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During the early childhood stage, children tend to be energetic, curiosity, and eagerness. During these preschool years, children are at the age to gain more motor skills. They use their creativity and imagination with everything they do.

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At the age of three, children become peaceful, relaxed, and cooperative. Fewer emotional outbursts and comply with adult requests most of the time. 3-year-old also starts accepting others, which is helpful when it comes to group playing. They become very curious and have the urge to discover everything they can around them.

Growth and Physical Characteristics:
- Gains an average of 3-5 pounds per year
- Has a full set of baby teeth
- Visual acuity is approximately 20/40

Motor Development:
- Feeds self
- Shows improved control of crayons and markers
- Begins to show hand dominance

Perceptual-Cognitive Development
- Listens attentively to age-appropriate stories
- Plays realistically
- Identifies a triangle, a circle, and a square

Speech and Language Development:
- Talks about the actions of others
- Answers simple questions appropriately
- Vocabulary has increased; now uses 300 to 1,000 words

Social-Emotional Development:
- Seems to understand taking turns
- Has occasional nightmares and fears about monsters, darkness, fire or being left behind
- Talks to self often

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The most energetic, overflowing with activity and being a chatter-box. Unlike a 3-year-old, 4-year-olds are stubborn and have arguments with other children and adults. They try adults' patience with nonsense talk and silly jokes, constant chatter, and endless questions.

Growth and Physical Characteristics:
- Heart rate (pulse) average 90-110 beats per minute
- Requires approximately 1,700 calories daily
- Visual acuity is approximately 20/30

Motor Development:
- Hops on one foot
- Runs, starts, stops, and move around obstacles with ease
- Forms shapes and objects out of clay

Perceptual-Cognitive Development:
- Rote counts to twenty or more
- Creating silly language
- Indicates whether paired words sound the same

Speech and Language Development:
- Uses possessives consistently
- Use mostly entirely intelligible speech
- Recites and sings simple songs

Social-Emotional Development:
- Can be overly enthusiastic at times
- Shows pride in accomplishments
- Use name-calling and taunting as ways of excluding other children

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A five-year-old has grasped more advanced concepts such as telling time, understanding a calendar, expressing complex thoughts, and classifying objects based on more than one dimension.

Growth and Physical Characteristics:
- Head size is approximate to an adults
- Begins to lose baby teeth
- Visual tracking and binocular vision are well developed

Motor Development:
- Can walk a balance beam
- Cuts on the line with scissors
- Begins to color within the lines

Perceptual-Cognitive Development:
- Sorts objects based on two dimensions
- Rote counts to 20 and more
- Recognizes and identifies a penny, nickel, and dime

Speech and Language Development:
- Has a vocabulary of 1,500 words or more
- Answers phone appropriately
- Can form sentences with five to seven words

Social-Emotional Development:
- Enjoys friendship
- Participates in group play
- Usually affectionate and caring especially toward younger or injured children and animals

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At this age, both boys and girls are becoming more competent at managing their own needs. They're able to dressing, toileting, eating, getting up, and getting ready for school. Rules are implemented at this age, that they will follow such as; mealtimes, television, and chores. Six-, seven-, and eight-year-olds are ready and eager to attend school, even though they are anxious when the time comes.

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Six-year-olds typically have a hard time making their own decisions and, at times, are overwhelmed by unfamiliar situations. The changes in their cognitive abilities enable them to see the rules as useful for understanding everyday events and the behavior of others.

Growth and Physical Characteristics:
- Continues to grow slowly but steadily
- Has a visual acuity of approximately 20/20
- Requires approximately 1,600 to 1,700 calories per day

Motor Development:
- Gain greater control over large and fine motor skills
- Has increased dexterity and eye-hand coordination along with improve motor functioning
- Folds and cuts paper into simple shapes

Perceptual-Cognitive Development:
- Shows increased attention span
- Recognizes some words by sight
- Can identify familiar coins

Speech and Language Development:
- Known as a chatterbox for their non-stop talking
- Uses appropriate verb tenses, word order, and sentence structure
- Enjoys being read to and making up stories

Social-Emotional Development:
- Experience sudden mood swings
-May become increasingly fearful of darkness, thunderstorm, weird noises or sounds

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Seven-year-olds are becoming more aware of themselves as individuals. They work hard at being responsible, being "good", and doing things "right". They take themselves too seriously that when they fail, they may become overly frustrated, or withdraw. They are also becoming more reasonable to deal with, cooperative, and willing to share. Become very attentive and listener. They become perfectionists, if it isn't as perfect, emotional outbursts may tend to happen.

