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Histoplasmosis is an infection caused by a fungus or mold that often affects the lungs. In the U.S., it is most common in the Ohio and Mississippi river valley areas.

"This is a fungus that lives in the environment and is found in higher concentrations in areas where you have a lot of bird or bat droppings mixed into soil," says Dr. Nipunie Rajapakse, a pediatric infectious diseases specialist at Mayo Clinic. "A person might get infected with it by breathing in these droppings when the soil gets disturbed or blown around in the wind."
Watch Dr. Nipunie Rajapakse explain histoplasmosis Journalists: Broadcast-quality sound bites are in the downloads. Please "Courtesy: Mayo Clinic News Network."
Anyone working with soil, such as farmers and landscapers, are at a higher risk of contracting histoplasmosis.

"We also see cases associated with renovation," says Dr. Rajapakse. "If you're demolishing old buildings, that can disturb enough of these type of spores, and then you're at risk of inhaling them and getting infected."

"Most people with a healthy immune system will be able to fight off the infection on their own," says Dr. Rajapakse. "However, if you have a weakened immune system or if you're exposed to a lot of the histoplasmosis spores, there are a number of symptoms that a person can present with, including fever and cough."

For those who develop symptoms, they usually appear three to 17 days after exposure and may include fever, chest pain, fatigue, chills, dry cough or body aches.

Complications from histoplasmosis are more likely to develop in infants, the elderly or those with weakened immune systems. Complications can include spread of the infection from the lungs to other parts of the body.

"It can infect the lymph nodes that live in the center of the chest, and if those lymph nodes become enlarged, they can compress some of the structures that are in there," explains Dr. Rajapakse. "For example, the esophagus or the tube that food goes down when you swallow can become compressed and people can complain of pain or feeling like things are getting stuck when they swallow. The lymph nodes can also compress the airways, and that can cause symptoms like cough or shortness of breath."

Histoplasmosis is a treatable infection, but its diagnosis and treatment can be complicated. Many people recover on their own without needing antifungal treatment.

"Milder types of infections can be treated for about six weeks, but some infections, especially in our patients with weakened immune systems, can be treated for up to a year. And some people may need to stay on antifungals even beyond that," says Dr. Rajapakse.

Preventing exposure to the fungus can be difficult because it is present in the environment and soil.

"If you are taking part in high-risk activities, such as construction, renovation-type activities, cleaning out chicken coops or cages, caving or entering into caves, it's important to wear appropriate respiratory protection, so that you protect yourself from inhaling the infectious spores."

Histoplasmosis is not contagious and cannot be spread person to person.

Dr. Rajapakse recently co-authored a paper on histoplasmosis.

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Infectious Diseases A-Z: Who is at risk of histoplasmosis infection? - Mayo Clinic News Network

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Histoplasmosis is an infection caused by a fungus or mold that often affects the lungs. In the U.S., it is most common in the Ohio and Mississippi river valley areas.

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College of Medicine University of Lagos · Medical Microbiology & Parasitology

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Histoplasmosis can be diagnosed by a blood or urine test, but unless the healthcare provider has reason to suspect histoplasmosis it is typically tested for after other, more common diseases have been ruled out. If necessary, it can be treated by antifungal medications such as Itraconazole.
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Histoplasmosis is a fungal disease caused by an infection of the fungus Histoplasma. Symptoms are typically minor, including fatigue, coughing, and a fever. The danger is when an immunocompromised person becomes infected, as it can become a long-term infection or even be life-threatening.

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Histoplasma is a genus of dimorphic fungi commonly found in bird and bat fecal material. Histoplasma contains a few species, including-Histoplasma capsulatum-the causative agent of histoplasmosis; and Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum (old term, Histoplasma farciminosum), causing epizootic lymphangitis in horses.

This fungus is mainly found in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys in the United States as well as Central/South America, Africa, Asia and Australia.

Histoplasma capsulatum has two forms: its environmental form is hyphae with microconidia and tuberculate macroconidia while its tissue form is a small intracellular yeast with a narrow neck and no bud with no capsule and can be detected in aerobic blood culture bottle. In the saprophytic stage, it bears features of both microconidia and macroconidia. Infection occurs through inhalation of the small microconidia or small mycelia fragments. The dimorphic mold-yeast transforms and enters host macrophages and proliferates within them most often seen in immunodeficient individuals.

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Histoplasma is a genus of dimorphic fungi commonly found in bird and bat fecal material. Histoplasma contains a few species, including-Histoplasma capsulatum -the causative agent of histoplasmosis; and Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum (old term, Histoplasma farciminosum), causing epizootic lymphangitis in horses.

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As you can see, histoplasmosis in the US is most common in Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, and Ohio.

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Histoplasmosis | Types of Diseases | Fungal Diseases | CDC

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People can get histoplasmosis after breathing in the microscopic fungal spores from the air. Although most people who breathe in the spores don't get sick, those who do may have a fever, cough, and fatigue. Many people who get histoplasmosis will get better on their own without medication, but in some people, such as those who have weakened immune systems, the infection can become severe.

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Histoplasmosis is commonly associated with large avian populations, because it thrives in soil with high amounts of bird or bat droppings.
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Histoplasmosis rates have been increasing in Africa since the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. People with HIV or AIDS are significantly more susceptible to the disease; in the past 60 years, almost 40% of new cases in Africa have been people with HIV. Histoplasmosis is commonly confused for tuberculosis, due to their similar symptoms. The difference is that histoplasmosis tends to have more symptoms in HIV patients than tuberculosis does.

Source:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5773084/