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The Archduke and the Countess leave the Town Hall a few minutes before their deaths - Illustrated London News

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1 - The Assassination Of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 

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1 - The Assassination Of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 

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Archduke Francis Ferdinand Of Austria and his wife, Countess Sophie Chotek, were the target of an assassination by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip on the 28th June 1914 in the city of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Princip was one of six assassins in total from the student revolutionary group, Young Bosnia, who wanted to free Bosnia-Herzegovina from the rule of Austria-Hungary. The group placed themselves along the route of the Archduke and his wife’s vehicle, with the intention of assassinating him. The assassins were supplied with arms by extremists, a Serbian Naionalist group, the Black Hand. An earlier attempt on their lives was made when a bomb was thrown at the car by by Nedjeliko Cabrinovitch. However, this was unsuccessful in assassinating the Archduke, instead exploding the car behind. The archduke and his wife arrived at the townhall for the scheduled reception, there deciding to change route to avoid the busy city centre. This decision was failed to be informed to the drivers however, and when told they were going the wrong way, the car stopped right where Gavrilo Princip was waiting. Princip then shot both the Archduke and his wife, succeeding in the group’s goal of assassination. The assassination kick started the July Crisis, a month-long chain reaction of events. It began with an Austrian ultimatum to Serbia and ended with declarations of war by the Great Powers of Europe. Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph declared war on Serbia on July 28th. This declaration of war triggered a chain reaction that quickly involved the rest of Europe due to alliances that were already formed. Russia, who were in alliance with Serbia, immediately began preparing for war against Austria-Hungary. Germany’s rulers declared war on Russia on August 1st as a result of this.

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The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]), 23 Aug. 1914. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress

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The port of Tsingtao in China was the home base of German Navy’s East Asia Squadron, and was a major trading destination. As the First World War broke out, Japan stepped in. 'Japan had acted in this matter upon request of Great Britain, with which nation she had signed a treaty of alliance, on August 12, 1905'1, and set about attempting to obtain Tsingtao to try get the upperhand. On the 15th of August, Japan requested Germany transfer control of Tsingtao, Germany refusing in response. This then led to Japan declaring war on Germany on the 23rd of August, with both British and Japanese soldiers fighting against Germany, which ended in their defeat on November 7th 1914.

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Belgian Caribiners attacking a rading party of German Calvary (Uhlans), Ypres, Flanders, Belgium, November 17, 1914. Underwood Archives

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3 - The First Battle Of Marne - Allies Stop The German Invasion Of Paris

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3 - The First Battle Of Marne - Allies Stop The German Invasion Of Paris

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The First Battle of the Marne was fought from September 6th to the 12th of 1914, following Germany successfully invading Belgium and then advancing into France. Despite Germany managing to push back both British and French armies, the right flank of the German army had a gap, and France and Britain took this as their chance to attack. The German army was encircled, leaving them no option but to retreat to safety, saving Paris from defeat. The failed invasion from Germany was a major defeat for them as it ended their plan, known as the Schlieffen plan, to quickly end the battle between France and Germany and gain control.

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Troops of the 2nd Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, manning French trenches at Vermelles, June 1915. Imperial War Museum

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4 - A Long Standstill On The Western Front

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4 - A Long Standstill On The Western Front

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After the First Battle of Marne, France couldn’t advance further into French territory, and both sides were unable to strike successfully. This led to the digging of trenches from each side. With this development of warfare from trenches, both Armies began trying to push through to each others front lines. Germany had the upperhand as they could choose where to stand. The stalemate in the trenches lasted from 1915 to 1917, both sides attempting to break through each others front line during this period, creating some of the most deadly battles in the entire war, such as the Battle Of Somme and the Battle Of Verdun. Both these battles came with great casualties for both sides, yet little progress as any advancement from Germany was returned with France pushing them back.

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British army officers in a trench at Anzac Cove during the Gallipoli Campaign of World War I. Mary Evans Picture Library Ltd

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5 - Allies Attack Turkey In The Gallipoli Campaign

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5 - Allies Attack Turkey In The Gallipoli Campaign

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With the French and German western front at a standstill, the Allies considered launching an offensive in another part of the conflict. In early 1915, Russia requested British aid following a Turkish attack on Russian ports in late October 1914 and the Russian declaration of war on the Ottomans on November 2nd. Britain and France planned a naval assault to conquer the Dardanelles Strait, a narrow waterway in northwestern Turkey, in order to gain control of the Mediterranean. The offensive began in February 1915, when the Allies launched a battleship attack on Dardanelles. The attack was a failure due to the Turkish army sinking three of the ships and causing damage to many more. The Allies then arrived at the beaches in Gallipoli during the months of April and May, but the casualties were dire for the Allies, who ultimately decided to evacuate in January 1916, awarding the Ottomans their victory.

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The daily Missourian.  (Columbia, Mo.), 06 April 1917. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.

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On the 6th April 1917, the United States of America officially entered the war. At the start of the war in 1914, the USA stated they would remain neutral in the conflict, which was seen as a great decision across the country. However, this changed after the sinking of the British ocean liner Lusitania by a German U-boat in 1915, public opinion on neutrality began to shift. Nearly 2,000 passengers died, including 128 Americans. This turned many citizens of the USA against Germany, and these opinions were further pushed when Britain delivered a telegram they had intercepted from Arthur Zimmerman, who was the current Foreign Minister for Germany, which was meant for Mexico. The telegram was encouraging Mexico to join allegiance with Germany in the war against the United States. As Mexico is right on the border of the USA, this invitation raised alarm bells for the USA, and the American president, Woodrow Wilson, addressed congress on the 2nd of April, requesting war against Germany. On April 6th 1917, the United States of America officially entered World War One against Germany, joining the Allies.

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German infantry of an assault division in training for the Spring Offensive (taken by a German photographer).Image no Q 55483,  the Imperial War Museum

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From the 21st of March to August 6th of 1918, The German Spring Offensive began, and it was the last German attempt to win the war. Germany knew the arrival of forces from the United States would be detrimental, and so they decided their best attempt for victory was to act with a series of offences before the USA’s arrival. On the 21st of March, the offensive started with Operation Michael, and started off as a great success for Germany, the British Front Line suffering breakthroughs from the constant hounding by the German army. However, this short period of success didn’t last as Germany struggled with their supply line and couldn’t keep up with their advancements. This gave British and French armies a chance to prevent further German advancement, and by June the offensive had lost its traction. The Allies were concentrating their strength, and so Germany launched their last attack, the Second Battle Of Marne on the 15th of June. This attack was anticipated by the Allies, and Germany were unsuccessful in advancing due to their high casualties.

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Soldiers celebrating World War I Armistice in November, 1918.Time Life Pictures/US Army Signal Corps/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images

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8 - The 100 Day Offensive and The Surrender Of The Central Powers

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8 - The 100 Day Offensive and The Surrender Of The Central Powers

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After the failure of the Second Battle of Marne, there was a quick and detrimental amount of attacks on Germany by the Allies on the Western Front. Germany had little success in these attacks, the Allies continuing to push the Germans back as they had no other option but to retreat. This was known as the 100 Day Offensive, and on September 29th Germany had to retreat on a massive scale due to a break in their Front Line. This began the signing of armistices by Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire as the Allies were surrounding them and they had no assistance from Germany due to their own struggle on the front line as well as food shortages back in Germany. Germanys allegiances were disappearing, and they were outmatched against the Allies, the heavy casualties from the 100 Day Offensive leaving them struggling to keep up.  On the 11th November 1918, Germany finally surrendered, signing an armistice with the Allies, who were also ready to stop fighting.