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Atlantic Charter 1941- statement issued on 14 August 1941 that set out American and British goals for the world after the end of World War II
Casablanca 1943- President Roosevelt announced that he and Churchill had decided that the only way to ensure postwar peace was to adopt a policy of unconditional surrender
Terhan Conference 1943- strategy meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943, after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. It was held in the Soviet Union's embassy in Tehran, Iran
Yalta Conference 1945- meeting of three World War II allies: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin
Potsdam Conference 1945-  held in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945 to allow the three leading Allies to plan the postwar peace, while avoiding the mistakes of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919
United Nations 1945- international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights
Satellite Nations 1946-1948- included Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and East Germany. Each had a Communist government. In the West they were called satellites because they clung closely to the Soviet Union like satellites round a planet
German "zones of occupation"- The American, British, and French zones together made up the western two-thirds of Germany, while the Soviet zone comprised the eastern third
"Iron Curtain"- political boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991

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The United Nations Is Created | Flashback | History

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In this political cartoon, it shows a man looking like he is trying to see under the "wall". The wall is dividing Europe and says No admittance. This is showing that Europe was politically divided, and Europe literally split.

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Containment Policy- foreign policy strategy followed by the United States during the Cold War. First laid out by George F. Kennan in 1947, the policy stated that communism needed to be contained and isolated, or else it would spread to neighboring countries
Truman Doctrine- the principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or Communist insurrection
Marshall Plan- U.S.-sponsored program designed to rehabilitate the economies of 17 western and southern European countries in order to create stable conditions in which democratic institutions could survive in the aftermath of World War II
Berlin Airlift- Soviet forces blockaded rail, road, and water access to Allied-controlled areas of Berlin, so United States and United Kingdom responded by airlifting food and fuel to Berlin from Allied airbases in western Germany
National Security Act 1947- law enacting major restructuring of the United States government's military and intelligence agencies following World War II
NSC-68- 66-page top secret National Security Council policy paper drafted by the Department of State and Department of Defense and presented to President Harry S. Truman on 7 April 1950
China- Mao and Stalin safeguarded the national interests of China and the Soviet Union with the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance
Korean War- fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South Korea
Truman vs. McCarthy-  He shamed McCarthy and said that he is a liar and unfit to have a hand in the operation of the Government of the U.S. His tone was stern and harsh
Sputnik- first artificial Earth satellite, launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957 as part of the Soviet space program
Eisenhower Doctrine- stated that a Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression
U-2 Incident- May 1 1960, a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down by the Soviet Air Defense Forces while performing photographic aerial reconnaissance deep inside Soviet territory
“ Military Industrial Complex”- relationship between a country's military and the defense industry that supplies it, seen together as a vested interest which influences public policy

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House Un-American activities committee (HUAC)

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House Un-American activities committee (HUAC)

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HUAC was created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and rebel activities on the part of private citizens, public employees and organizations suspected of having Communist ties. Citizens suspected of having ties to the communist party would be tried in a court of law.

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Dennis v. United States, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 4, 1951, upheld the constitutionality of the Smith Act (1940), which made it a criminal offense to advocate the violent overthrow of the government or to organize or be a member of any group or society devoted to such advocacy.

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Alger Hiss (November 11, 1904 – November 15, 1996) was an American government official accused in 1948 of having spied for the Soviet Union in the 1930s. Statutes of limitations had expired for espionage, but he was convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950.

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It tightened alien exclusion and deportation laws and allowed for the detention of dangerous, disloyal, or subversive persons in times of war or "internal security emergency". The act had implications for thousands of people displaced because of the Second World War.

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He is known for alleging that numerous communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers had infiltrated the United States federal government, universities, film industry, and elsewhere. Ultimately, the smear tactics that he used led him to be censured by the U.S. Senate.

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The Army–McCarthy hearings were a series of hearings held by the United States Senate's Subcommittee on Investigations (April–June 1954) to investigate conflicting accusations between the United States Army and U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy.

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A strategy used in order to educate children and adult members of society what to do in case of an atomic bomb attack or nuclear attack of any kind.

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U.S. defense strategy in which a wide range of diplomatic, political, economic, and military options are used to deter an enemy attack.

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It was the opening phase of a secret mission to overthrow Fidel Castro and, President John F. Kennedy hoped, halt the spread of communism throughout the world.

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The Cuban missile crisis marked the climax of an acutely antagonistic period in U.S.-Soviet relations. The crisis also marked the closest point that the world had ever come to global nuclear war.

