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Governance shapes who holds power, makes decisions, and enforces laws. The distribution of power varies in different systems of governance.

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Citizens elect leaders and participate in decision-making.

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Types of Democracy:

Direct Democracy: Citizens vote on laws directly (e.g., Ancient Athens).

Representative Democracy: Elected officials make laws (e.g., U.S., Philippines).

Pros: Encourages participation, protects individual rights.

Cons: Can be slow, susceptible to populism.

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Types of Autocracy:

Absolute Monarchy: Power inherited, ruler governs for life (e.g., Saudi Arabia).

Dictatorship: One person holds unchecked power (e.g., North Korea).

Pros: Fast decision-making, stability.

Cons: No accountability, risk of abuse of power.

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Types of Oligarchy:

Plutocracy: Rule by the wealthy (e.g., corporate influence).

Military Junta: Rule by the armed forces (e.g., Myanmar).

Pros: Experienced leaders make decisions.

Cons: Excludes most of the population from power.

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The Law Maze – Navigating Legal Frameworks

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The Law Maze – Navigating Legal Frameworks

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Laws define rights, responsibilities, and consequences. How laws change and evolve through constitutions, statutes, and international laws.

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A constitution is a nation’s foundation, setting principles of governance.

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Functions of a Constitution:

Defines government structure and rights of citizens.

Sets limits on government power.

Example: The U.S. Constitution outlines democracy, separation of powers, and individual rights (Bill of Rights).

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Statutory laws are written laws passed by legislative bodies.

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Function of Statutes:

Address issues like criminal justice, taxation, civil rights, etc.

Examples:

1. Anti-corruption laws.

2. Environmental protection acts.

3. Labor laws.

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These regulate relations between nations (e.g., trade, war, human rights).

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International Laws – Governing the Global Stage

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International Laws – Governing the Global Stage

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How International Laws Work:

Enforced through treaties, agreements, and international courts.

Examples:

1. The Geneva Conventions (war laws).

2. The Paris Agreement (climate laws).