Growth and Physical Characteristics:
- Grows slowly and steady
- Develops a longer, leaner adultlike appearance
- Continues to experience frequent respiratory infections and other minor illnesses

Eating
- Easily distracted during mealtimes by conversations and things going on elsewhere
- Knows their table manners
- Shows interest in foods

Perceptual-Cognitive Development:
- Children are beginning to understand that two differently shaped containers can hold the same amount of liquid
- Has better reading skills than spelling skills

Sleeping
- Averages 10-11 hours of sleep at night
- Most nights, they prepare themselves for bed

Social-Emotional Development;
- Participates in organized group activities
- Likes to be competitive. making activities turn into challenges
- Has an interest in art

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Eight-year-olds display a great enthusiasm for life. They experience very strong feelings for having independence and are eager to make their own decisions with their friends. Regardless of how strong those feelings are for having independence, they still need an adult's guidance and to feel the love and security of a family. At this is, there is a small percentage of children who experience anger, aggressiveness, and bullying behavior. Approximately 40-80 percent of school-age children report being bullied. Many schools and communities have set up many anti-bullying programs to reduce the behavior.

Growth and Physical Characteristics:
- Has nearly 20/20 vision
- Is generally healthy and experiences fewer illnesses than younger

Motor Development:
- Seeks out opportunities to participate in team activities and games
- Endless energy

Perceptual-Cognitive Development:
- Saves money for small purchases
- Begins taking interest in what others think and do

Eating:
- Is willing to try new foods
- Finished food quicker to resume activity
- Takes pride in using table manners

Sleeping:
- 10-11 hours are required
- Sometimes gets ready themselves while family members are still asleep

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Middle Childhood: 9, 10, 11, and 12-year-olds

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Middle Childhood: 9, 10, 11, and 12-year-olds

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As children enter middle childhood, they are exposed to expanding environments and responsibilities. School and other activities become more important than spending time with their parents. As children explore their environment more, they begin to develop their own sense of self.

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At the ages of 9 and 10, they become well-observed and are able to find themselves. They become content with themselves. Though, 9-year-olds still have their emotional outburst which doesn't mellow down until 10-year-olds. Home and family still provide that security and love for them. Children at this age also find school enjoyable.

Growth and Physical Characteristics:
- Grows at a slow and irregular rate
- Begins to experience early prepubertal changes

Motor Development:
- Enjoys team sports, but still needs to develop complex skill
- Takes great joy and pride in writing and perfecting handwriting skills

Perceptual-Cognitive Development:
- Hands-on involvement optimizes learning
- Uses reading and writing skills for activities outside of school

Speech-Language Development:
- Often nonstop talking and for no specific reason
- Finds humor in using illogical metaphors

Social-Emotional Development:
- Children begin to develop the concepts of fairness, honesty, and distinguishing right from wrong during this stage
- Responds with name-calling and teasing when provoked

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11- and 12-year-olds are energetic and enjoy participating in organized physical activities or sports. At this age, their health is good and they begin to understand a healthy lifestyle. 11- and 12-year-olds also begin to become curious and worried about serious health conditions.

Growth and Physical Characteristics:
- Gains muscle mass and strength, especially boys; girls often reach their maximum muscle strength by age twelve
- Girls are the first to experience a puberty

Motor Development:
- Requires outlets for the release of excess energy that builds during the school day
- Has an abundance of energy but also fatigues quickly
- Improved fine motor skills enable children to attempt and be successful at new activities

Perceptual-Cognitive Development:
- Develops detailed plans and lists to reach the desired goal
- Researching and solving problems is fun for children at this age
- Begins thinking in more abstract terms

Speech-Language Development:
- Completes majority of language development at this age
- Uses more complex sentence structures
- Become a thoughtful listener

Social-Emotional Development:
- Organizes group games and activities, buy may modify rules while the game is in progress
- Develops a critical and idealistic view of the world