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SALT I is considered the crowning achievement of the Nixon-Kissinger strategy of détente. The ABM Treaty limited strategic missile defenses to 200 interceptors each and allowed each side to construct two missile defense sites, one to protect the national capital, the other to protect one ICBM field.

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The application of the Nixon Doctrine "opened the floodgates" of US military aid to allies in the Persian Gulf. That in turn helped set the stage for the Carter Doctrine and for the subsequent direct US military involvement of the Gulf War and the Iraq War.

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SALT II was a series of talks between American and Soviet negotiators from 1972 to 1979 that sought to curtail the manufacture of strategic nuclear weapons. It was a continuation of the SALT I talks and was led by representatives from both countries.

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During the 1980s, President Ronald Reagan initiated the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), an anti-ballistic missile program that was designed to shoot down nuclear missiles in space. Otherwise known as “Star Wars,” SDI sought to create a space-based shield that would render nuclear missiles obsolete.

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Under the Reagan Doctrine, the United States provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "roll back" Soviet-backed pro-communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

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Between 1981 and 1986, senior administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to the Khomeini government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo. The administration hoped to use the proceeds of the arms sale to fund the Contras in Nicaragua.

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Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (born 2 March 1931) is a Russian and former Soviet politician. The eighth and final leader of the Soviet Union, he was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991.

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The policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information, initiated by leader Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985.

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The policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political system. First proposed by Leonid Brezhnev in 1979 and actively promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev, perestroika originally referred to increased automation and labor efficiency, but came to entail greater awareness of economic markets and the ending of central planning.

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The fall of the Wall marked the first critical step towards German reunification, which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 October 1990 with the dissolution of East Germany and the official reunification of the German state along the democratic lines of the West German Basic Law.

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Election 1952- November 4, 1952, Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower won a landslide victory over Democrat Adlai Stevenson II, which ended a string of Democratic Party wins
Babyboomers- a person who was born between 1946 and 1964. Post World War baby boom.
Salk Vaccine (Polio/ Jonas Salk)- 1955, Salk developed the inactivated poliovirus vaccine; thus began widespread immunisation. Cases decreased after this.
Television- Television production widely increased after the second World War, and it changed the American entertainment landscape.
Universal Automatic Computer- first general-purpose electronic digital computer design for business application produced in the United States. It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of the ENIAC
Federal Highway act 1956- The law authorized the construction of a 41,000-mile network of interstate highways that would span the nation. It also allocated $26 billion to pay for them. Under the terms of the law, the federal government would pay 90 percent of the cost of expressway construction
Levittown- first truly mass-produced suburb and is widely regarded as the archetype for postwar suburbs throughout the country
Benjamin Spock- American pediatrician and liberal political activist whose book Baby and Child Care is one of the best-selling books of the twentieth century
Sierra Club- environmental organization with chapters in all 50 United States, Washington D.C., and Puerto Rico
Impact of Sputnik on Education- its beeping signal from space galvanized the United States to enact reforms in science and engineering education so that the nation could regain technological ground it appeared to have lost to its Soviet rival
Beatniks- a media stereotype, displayed the more superficial aspects of the Beat Generation
Rock-n-Roll- encouraged new freedoms, encouraged fads among teens, and sparked a generation gap between the generation prior and the one following

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de jure/De Facto Segregation- separation that exists even though laws do not require it

Brown v Board of Education- Court ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality.

Little Rock Central High School- site of forced desegregation in 1957 after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional three years earlier

Montgomery Bus Boycott- political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama, stemming from Rosa Park's arrest

Dr. Martin Luther King ( Soul Force)- activist who became the most visible spokesman and leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)- African-American civil rights organization based in Atlanta, Georgia

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)- principal channel of student commitment in the United States to the civil rights movement during the 1960s

Freedom Rides- groups of white and African American civil rights activists who participated in Freedom Rides, bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals

March on Washington- held in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963. The purpose of the march was to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans

Freedom Summer- volunteer campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)- a parallel political party designed to simultaneously encourage Black political participation while challenging the validity of Mississippi's lily-white Democratic Party

Voting Rights Act- outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting

Watts Riot- Los Angeles from August 11 to 16, 1965. On August 11, 1965, Marquette Frye, a 21-year-old African American man, was pulled over for drunken driving

Malcolm X- African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a prominent figure during the civil rights movement. A spokesman for the Nation of Islam until 1964, he was a vocal advocate for black empowerment and the promotion of Islam within the black community

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While the court ruled separate but equal facilities, Brown argued that separate WAS unequal. This cartoon shows Court getting rid of segregation, but still having separate facilities.

