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Hi! My name is Nurain Azreena. I go by the name Rin. Im an average 21 years old girl that lives in Selangor. My passion is to succeed in everything I do in life. My favourite motivational quote is “success is not final, failure is not fatal. Its the courage to continue that counts”.

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Assalamualaikum and hi everyone! My name is Mohd Noor Faiz bin Ikhsan, my family and friends call me Faiz. I'm 25 years old and I was born and grew up in Parit Raja, Johor. I am always passionate when it comes to anything that I love to do such as big projects and games. I don't have any favorite quote but I always stand by my attitude which is I don't care what people say about me, my life my rules, their life, their own business.

P/S: Don't mind the photo, gonna change it later, I hate taking photos, so I don't have many photo taken.

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NIK FATIHAH BINTI N MOHD FARID (2020861778)

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NIK FATIHAH BINTI N MOHD FARID (2020861778)

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Hi! My name is Nik Fatihah Binti N Mohd Farid, and feel free to call me Nik. Well, I’m 23 and I grew up in Bachok, Kelantan. I don’t have anything I’m passionate about, but whatever decision I make, I know that I have my family behind my back, and that is what keeps me going. As my favorite quote goes, “believe you can and you’re halfway there”

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NORFAIZUL BIN MUHAMAD RAHMAD (2020853568)

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NORFAIZUL BIN MUHAMAD RAHMAD (2020853568)

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Hello! My name is Norfaizul bin Muhamad Rahmad. Everyone can call me Faizul or Zul. I am 21 years old. I was born and grew up in my hometown which is Miri, Sarawak. I am passionate about my dream and will never give up even though how though to it takes me to achieve my dreams. My favorite motivational quote is every failure is a step to success. These quotes motivate me to never give up even had to face failure because I trust that one-day failure will bring success to my life.

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Hi I'm Nursyarfariena binti kamal. Also known as riena , or syarfa. I used to live in Cheras KL. By now I'm 23 years old, as I graduate with a diploma in science at UiTM Tapah Perak. My passion is don't give up no matter what and aim for the best. The quote that motivates me the most is there is no excuse for not trying.

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Distribution Co-efficient:
# Define The ratio of the total equilibrium concentration of solute in 2 phases.
# DC shows how much the concentration of solute is among 2 phases at equilibrium.
# The greater value of DC means it has a higher affinity for the organic phase than the aqueous phase.
# It causes the solute easier to extract compared with another solute.

Selectivity:
#Selectivity must be considered if the liquid has more than 1 solute.
# selectivity, in this case, means the ability of one solute to be extracted by a solvent compared to another solute in the liquid mixture.
# charasteristic of solvent must be able to extract the maximum amount of solvent a compared to solvent b
# When the polarity of solvent is similar to the polarity of solute A, it will attract solute A without attracting solute B.

Reference:
#https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Analytical_Sciences_Digital_Library/JASDL/Courseware/Separation_Science/02_Text/01_Liquid-Liquid_Extraction
#http://www.separationprocesses.com/Extraction/SE_Solvent.htm

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* Insolubility of solvent is the inability of solvents to form a solution, mix or react with feed.
* Solubility and polarity are related.
* The substances with the same type of polarity will be soluble in one another.
* Compounds with differing polarities will be insoluble in one another.
* The lower the insolubility of the solvent in the feed solution, the cleaner the LLE.
* Frequently used, one of the solvents is water or an aqueous mixture and the other is a nonpolar organic liquid.

References:
1) Solubility and polarity: https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Furman_University/CHM101%3A_Chemistry_and_Global_Awareness_(Gordon)/04%3A_Valence_Electrons_and_Bonding/4.11%3A_Applications_and_Solubility_of_Covalent_Compounds#:~:text=Polar%20species%20are%20soluble%20in,be%20insoluble%20in%20one%20another.

