

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Santrock, J. W. (2021). Life-span development (18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

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Example of a boy being punished for acting outside of his gender role.

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Children learn through observing others around them, adults, peers, and media. Observational learning refers to imitation or modeling as the primary way of developing (Powell, 2017). Children will first observe an adult saying or doing something, adults will model a new skill for a child, and finally the child will imitate the adult. Example: Child watches adult brush their teeth, adult models the actions for brushing teeth (usually in exaggerated, slow movements to show case the skill steps), and then the child begins to imitate the adult by brushing their own teeth.

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An individual's belief in the ability to overcome an obstacle or to handle a situation. There are four influences that develop a person's self-efficacy, past experiences, emotional state, role models, social persuasion (Lopez-Garrido, 2020). Past experiences refers to practicing a new skill until you acquire it. "Believing that one is capable of achieving tasks they set out for themselves" (Lopez-Garrido, 2020, para. 12). Through role models, people are able to observe others completing tasks and model their own behaviors after them as well as learn a new skill through observing. In social persuasion, gaining positive feedback encourages someone to believe in themselves and their own abilities to succeed (Lopez-Garrido, 2020). The emotional state an individual is in can affect how they feel about themselves or their abilities, someone who suffers from depression could have a low sense of self-efficacy.

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Bandura believed that mental awareness, behavior, and the environment were the key factors of development. Children learn about gender through observing what adults say and do (Santrock, 2021). Children grow up being "rewarded" or "punished" for engaging in behaviors that do not align with their gender role (Santrock, 2021, p. 242). Boys and girls, from birth onward, are treated differently, girls are encouraged to learn about the home and boys are encouraged to play rough. Children can also learn through watching tv, reading books, and modeling their peers as they continue to mature(Santrock, 2021).

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During this study, children observed adults punching and kicking a Bobo Doll and then were allowed into a room full of toys, including a Bobo Doll, the children displayed the same behaviors that they had observed in the adults (McLeod, 2014).

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[u/nobunseedsplease]. (2022). The chain (circle) of screaming. [Online Forum Post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/HIMYM/comments/sjqnyp/the_chain_circle_of_screaming/