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Web research on significant software projects that have failed.

Select 3 such projects, and write a short summary of each of these projects consisting of the following:
1. What they were about?
2. What was the investment and the principal reasons for failure?
3. Add some personal reflection of what you see as the common causes of these failures.

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Practice with the DIA tool and build the 3 DFD levels (Context Diagram, Level-1 DFD and Level-2 DFD) for the Video Rental Case Study.
Working out the Estate Agency case study using the DIA tool. .

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MDX-Tickets is an agency selling concert and theatre tickets. Customers either ring MDX to purchase tickets or send details through a facility available on their Web site. Customers can also drop in at their shop in Port Louis. Concerts and theatre venues provide MDX-Tickets
information about events. A supervisor would use this data to update the information they keep about current and future events. Counter staff uses this information in responding to
customer requests. Customer requests are checked against ticket availability. MDX-Tickets accepts credit card, debit card, cash or cheques if payment is made in person at their shop. If not the usual method of payment is by credit card. Credit card payments would need authorisation. MDX Tickets staff would take down details of the ‘payment guarantee’ information on the reverse of all payment cheques. After processing payments the appropriate tickets are retrieved and an advice note is printed with the transaction details. The customer is given the tickets (if they
are in the shop) or the tickets are sent by mail with an advice note. At the end of each day the supervisor requires a report of ticket sales to reconcile against money collected that day. At the end of every week the management of MDX-Tickets require a report to plan purchases for the following week and beyond. MDX-Tickets is planning a publicity campaign involving previous customers. The plan is to provide a pamphlet once every few months advertising the concert and theatre venues. The pamphlet would be mailed to previous customers. There are of course repeat orders and they plan to identify customers uniquely as much as possible by using their name as well as their house number and post code (a postcode can be used to identify a street or part of a street uniquely) to prepare the mailing list.
(a) Draw a Context DFD briefly stating any assumptions and items that you might wish to clarify with MDX-Tickets. (Your diagrams should represent a logical view of a possible system for requirements you identify.)
(b) Expand your Context DFD into a level one data flow diagram. Ensure consistency with your Context Diagram. Provide a brief explanation of the processes in your diagram.
(c) Critically examine the purposes served by Data Flow Diagrams in SSADM illustrating why under some circumstances higher level diagrams are necessary.

MDX International maintains data on its fleet of vehicles and the employees who are permitted to drive them. The database is used by three groups of people: departmental
managers finance department’s staff and the transport department. Each vehicle is identified uniquely by the registration number. Employee numbers identify drivers. Drivers may be authorised to drive one or more vehicles. Also a vehicle may be used by more than one driver at different times during each working day. Vehicles are allocated to departments within the company although they may be used by anyone within MDX International. Some types of vehicle such as heavy goods vehicles (HGV) require approved licence (HGV licence). Accidents or other vehicle related incidents might disqualify a driver from some types of vehicle. For accounting purposes, each vehicle has a current and a replacement value. A vehicle need road tax licence to be renewed once a year – the renewal date depends on when the vehicle was originally purchased. Details are also required of any insurance claims
associated with any accidents. Maintenance and repair costs are also recorded for each vehicle. A number of local garages and agents are used for regular servicing of vehicles. The main agent usually services a vehicle but specialist garages service some vehicles. There are
different types of services corresponding to different mileage for each type of vehicle or the type of equipment fitted in or mounted on them. With each type of service or repair a short description documenting the work carried out is recorded in the system.
(a) For data in the case study described above draw a Logical Data Structure (LDS) removing any many-to-many relationships. State any assumptions you make.
(b) List possible attributes for the linked entities resulting from the resolution of one many-to- many relationship. Name or clearly indicate both primary and foreign key attributes.