2) Research papers related with LLE: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/liquid-liquid-extraction

3) LLE experiment with two solvents being immiscible with each other: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tmqUVSVPo4

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Watch how to separate or extract organic solvents from aqueous solutions using a separating funnel. At the Royal Society of Chemistry we provide education resources via our website Learn Chemistry to enhance teaching and learning. The find more laboratory technique videos view our resource: http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resource/res00001064/the-interactive-lab-primer

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A large difference in density between extract and raffinate phases permits high capacities in equipment. This is especially important for extraction devices utilizing gravity for phase separation.
#The two liquid phases can easily be separated if the density difference between the two liquid phases is sufficiently high.
#If the difference is too small but all other properties are okay, centrifugal extractors must be used.
#If the densities of both liquid phases are nearly identical, separation cannot be realized

reference:
1. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ie502909k
2. http://www.separationprocesses.com/Extraction/SE_Solvent.htm

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* The force of attraction between molecules at the interface of two fluids is known as interfacial tension. Interfacial tension is the property between any two substances. It could be liquid-liquid, liquid-solid or solid-air.
* The greater the interfacial tension, the easier it is for emulsions to form, yet the more difficult it is for one liquid to disperse in the other. The easier phase separation is, the more readily the emulsions form.
For example:
* When two immiscible liquids come into touch, they will try to keep the interface as little as possible. As a result, mixing the two liquids is extremely difficult.
* When they're shaken together, spherical droplets develop because the liquids want to keep their surface areas as tiny as possible and maintain an interfacial tension between them.
* When a "surface active" substance is added, the molecules will tend to align between the two faces, with the polar ends in the polar phase and the non polar ends in the non polar phase, lowering interfacial tension. The two liquids will become miscible.
References:
- https://www.biolinscientific.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-surface-and-interfacial-tension
- https://web.mit.edu/nnf/education/wettability/interfacial.html

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What is the difference between surface and interfacial tension?

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This blog explains the difference between surface and interfacial tension.

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- It is always necessary to recover the solvent for re-use, and this must ordinarily be done by other means such as distillation.

- Solvent recovery is a form of waste reduction. In–process solvent recovery is widely used as an alternative to solvent replacement to reduce waste generation

- As an example, if distillation is to be used, the solvent should form no azeotrope with the extracted solute and mixtures should show high relative volatility. The solvent should also be thermally stable under the distillation temperature

- Distillation and condensation can be used to separate and recover solvent from other liquids. Removal efficiency can be very high using this process and can be used for solvent mixtures as well as single solvents.

References :

Dhawane, S. H., Al-Sakkari, E. G., & Yadav, D. (2022). Cost-effective viable solutions for existing technologies. Hazardous Waste Management, 381–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-824344-2.00033-1

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Traditional solvent, employs an organic solvent and an aqueous solution as the two immiscible phases and the increasing emphasis on the adoption of clean manufacturing processes and environmentally benign technologies may make such processes seem increasingly anachronistic because of their high usage of toxic, flammable, volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

The costs of solvents are high and their safe engineering attracts significant capital costs over and above simple containment. Disposal of spent extractants and diluents will also attract increasing costs through the impact of environmental protection regulations. So much are VOCs the normal media for organic synthetic processes, that current worldwide usage of these materials has been estimated at over 5 billion dollars per annum

https://doi.org/10.1039/A803999B

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1) Petrochemical Industries - used membrane separation to separate the organic mixture, air separation, and remove the moisture content and CO2 from natural gas.
2) Oil and Gas Industry - Produced water (PM) is the large wastewater generate from this industry. it consists of a complex mixture, of organic and inorganic components. the purpose of membrane separation is to separate or filter the wastewater before being disposed of or released into the environment.
3) Food Industries - In the food industry it is mainly used for water purification, concentration and clarification of fruit juices, clarification of alcoholic beverages, production of protein concentrates, and more.
4) Wastewater Treatment -  Membrane separation is used in wastewater treatment for process microfiltration, reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, electrodialysis, osmotic evaporation, and liquid membrane.
Reference (Journal)
5) Desalination of Seawater - The most commercially effective membrane desalination technique is reverse osmosis. Pressure differences are used in reverse osmosis to successfully separate fresh water from its salty counterpart.
In a typical osmotic process, the solvent (in this case, water) migrates through a semi-permeable membrane (such as a coffee filter) until the salt concentrations in both reservoirs are equal. The fact that a solvent will naturally flow from a low solute concentration area to a high solute concentration area causes this phenomenon.
*https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293202458_Application_of_membrane_separation_technology_in_petrochemical_industry
*https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269106798_Applications_Of_Membrane_Separation_Technology_For_Oil_And_-_Gas_Produced_Water_Treatment
*https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/25859951.pdf

