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The Song Dynasty came to an end in 1279 after 319 years in power. The cause of the downfall and end of the Song Dynasty was because of its powerful rivals, which were none other than the Khitan Tartars of Manchuria and Mongolia and the Jurchen people of Central Asia. While they were still able to recapture and redevelop the Song Dynasty, those hard works eventually led to the fall of the dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty which started in that same year, 1279.

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After the Song Dynasty came to an end in 1279, Mongols established the Yuan Dynasty that same year. Their first emperor was Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongol Empire, also known as the Khitan Tartans of Manchuria and Mongolia, the powerful rivals that eventually defeated the Song Dynasty.

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The very first victory of the Yuan Dynasty was on the exact same day the Mongols defeated the Song Dynasty. This event was the battle of Yaishan on March 19, 1279, and after that great victory, the Mongol conquest of China was complete. This event is also known for being marked as the first time China had been unifies since the 9th century CE.

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Zhu Yuanzhang, one of the Yuan Leaders made a major achievement in 1356 CE as he captured control over Nanjing and became its new leader. He defeated two of his major rivals and their armies, those rivals were Chen Youliang and Zhang Shicheng.

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One of the legacies the Yuan Dynasty had on history wasn't only its vast size, but its art developments that were made during that time. Some of the most famous and well know artifacts from this dynasty were created by none other than the famous Zhao Mengfu; the "Grooms and Horses", and the "Twin Pines, Level Distance".

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Some important achievements of the Yuan Dynasty were the famous medical advancements invented during that time. Those discoveries were dietary deficiencies and books on agriculture also made by the development of the movable printer in China during that time as well.

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Even though the Yuan Dynasty still may have seemed like an overall well rounded and stable empire, there were many flaws about the empire that eventually led to the downfall of the dynasty completely. The final years of the dynasty's ruling only prepared its people for the fall of the dynasty. The empire fell under terrible struggles, famine, and bitterness amongst its people, leading to the leaders losing all influence and trust.

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Zhu Yuanzhang declared himself as the new emperor of China and proceeded to find and establish the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty officially defeated and overruled the Yuan Dynasty in 1368.

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Wu Zhen 吳鎮 (1280–1354), Fishermen, after Jing Hao Handscroll, Yuan dynasty, c. 1341