Some time ago MDX International had an authorisation form to approve travel expenses of its employees. This process had been computerised. Typically employees would start by
providing data on-line to form a travel claim record. An employee’s manager would normally approve travel expenses within 48 hours of receiving the information. If a record had not been attended to within this period an automatic reminder would be sent to the manager. If the
record waits for approval for more than a week a reminder is posted again to the manager and the employee so that they can sort out any outstanding issues. The manager is aware of regular expenses as employees normally travel to the same locations and stay in pre-arranged accommodation from an approved list of hotels. These hotels give
discounts to the company. If the expenses were fairly small then the manager would quickly approve the travel claim. If
the expenses were above a pre-determined maximum, the manager would not be able to approve the reimbursement of expenses. He would add a note on the system explaining the
purpose of the travel and flag it for attention by the Personnel Manager. It is unusual for the Personnel Manager not to approve a travel claim but restrictions may be placed on future travel under certain circumstances. It the manager feels that the expenses are unreasonable, there is provision for ‘return’ of the record back to the employee. In reality the record remains on the system to be amended by the employee an email being sent alerting the employee. The
employee may decide to change the entries to keep within approved limits or return the record to his manager with any further explanations relating to expenses. Usually in such
circumstances the employee would talk to his manager and sort any problem out. However, a system has provision for the ‘return’ of travel claim records between manager and employee many times. Approved records are accessed by accounts and updated where payment is processed via the
company’s payroll system. Completed records remain in the system until they are archived according to procedures agreed by the finance department in consultation with the computer department.
(a) Draw an Entity Life History (ELH) for the entity ‘travel expenses’ stating any assumptions.
(b) In Part (a) Entity Life History, identify all the actions. List possible attributes affected by
each action.
(c) Justify the use of Entity Life Histories in Structured Systems Analysis and Design.
Contrast ELH with Data Flow Diagram and LDS techniques using suitable aspects of the
above case study.

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1. Specify the aims and objectives for the computerised systems
2. Identify the scope of the project
3. Choose an appropriate software development methodology, whilst giving justifications.
4. Specify the list of functional and nun-functional requirements of your proposed system.
FR and NFR specified with identifiers and listed in a table
5. Draw a neat ER diagram using a specific software
6. Draw a DFD diagram (showing the different levels of the DFD)
7. Draw other diagrams that you think can help you in doing the analysis and design such as
Use-Case diagram &amp; Class diagram or any other UML diagrams.
8. Work on the tables design (mentioning the fields, data type and description)
a. Tables should be normalized with primary and foreign keys clearly defined.
9. Create the tables in SQL Server Management Studio
a. Include screenshots of tables created with some sample data inserted.
10. Any other activities that you think would be helpful in the computerisation of the system.
a. For E.g. you may include sample insert, select, delete and update scripts that will
be used by the computerised system based on your functional or non-functional
requirements.

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The activity started by drawing a few simple lines with closed eyes and at the end using those very lines to make drawings of birds, everyone's drawing were pinned to the wall ,so that all could see the different and unique type of birds that we each created. Then we drew a cooking gas ,someone running and an illustration of heat on a small piece of paper in about 15-30 seconds. We also outlined a drawing of our choice for our classmate to complete, I outlined a dolphin and a sea turtle. Another interesting activity was creating objects using cut out shapes from black card paper, I played around a bit to invent different things and ended up making a robot.

The activity was very fun and interactive, it allowed me to set my imagination free and get creative as all sorts of ideas were rushing through my mind. It became more fun and challenging with the limited time set to draw on the sheet of paper. Though I would have expressed myself better if there was more time. At last we got to see how everyone has their own way of depicting and perceiving things.

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Following the practicals on Image Editing and Manipulation, you should now be able to use your software skills acquired along with your creativity skills to produce one surreal image composite. You will carry out a short research on Surrealism Cultural Movement. Look at works of Salvador Dali, Max Ernst, Rene Magritte. You will think of a possible idea for the surreal image composite and the images you will need to create the final composite. Note that every image you will
use/edit and/or manipulate must be your own. The finished product should be aesthetically pleasing. Please avoid CLICHÉ such as:
- Angel- Devil characters
- Clocks (already used by Dali)
- Floating or shrinking person for no reason
Dimensions of Final work:
- An A4 size (Landscape of Portrait)
- Colour: Any ( could be in monochrome or full colour)

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Website Mood board is a digital collage or group of elements that help define the direction of a website.

The mood board can include samples of images, fonts, colors, graphics, patterns, grids, screenshots, basic texts and its layout is important.

As per its name the mood board sets the mood and allows to interpret ideas visually.

This is a mood board that we have created to reflect the overall look, feel and personality of our HephX sculpting business.

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Access Google Drive with a Google account (for personal use) or Google Workspace account (for business use).

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Pixel

Pixel is the smallest unit of a digital image or graphic trait that can be displayed and represented on a digital display device.

It is the basic logical unit in digital graphics.

It is known as the picture element (pix=pictures and el=element)

It is represented by a dot or square on a computer monitor display.