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QUESTION 2 - THE BENEFITS OF MEMBRANE SEPARATION

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QUESTION 2 - THE BENEFITS OF MEMBRANE SEPARATION

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1)  Oil and Gas Industries - The usage of membrane filtration technologies such as UF, MF and NF has posed several advantages in the treatment of oilfield-produced water. Firstly, the technology is more widely applicable across a range of industries such as off shore and on shore oil exploration. Secondly, the operation is practically easy to handle and requires minimal supervision. Thirdly, it can be fully automated to eliminate labor and human error. Fourth, operators have turned to membrane filtration schemes due to their potential to minimize additional costs and disposal issues. Fifth,  membrane systems can dominate over more complex treatment systems in terms of treating oily wastewater that is high in oil content, and sand mall particle size with flow rates more than 150 m3 /h.

Journal article: http://www.ukm.my/mjas/v21_n3/pdf/SyarifahNazirah_21_3_14.pdf

2) Food Industries - First, using cold pasteurization and sterilization with suitable membranes instead of high-temperature treatment for the removal of microorganisms is more economical in terms of energy consumption, quality of products, and minimizing loss of nutritional value. Second, using membrane filtration to remove microorganisms for shelf-life extension of foods instead of using additives and preservatives also create a green image for the processed foods as well as for the processing procedure. Third,  concentration by membrane filtration instead of thermal evaporation does not employ severe heating and that it preserves the natural taste of food products and the nutritional value of heat-sensitive components. Fourth,  in sugar processing factories membrane clarification and concentration reduce the energy losses in evaporation and chemical usage in the purification section by conventional methods.

Journal article:
http://www.ijarse.com/images/fullpdf/1524923988_JK1938IJARSE.pdf

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3) Wastewater Industry

Membrane separation in the wastewater industry provides a simple, low-cost, and easy-to-use solution for separating undesirable components from wastewater. Additionally, there is no need for complicated control systems. Membranes are manufactured with great selectivity based on the substances that must be separated. In general, the selectivity values for membrane separation are greater than the typical volatility values for distillation processes.

Membrane separation makes the removal of germs and particulates relatively convenient. The operation's ease and automation need less operator attention, making them suited for modest system applications.

Membrane separation techniques are suitable at both the molecular and macroscale levels, necessitating their use for many separations. There is no need to alter the phase to identify membrane separation processes. Therefore, the energy demand is lower, unless it is necessary to raise the pressure of the feed stream to force the permeate stream through the membrane.

Membrane techniques are economical and environmentally
friendly one because it is simple, efficient,
and based on nonharmful materials.

https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202100259

4) Petrochemical Industry

Membrane engineering has many benefits over traditional CO2 separation methods, including a cheaper capital investment need, simple operation, and the use of more compact equipment.

Membrane separation technology has several advantages over conventional techniques, including complete dependability, expansion ease, high flexibility in terms of an easy startup as a result of plant variations, and immediate response to the variation itself, as well as a low need for process control.

The membrane-based Volatile Organic Compound, VOC elimination technique may be performed at room temperature, which is a significant energy-saving benefit.

Consequently, an increase in membrane life would have a favorable effect on the economics of the whole membrane process, making membrane technology attractive and competitive on an industrial scale.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2020.106464