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The New Left- organizations that held liberal, radical, and Marxist political movements.

Free speech movement- Groups of college students at colleges around the nation were inspired by the first few civil rights struggles. At the University of California at Berkeley in 1964 groups of students protested for an end to political activities.

Hippies/ Haught-Ashbury- Hippies are defined as young people with alternative beliefs. Haught-Ashbury was a haven hippies used to get away from the straight and narrow world to have fun. hippies are known for their casual drugs and open sexuality.

American Indian Movement- A native American organization that was founded in 1968. This organization was against and protested government policies and native American injustices. one of the examples of the organizations created in the armed occupation of wounded knee south Dakota. The occupation of wounded knee happened in February 1973 when they occupied the site of the 1890 massacre of Sioux. the groups insisted the government honored treaty obligations that were made in the past. the organizations also wanted economic independence, to heal traditional culture, to own their native land again, and to have protection over legal rights.

La Raza Unida- Or the United people Party, was a political movement that was formed to get better jobs, pay, education, and housing for Mexican Americans

Cesar Chavez- was a labor leader, farmworker, and civil rights activist who helped had helped create the National Farmworkers association which later led to the United Farm Workers. these associations help to provide more positive conditions for migrant labor workers on farms and unionize them.

The Stone Wall Riots- They were multiple violent demonstrations by the lgbtq+ community. they demonstrated violence again in a police raid that happened on June 28th, 1969 at the stonewall in Greenwich, New York City. This is thought to be one of the first equal rights demonstrations and activism for the lgbtq+ community. these riots were followed by many more demonstrations for equal rights led by the Gay Liberation Front and other civil rights organizations.

The Feminine Mystique- happened in 1963 when Betty Friedan depicted how women struggle so much because all they are supposed to care about are their family and never themselves. they say that they weren't allowed to use their talents because it would be an attack on domesticity.

National Organization for Women (NOW) - is the largest feminist organization in the US. NOW was founded in 1966 and called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. there are over 500000 members with 550 chapters in all 50 us states.

Roe v Wade- in 1973 the supreme court ruled 7-2 that the Texas law was unconstitutional because of the 14th amendment. all-state laws could not restrict abortions because it is against the constitution based on women's right to privacy.

Rachel Carson's Silent Springs- was a book that sparked a real environmentalist movement: it introduced the adverse environmental effects of DDT and the fact that it would kill the environment and there would be no birds to sing. It was A book was written to voice the concerns of environmentalists.

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The Stonewall Riots and Marsha P Johnson and Sylvia Rivera

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The Stonewall Riots and Marsha P Johnson and Sylvia Rivera

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The Stonewall Riots: How the gay rights movement began

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Earth day- started on April 22nd, 1970, and was an international day to spread awareness about environmental issues.

Election 1972- Placed Nixon against Democrat George McGovern, with the former being the embodiment of the radical movements Nixon's "silent majority" of middle-class Americans opposed, the Southern Strategy, which resulted in a victory for Nixon by a landslide

OPEC- or Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is an economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that control the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.

New federalism- refers to the transfer of certain powers from the federal government to the state governments. It helped revive the state's autonomy and power which it had lost with the New Deal.

Watergate Scandal- A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Saturday Night Massacre-  Richard Nixon's executive dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus on October 20, 1973 during the Watergate scandal.

US v Nixon- The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive privilege was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions. War Powers Act of 1973.

Nixon Pardoned- the President at that point in time, the pardon of Richard Nixon removed all punishment towards Richard Nixon as a result of Nixon's attempt to steal information from the Democratic Party at Watergate.

Iranian Revolution- events involving the overthrow of Iran's monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and its replacement with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution.

Iran Hostage Crisis- Iranian militants, or citizens with guns stormed the U.S. Embassy in tehran and took approximately 70 Americans captive. This was a terrorist act which triggered the most serious crisis of the Carter Presidency and began a struggle/problem for Jimmy Carter and the American people that lasted 444 days.

Camp David Accords- a peace treaty in 1978 between israel and egypt issuing from talks at Camp David between Egyptian President Sadat, Israeli Prime Minister Begin, and the host, U.S. President Carter signed in 1979.

Proposition 13- 1978 proposition passed by California which slashed property taxes and forced painful cuts in government services. This "tax revolt" reflected the growing anti-big government, anti-welfare sentiment that Reagan capitalized on during his presidential campaign.

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The Watergate Scandal: Timeline and Background