Pixels are the basic building blocks of a digital image and are created using geometric coordinates.

The quantity, size and color combination of pixel varies and is measured in terms of the display resolution.

The pixel resolution spread also determines the quality of the display (more pixels per inch yields better image results)

Pixel dimensions are the horizontal and vertical measurements of an image expressed in pixels.[Multiplying both the height and the width by the dpi]

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Bitmap Images [Raster Images]

Are stored as a series of tiny dots called pixels.

Each pixel is assigned a color and arranged in a pattern to form the image.

Upon zooming/scaling up a bitmap image the individual pixels can be viewed.

Bitmap images are resolution dependent.

When resized it can lose quality ; become blurry or pixelated.

Have a much larger file.

Have a fixed resolution.

Are more detailed.

Usually stored as PNG, JPEG ,GIF.

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Vector images

Are not based on pixel patterns.

Consist of geometric lines, shapes and curves.

Have a smaller file size than that of bitmap images.

More scalable; does not lose quality

Smoother

Can be used for logos or type.

Can be converted into bitmap images.

They are resolution independent.

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Image Resolution

Refers to the number of pixels in an image.

Sometimes identified by the width and height of the image as well as the total number of pixels in an image.

{Printer resolution} Dots per inch (DPI)     or

Pixels per inch (PPI) is used for image resolution {Monitor/Display resolution}.

Image resolution is necessary to ensure that : there is no loss in quality ,no "pixelated look" , loss of sharpness , noise or staircasing effects.

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Resizing

Image Resizing: Changes the size the image will print without changing the number of pixels in the image.      In photoshop, with the resample dialogue box unchecked the image is being resized. Resizing Images by changing the width, height and/or resolution values in the document size section of the image size dialogue box is used for print. (unit of measurement is set to pixels).

Image resampling: Physically changes the number of pixels in the sample.                                                           With the sample box checked ,the image is being resampled. Resampling images by changing the width and height values in the pixel dimension section of the image size dialogue box is primarily used when optimizing images for the web.

Pixel Dimension: Tells the width and height of the image in pixels, and the file size of the image.{web}

Document Size: Tells how large or small the image is going to print based on image resolution.{print}

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Upsampling :

Is an image editing process that enlarges the original photo, making up (or interpolating) additional pixels to fill in the gaps.

It cannot increase detail in an image.

It can enlarge a low-resolution image to obtain a smooth focused print with no sign of jagged pixel edges.

can be achieved using: bicubic smoothener, nearest neighbour, bilinear interpolation.

[interpolation : the process where the number of pixels is increased in volume]

Downsampling:

Makes data a more manageable size.

Reduces the storage size of the data.

Reduces dimensionality of data, thus enabling faster processing of the image.

It discards some rows or columns of an image.

various techniques can be used: Mipmap,  Box sampling, Sinc.

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JPEG (.jpg, .jpeg)

Joint Photographic Expert Group uses lossy compression. The image is compressed to make a smaller file, the compression does not create loss in quality. JPEG format is ideal for web use and non-professional prints, e-mail and PowerPoint. The amount of compression when saving in image editing programs can be chosen. It is commonly used for raster images.

GIF (.gif)

Graphics Interchange Format is commonly used for web graphics. They are limited to only 256 colors in the RGB color space , they have a small file size do to this limited number of colors and are also portable. They load very quickly compared to other files.GIF files allow for transparency and can be animated. They have a lossless compression with no loss of information

PNG (.png)

Portable Network Graphic format is good for interactive documents but not suitable for print. They are of lossless image format ,can be compressed without loss of quality but are still low in resolution. They were designed to improve upon and replace the GIF format. They can handle up to 16 million colors ,can save transparency , makes for a much sharper and web-quality image.

When a JPEG is compressed it loses some original information, hence categorized as lossy. Upon comparison with its original file noise, blur, color and sharpness loss can sometimes be noticed. GIF and PNG on the other hand, are lossless because they retain their true color values. Supporting only 256 colors the images should be compressed else it will be too large. These files compress better than JPEG files. File optimization may only be required when matching the background color, fitting an image to the edge or if image transparency is necessary. Only GIF and PNG support transparency. In AP, optimization can be controlled and its percentage can be adjusted  in the quality box.GIF and PNG have to constrain their colors within the 256 color range using only web-safe colors. This can be adjusted in the color reduction algorithm section: perceptual, selective, adaptive or restrictive option can be selected.

