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Henry VIII ascended to the English throne in 1509 after his father, Henry VII, who established the Tudor dynasty and brought stability after the Wars of the Roses. During his reign, Henry introduced radical changes, most notably the English Reformation, which separated England from the Roman Catholic Church and created the Church of England, driven by his desire to annul his marriage to his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. This period also saw a flourishing of artistic, cultural, and economic growth, marking the Renaissance in England.

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Henry had six wives:

1.Catherine of Aragon (1509-1533), from whom he divorced to marry Anne Boleyn after the Pope refused to annul the marriage.

2.Anne Boleyn (1533-1536), mother of Elizabeth I, executed for treason.

3.Jane Seymour (1536-1537), who gave him a male heir, Edward VI, but died shortly after childbirth.

4.Anne of Cleves (1540), marriage annulled after a few months.

5.Catherine Howard (1540-1542), executed for adultery.

6.Catherine Parr (1543-1547), who survived Henry.

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The marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn was one of the most significant in English history. After seeking the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in order to marry Anne, Henry broke away from the Catholic Church and founded the Church of England. In 1533, Anne gave birth to Elizabeth I, but Henry, disappointed by the lack of a male heir, became frustrated. In 1536, Anne was arrested on charges of treason and executed. Despite the tragic end of their marriage, their daughter, Elizabeth, became one of the most famous queens in history, consolidating Protestantism in England.

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After Mary’s passing, her half-sister Elizabeth I, the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, ascended the throne. Elizabeth reestablished Protestantism and became one of the most influential rulers in English history. Her time on the throne, known as the Elizabethan Era, continued until her death and was marked by significant progress in England, including cultural achievements and military victories like the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth, often referred to as the “Virgin Queen” because she never married, was the final monarch of the Tudor line.

Foreign Policy: she aimed to dominate the seas.

Domestic Policy: she sought to restore stability after the persecution of Protestants under “Bloody Mary.”