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Slicing carves an image into sections, each of them becomes a separate web file. There are layers slices and user slices, which can be created just by clicking and dragging to the desired length. Auto slices are then automatically generated by the remaining slices. One can also rename the slices and add URLs. The Urls can be used to create page navigation or to be individually optimized. Slicing is important to make the process of saving images/graphics easier and to be organized on a web page.

Website optimization is the process of using tools, strategies and methods to improve a website's performance and that others can have the best user experience from that particular website. Web optimization is like updating and helps the page be noticed when end users search for similar relevant terms.  SEO (search engine optimization) is the process of increasing website traffic through search engines, making the site more noticeable. The SEO gives consumers a better chance of coming across your website. Image optimization can also help increase this search engine optimization.

Page load is the amount of time taken for a page to show on user screens. Low website speed is one of the most annoying things that end users encounter. This is where optimization comes in handy. Web optimization helps reduce time load and makes a positive impact for user experience. Well performing websites result in high return visits, low bounce rates, higher search ranks, and better experience.

Images are always on the spotlight of the websites, however, they are usually large files that are uploaded and tend to slow down the website's performance. Optimizing the images will compress the file size without compromising its quality. The image is refined and this lightens the web page while also reducing page load time. Image optimization helps lessen the burden of network resources for instance data usage in mobile devices.

Saving images in SVG format is a good alternative in web optimization. SVGs can be scaled up and down without distortion. They are usually smaller in file size and have the ability to use animation and transitions on layers (web friendly ). SVGO can be used in this case to process and optimize files eliminating unnecessary elements. One can also optimize images for the web by rescaling raster images, picking PNG performance, using CDN, Image caching, compression and using animated GIFs moderately. Testing, evaluating and modifying is essential to ensure a well performing website.

Web page optimization, slicing, Image optimization are all crucial for a good and proper functioning website. It equally promotes business and should be taken into great consideration.

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Slicing carves an image into sections, each of them becomes a separate web file. There are layers slices and user slices, which can be created just by clicking and dragging to the desired length. Auto slices are then automatically generated by the remaining slices. One can also rename the slices and add URLs. The Urls can be used to create page navigation or to be individually optimized. Slicing is important to make the process of saving images/graphics easier and to be organized on a web page.

Website optimization is the process of using tools, strategies and methods to improve a website's performance and that others can have the best user experience from that particular website. Web optimization is like updating and helps the page be noticed when end users search for similar relevant terms.  SEO (search engine optimization) is the process of increasing website traffic through search engines, making the site more noticeable. The SEO gives consumers a better chance of coming across your website. Image optimization can also help increase this search engine optimization.

Page load is the amount of time taken for a page to show on user screens. Low website speed is one of the most annoying things that end users encounter. This is where optimization comes in handy. Web optimization helps reduce time load and makes a positive impact for user experience. Well performing websites result in high return visits, low bounce rates, higher search ranks, and better experience.

Images are always on the spotlight of the websites, however, they are usually large files that are uploaded and tend to slow down the website's performance. Optimizing the images will compress the file size without compromising its quality. The image is refined and this lightens the web page while also reducing page load time. Image optimization helps lessen the burden of network resources for instance data usage in mobile devices.

Saving images in SVG format is a good alternative in web optimization. SVGs can be scaled up and down without distortion. They are usually smaller in file size and have the ability to use animation and transitions on layers (web friendly ). SVGO can be used in this case to process and optimize files eliminating unnecessary elements. One can also optimize images for the web by rescaling raster images, picking PNG performance, using CDN, Image caching, compression and using animated GIFs moderately. Testing, evaluating and modifying is essential to ensure a well performing website.

Web page optimization, slicing, Image optimization are all crucial for a good and proper functioning website. It equally promotes business and should be taken into great consideration.

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Monogram logos or lettermarks are logos that consist of letters, usually brand initials.

Similar to a lettermark, a wordmark or logotype is a font-based logo that focuses on a business’ name alone.

A pictorial mark (sometimes called brand mark or logo symbol) is an icon—or graphic-based logo.

An abstract mark is a specific type of pictorial logo.

Mascot logos are logos that involve an illustrated character.

A combination mark is a logo comprised of a combined wordmark or lettermark and a pictorial mark, abstract mark, or mascot.

An emblem logo consists of font inside a symbol or an icon; think badges, seals and crests.

Logo shapes can :

Direct the eye from one element to the next.

Convey emotion and mood.

Create trust and professionalism.

Deliver a sense of depth.

Connect with your audience on a deeper level

Triangles can suggest excitement and growth

Circles indicate love, comfort, and connection.

Squares convey strength, courage, and discipline.

When creating logos :

Choose a suitable shape and type.

Good combination of that shape and color.

Understand negative spaces.

Have good typography.

An effective logo is :

Simple

Memorable

Timeless

Appropriate

Versatile

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The rule of Third in Logo Design

The principle of it is to break the image into thirds, both horizontally and vertically, leaving you with 9 frames. These frames serve as guidelines as to where you should place subjects of interest in your image, either at the intersections or along the lines.

The main subject (or a point of interest) should be placed at the intersections between the frames. This may be at the lower or upper right or left intersections. By placing the elements at these spots a more visually pleasing image is created.

Horizontal/Landscape photos: The subject’s eyes or focus to be in the right or left third.

Vertical/Portrait photos: The subject’s eyes or focus is in the top or bottom third.

It is essentially used to create equal weight across the canvas.

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Golden Ratio/ Golden Spiral in Logo Design

The connection between the Golden Ratio and works of art and architecture has been questioned in the last few decades, but there is no question that the Golden Ratio has fascinating ties to the Fibonacci numbers, two- and three-dimensional geometry, and more.

It is  a mathematical ratio and commonly found in nature. It can be used to create organic-looking, visually-pleasing compositions. It is also known as the Golden Mean, The Golden Section or the Greek letter phi, it can be deployed to bring structure and harmony to projects.

Approximately equal to a 1:1.61 ratio, the Golden Ratio can be illustrated using a Golden Rectangle. This is a rectangle where, if you cut off a square (side length equal to the shortest side of the rectangle), the rectangle that's left will have the same proportions as the original rectangle.

Remove the left-hand square from the rectangle, you'll be left with another, smaller Golden Rectangle. This could continue infinitely. Similarly, adding a square equal to the length of the longest side of the rectangle gets you increasingly closer to a Golden Rectangle and the Golden Ratio.

This relates to the Fibonacci Sequence (0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, …) , in which each term is the sum of the previous two. Plotting the relationships in scale provides us with what's know as a Golden Spiral. This occurs organically in the natural world.

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In offset printing, a spot color or solid color is any color generated by an ink that is printed using a single run, on the other hand process color is produced by printing a series of dots of different colors.

In other words during spot coloring  colors of the design are applied individually, and eventually the whole design in covered up. Process coloring applies all ink colors to the design at the same time.

Full color printing  is also known as digital, process, CYMK and four color printing.

Each process color is compromised of percentages of cyan, magenta, yellow and black inks.

Process colors provide a limited color range when compared to spot colors.

spot color has a large color range, it has much better consistency, it can provide more vibrant and detailed colors.

Spot color printing is suitable when accuracy and consistency is involved. It features a large color gamut than process colors, and makes more distinct colors possible(hues, fluorescent)

There are several spot colors to choose from, the most common is the Pantone Matching System. Pantone is one of the proprietary color management system. Pantone colors mixes from a foundation of its 18 base colors; their inks are combined in a precise way to form their own range of spot colors.

process color allows for full color matching, more flexibility and a  wider range of color blending abilities.

Process printing is ideal for jobs that require multi-colored inks to produce an image/design. It is best when accuracy and consistency are not top priority. Process printing produces high quality results but has a risk of color variation across different printers.

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Wireframing is a way to design a website service at the structural level. A wireframe is commonly used to layout content and functionality on a page which takes into account user needs and user journeys. A website wireframe, also known as a page schematic or screen blueprint, is a visual guide that represents the skeletal framework of a website. Wireframes are created for the purpose of arranging elements to best accomplish a particular purpose. The wireframe depicts the page layout or arrangement of the website's content, including interface elements and navigational systems, and how they work together. The wireframe usually lacks typographic style, color, or graphics, since the main focus lies in functionality, behavior, and priority of content. In other words, it focuses on what a screen does, not what it looks like. Wireframes can be pencil drawings or sketches on a whiteboard, or they can be produced by means of a broad array of free or commercial software applications.

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Google Font API is a web service that supports high-quality open source font files that can be used on your web designs easily.

It gives you a variety of fonts to choose from just by adding the style sheet link in the <head> section and then referring to the font in the CSS.

Google Fonts :

Keeps HTML text

Allows you to limit your characters hence reduce loading time

Is web accessible

Gives high quality fonts

Can be downloaded and used in print

The basic format : <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="">

Note: When specifying a font in CSS, always list at minimum one fallback font (to avoid unexpected behaviors). So, also here you should add a generic font family (like serif or sans-serif) to the end of the list.

For multiple Google fonts use a pipe character (|) to separate the font names.

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Ajax- Asynchronous JavaScript and XML.

Ajax allows you to update a web page without reloading the page, request data from a server(after page is loaded), receive data from a server(after page is loaded)  and send data to a server (background).

Ajax is not a programming language but in fact a technique for accessing web servers from a web page.

Ajax uses a combination of

-A browser built-in XMLHttpRequest object (to request data from a web server)

-JavaScript and HTML DOM (to display or use the data)

AJAX allows web pages to be updated asynchronously by exchanging data with a web server behind the scenes. This means that it is possible to update parts of a web page, without reloading the whole page.

Ajax does makes use of the browser's built-in XMLHttpRequest (XHR) object to send and receive information to and from a web server asynchronously, in the background, without blocking the page or interfering with the user's experience.

How AJAX works:

1. An event occurs in a web page (the page is loaded, a button is clicked)

2. An XMLHttpRequest object is created by JavaScript

3. The XMLHttpRequest object sends a request to a web server

4. The server processes the request

5. The server sends a response back to the web page

6. The response is read by JavaScript

7. Proper action (like page update) is performed by JavaScript

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My attempt at making a Thaumatrope Animation

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Introduction to 2D animation tools & techniques

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Introduction to 2D animation tools & techniques

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Animation is a method of photographing successive drawings, models, figures or puppets to create an illusion of movement in a sequence.
For instance cartoons, nowadays most animations are made with Computer Generated Imagery (CGI)

Some early animation tools include:
Magic lantern, Thaumatrope, Phenakitoscope, Zoetrope Animation, Flipbook(Kineograph) , Praxinoscope, Stop-motion(Claymation), Cel animation and Rotoscoping.

Eras of Animation:
-Early Animation
-The Silent Age of Animation
-The Golden Age of Animation
-The dark age of Animation
-The Renaissance Age of Animation
-The Millennium Age of Animation

Persistence of vision is an optical illusion where the human eye perceives the continued presence of an image after it has disappeared from view.
Drawings of stages of actions can be shown in fast succession and the human eye would perceive it as a continuous movement ; still images in rapid succession can create the illusion of movement.
The persistence of vision is used in animated films to trick the human eye into seeing moving pictures.

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Do you think we take motion pictures for granted these days? Why?

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Do you think we take motion pictures for granted these days? Why?

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No, Though motion pictures with picture camera, projectors, still photography has evolved to software, digital filming it is still the grassroot for sound recording, editing, special effects in animation production. We should be grateful for these inventions as it has given rise to new creations. Motion picture technology itself is a blend of the old and new technologies wildly used in the Film industry hence its importance is highlighted. If is were taken for granted nobody would even be excited to go to cinemas to watch a movie, learn about ancient animation techniques if it weren't appreciated. Motion pictures are still used nowadays despite being overtaken by digital filming. Motion pictures allow us to stimulate experiences that communicate ideas, stories, perceptions and feelings through the use of moving images and there is no doubt that they have a major influence in our lives.

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Multimedia is a form of communication that merges different content forms such as text, audio, images, animation or video into a single interactive presentation.

Interactive media is any type of media that responds to user input.

Linear Multimedia provides information to be read or viewed in a continuous sequence. Linear multimedia does not require any interaction.
For example Movies, PowerPoint presentation, picture slideshows, movies, books, magazines

Non-linear multimedia on the other hand is a non sequential type of multimedia where the user's participation is required.
The person interacts with the media and is in control.
For instance websites, Search engines, menu screens, navigation bars, streaming sites, forums, apps, games.

Hypermedia is an extension of a hypertext.
It allows user to open web pages upon clicking and extends to create a non-linear network of information.

-You will describe one example of a context where Multimedia is used (e.g. for teaching). What are the benefits and drawbacks that you can think of associated to the use of the Multimedia example you have provided.
An example of Multimedia is a PowerPoint presentation.
It allows the audience to focus on the topic without interruption.
There is a flow of ideas and can be organized. Visuals can be added to captivate, entertain and educate the audience. PowerPoint are useful in many ways, But the audience cannot  respond to the presentation, control the topic being presented or how it is being presented. Only the Creator of the multimedia is in control.

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Identify one 2D animation and provide the source :https://youtu.be/KqSjX3_Wh-E
Analyze the animation in terms of its style and the purpose of the animation.

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Recall and describe at least one visual experience of a specific animated display that has had an impact on you (Cartoon animation movie, web animation; computer generated animation; video games, etc.)

There was an animation video I came across while surfing on Facebook on Mother's Day, the video was heart touching it depicted the bond between mother and daughter. This animation video had such an impact on me that it made me cry and reflect on the importance that our parents have in our lives.

How do you think development of technology has impacted on today’s world of animation?

Technology has certainly enhanced Animation today with more mesmerizing graphics and overall appearance compared to earlier ones. Imaginary concepts can be brought to life and realistic scenes can be created. Computer Generated Imagery and other technological developments have completely revolutionized today's world of animation.
Life, movement and even voice are given to inanimate objects and high quality movies have been produced thanks to development of technology.
It has even lead to game mobile development which are not only entertaining but educative

How do you think having a knowledge of multimedia and animation tools and techniques can help you?

It will allow me to explore and further develop my creativity skills.
Having a knowledge of multimedia and animation tools and techniques holds many job opportunities since animation is in demand in many areas entertainment, art, system design, software publishing, advertising, marketing, film industry and many more.

How do you foresee the future of the animation industry in Mauritius?

Animation in the Educational sector is a big YES.
Students learn better with visuals and graphics than traditional teaching better. Teachers can use animations for engaging visual impact and arouse interest of students.
The same can apply for business, making use of audio, graphics and video interactive animation in the production of advertisements captivate attention and can boost sales.

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Title of story : "Harvesting Humans"
Characters: Crocodiles, Alligators , Snakes
Location: " Swamp Mall"
Key Moments: Reptiles are going shopping , some are window shopping for boots, bags belts made out of human skin.
Moral: Has a metaphorical concept, Animal harvesting, Portrayal of how humans use animal skin, role inversion.

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An analogy can be a comparison between two objects that highlights respects in which they are thought similar
It is used in figurative language to make explanation of an idea more simple.

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1. Squash and Stretch
2. Anticipation
3. Ease in and Ease out
4. Staging
5. Straight Ahead Action and Pose to Pose
6. Timing
7. Follow Through and Overlapping Action
8. Arcs
9. Secondary Action
10.Exaggeration
11.Solid drawing
12.Appeal

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This a gif example of a 2D animation in movement.
The wheels already give the idea of movement and the white dust like structures emphasize this very notion of movement. The body structure also shows that the character is in movement rather than being straight.

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Key poses are drawings describing the motion in an animation sequence.
The pose-to-pose technique is a bit more intricate as it means to draw the key poses first (often the beginning and end drawing of the action and some other key moment between.
Breakdown is a pose between two keys. These are important because they describe rotation trajectories, timing eases, elbow bending, etc. In-between Poses. The in-betweens are the poses used to fill-in between the key poses and breakdown poses. These are the extra drawings used to make the animation smooth.

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Medium, Close, Extreme close ups

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Reverse storyboarding is a technique for studying how a film, animation, or video was constructed by the film-makers. You start with the completed film/animation/video. Then, shot by shot, you sketch storyboard panels to illustrate and analyze what is happening in each shot

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GIF, in full graphics interchange format, digital file format devised in 1987 by the Internet Service Provider CompuServe as a means of reducing the size of images and short animations. Because GIF is a lossless data compression format, meaning that no information is lost in the compression, it quickly became a popular format for transmitting and storing graphic files.

GIFs are gaining popularity because, like memes, they’re useful for communicating jokes, emotions, and ideas.
GIFs are easy to create and share.

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This is a group presentation that we did in the module LLC1000 on the topic of 'memes'

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Creating a GIF with a series of still images on photoshop using Frame Animation

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Creating a word GIF using Photoshop Frame Animation

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Nemo First Day Of School Storyboard

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWXOurnVTYg

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This is an example of an interesting preloading animation

Preloaders/Loaders are what you see on the screen while the rest of the page’s content is still loading. Preloaders are often simple or complex animations that are used to keep visitors entertained while server operations finish processing.

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Cookie animation using Figma Software

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Adobe Animate (formerly Adobe Flash Professional, Macromedia Flash, and FutureSplash Animator) is a multimedia authoring and computer animation program developed by Adobe Inc

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HTML5 canvas
Panels, bars, and windows
Application bar
Document window
switcher, menus
Timeline, the layers panel, Tools panel
Layer icon, Layer name, layer visibility, lock layer, active layer, outline layers
outlines
keyframe
Graphic symbol, Button symbol, movie clip
symbol
Library
Classic tweens
Motion tween
Shape tween

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basic practices in class
using click and drag from the tool box
object drawing in settings
object merge
select half + cut + adjusting
modifying> combine object > union
to make simple shapes.

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Creating a more complex animation using primitive tools.

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Easing refers to the way in which a motion tween proceeds. You can think of easing as acceleration or deceleration. An object that moves from one side of the Stage to the other side can start off slowly, then build up speed, and then stop suddenly. Or, the object can start off quickly and then gradually slow to a halt

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To import a file directly into the current Animate document, select the File> Import and Import to Stage. Files can also be added into the library by choosing import to Library.
The stage is the rectangular area where graphic content can be placed.

Selection tool allows to select objects on the stage.
The Transform tool allows you to rotate, skew, scale or distort an element.

Convert to symbol by selecting object > right click> convert to symbol>choose the setting> and name the symbol .
Symbols can be a graphic, button or movie clip.

In animate, you can double click on the symbol on the stage to see its own timeline.

In the properties panel- Rotate field and entering a number allows object to rotate on itself as many times specified.
For eg. Enter 1 allows object to rotate 1 time in 1 second.
[If animation is too fast it can be made longer by dragging the position in the timeline]
Clockwise or Anti-clockwise must be specified.

Action panel appears so that you can attach actions to either keyframe or symbol instance.
Action Panel > add using Wizard

To see the animation take place control>test the movie.

Locking a layer prevents you from manipulating the contents within it.

Ease option can be altered to affect the motion tween, it acts as an acceleration or deceleration.

Orient to path function allows the object to flow in the paths direction.

Timeline> distribute to layers assigns one layer per object.

Modify> break apart individually separates the object.

Properties Panel> color effect> Alpha
creates an illusion of fading.

Classic Tween - is used to transition between two symbol states.
Motion Tween- creates animation movements along a path.

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Interactive animations are animations that let the viewers participate on more levels than just viewing.
Interactive animations seek active participation from the viewers. They allow the viewers to choose the direction in which a video will progress or an infographic will take shape.

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Interactive animations are animations that let the viewers participate on more levels than just viewing.
Interactive animations seek active participation from the viewers. They allow the viewers to choose the direction in which a video will progress or an infographic will take shape.

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The key differences between Flash Player ActionScript and JavaScript is in animation utility.
ActionScript contains language that controls Animate-specific features.
ActionScript uses Adobe Flash as its runtime environment.
JavaScript contains language that controls browser-specific features

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Defining labels can act as markers in adobe animate.
They're applied to keyframes, and can be used to designate certain sections of animation in your project for quick reference in a visual and descriptive way.
Label names can be added by properties > label> name> adding the name, this can facilitate triggering of events.

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• Create button symbols
• Create button symbols
• Add sound effects to buttons
• Duplicate symbols
• Swap symbols and bitmaps
• Name button instances
• Understand how ActionScript 3.0 and JavaScript
are used in Animate documents
• Use the wizard in the Actions panel to quickly add
JavaScript for interactivity
• Create and use frame labels
• Create animated buttons Add sound effects to buttons
• Duplicate symbols
• Swap symbols and bitmaps
• Name button instances
• Understand how ActionScript 3.0 and JavaScript
are used in Animate documents
• Use the wizard in the Actions panel to quickly add
JavaScript for interactivity
• Create and use frame labels
• Create animated buttons

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Using Break apart and frame to frame animation to create a handwritten text animation 

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Using Break apart and frame to frame animation to create a handwritten text animation 

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Using break apart text to turn it into shapes which can be edited

Using the eraser option

Using reverse frames

Using the brush and stroke options

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Interactive button which triggers a movie clip animation to play.

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Interactive button which triggers a movie clip animation to play.

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The car animation is a movie clip with its own timeline starting at frame 2.

On frame 1,  the animation is stopped.

Using the action wizard to put an action on the play button so that on click it plays the car animation

The car animation Movie clip and the play button has an instance name  .