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Do you recognize the song El Cóndor Pasa? It's well known throughout South America and it's sometimes even called the second national anthem of Peru. But it's also become a favorite song in countries around the world. Here's a version of the song by the 12 Girls Group of China performed with traditional Chinese instruments:

But how much do you know about this iconic song and it's composer? Here is some interesting background about the indigenous roots and history of this beautiful song.

El CONDOR PASA IS NOT A FOLK SONG

In 1970, popular American recording artist Paul Simon released the song El Cóndor Pasa on his Bridge Over Troubled Water album. The song was a huge hit. It was credited as a folk melody, so it's reasonable that many people believed it to be a folk song from Andean culture. But it was actually a composed song, written in 1913 by an inspirational Peruvian composer and ethnomusicologist named Daniel Alomía Robles. In fact, at a time when indigenous and folkloric music was not considered worthy of study. Alomía Robles traveled the mountains and jungles of Peru recording, archiving and creating new music based on these strong and deep cultural roots. El Cóndor Pasa is probably his most well known composition and is considered a cultural treasure of Peru.

WHAT DOES EL CONDOR PASA MEAN?

It is a Spanish phrase that translates to the condor passes, or more clearly stated: the condor flies by. The Andean condor is a large majestic bird with a wingspan often up to 10 feet across! Can you imagine seeing a bird of that size fly overhead? No wonder it inspired it's own song!

Definitely impressive, the Andean condor is a national symbol of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. It's officially the national bird of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador and also appears prominently on the Ecuadorian flag!

ABOUT THE AUTHOR OF THIS SONG

Composer and ethnomusicologist Daniel Alomía Robles was born in 1871 in Huánuco, Peru. Later, his family moved to the capital city of Lima where he studied many of the musical plays and styles of the day. During that time, Alomía Robles had several prominent mentors who were creating the musical theater of their day. They taught him and gave him many opportunities to grow and flourish as a composer and an author of both music and musical works such as theatrical plays.

During that time he wrote the song as part of a zarzuela, a musical play that alternates between spoken and sung parts. The play consisted of three acts. the song "El Cóndor Pasa" is performed during a parade scene in the play. Many music historians say that the instrumental music imitates the various ways that the condor flies as it makes it's appearance in Andean skies.

AN AUTHENTIC VERSION OF EL CONDOR PASA

Many pop versions of the song leave out some of the sections of the original composition. Here's a version that performs the song just as it was written by the composer.

WHAT INSTRUMENTS CAN WE HEAR IN EL CONDOR PASA?

The Andes region of South America has some beautiful and distinctive musical instruments. You can definitely hear several of them in this song as it is performed in the video above. You'll hear two native flutes, called the quena and the quenacho as well as panpipes known as zampoñas. You'll also hear a Spanish guitar and a smaller stringed instrument called the charango often made from the shell of an armadillo. There's a link below if you'd like to learn more about these instruments in a free mini-lesson.

PRESERVING ANDEAN CULTURE

This is a great song with a powerful history to share. It was written by someone who respected and upheld indigenous culture. This composer's work was considered ground-breaking and historic as it encouraged respect and appreciation for traditional music. In fact, Daniel Alomía Robles's granddaughter, Marcela Robles wrote that: "In a time when the musical folklore of Peru was ignored or looked down on, Alomía Robles was a pioneer in collecting the music that otherwise would have disappeared."

EL CONDOR PASA - FREE RESOURCES

Color The Condor
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Free-Condor-Coloring-Page-12472800

Free Art Activity For The Song
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/El-Condor-Pasa-Art-Activity-Plus-Classroom-Video-12486867

Musical Instruments Heard In El Cóndor Pasa - Free Mini-Lesson
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/El-Condor-Pasa-Instruments-Heard-In-The-Song-12555498

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El Cóndor Pasa - A Peruvian Song Heard Around The World - Multicultural Kid Blogs

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Do you recognize the song El Cóndor Pasa? It's well known throughout South America and it's sometimes even called the second national anthem of Peru.

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The ancient city of Machu Picchu was built by the Inca.

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Peru

FORM OF GOVERNMENT: Constitutional republic

CAPITAL: Lima

POPULATION: 31,331,228

OFFICIAL LANGUAGES: Spanish, Quechua

MONEY: Nuevo Sol

AREA: 496,224 square miles (1,285,216 sqare kilometers)

MAJOR MOUNTAIN RANGES: Andes

MAJOR RIVERS: Amazon, Ucayali, Madre de Dios

Peru is the third largest country in South America, after Brazil and Argentina. It is made up of a variety of landscapes, from mountains and beaches to deserts and rain forests. Most people live along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, where the capital, Lima, is located.

Along Peru's west coast is a narrow strip of desert 1,555 miles (2,500 kilometers) long. Ancient people, called the Chimú and the Nasca, first inhabited this region thousands of years ago. The coastal desert makes up only about 10 percent of Peru, but it is home to more than half of all Peruvians.

The world's largest rain forest, the Amazon, covers nearly half of Peru. Called the selva in Spanish, this huge jungle, which also covers half of Brazil, is home to plants and animals that do not live anywhere else on Earth. Some scientists think there may even be Indian tribes there that have never seen the outside world.

The second highest mountain range in the world runs through Peru. These peaks, called the Andes, are so tall and forbidding that the ancient Inca people thought they were gods. They run from north to south and can be seen from Peru's beaches 50 miles (80 kilometers) to the west. The highest peak, Mount Huascarán, is 22,205 feet (6,768 meters) high.
Map created by National Geographic Maps

PEOPLE & CULTURE

The people of Peru are a mix of many different cultures, including Indians, Spaniards and other Europeans, descendants of African slaves, and Asians. Until recently, most people lived in the countryside. But now, more than 70 percent live in cities. Most Peruvians follow the Catholic religion introduced by the Spanish.

Because it has so many different ecosystems, Peru is home to a wider variety of plants and animals than most other countries on Earth. For many reasons, Peruvians have not had as much of an impact on their natural world as many other countries, and much of these ecosystems have been undisturbed.

A 250-acre (100-hectare) plot of Peruvian rain forest is home to more than 6,000 kinds of plants! There are hundreds of species that are only found in the Amazon. To protect these plants and animals, Peru has created special forest areas called reserves.

On the Pacific Coast, many interesting plant and animal species have adapted to the dry desert climate. And off the coast, the Peru Current nourishes huge numbers of small fish, which in turn support large populations of bigger fish and seabirds, including Humboldt penguins.

Peru's mountains support special types of grasses and plants, which provide food for mammals like llamas, alpacas, and vicuñas. One plant that grows in the Andes, the puya raimondi, grows for a hundred years before blooming.

GOVERNMENT & ECONOMY

Peru is a constitutional republic, with a president, a congress, and a supreme court. Peruvians are required to vote by law. Presidents serve five-year terms and can only be elected twice in a row.

Peru is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of natural resources. Gold, silver, copper, zinc, lead, and iron are found across the country, and there are reserves of oil and natural gas. Even so, jobs there can be very hard to find, and Peru remains one of the world's poorest countries.

Peru is a very old country. The earliest inhabitants arrived there about 15,000 years ago. Societies emerged on the west coast more than 5,000 years ago and began to spread inland. These included the Chavín, the Moche, and the Nasca.

One of the most important Peruvian cultures was the Inca, who lived in Peru around 600 years ago. Their capital, Cusco, is still a major city today. The Inca also built Machu Picchu, a famous and mysterious ancient city in the Andes. They thrived for centuries before being conquered by the Spanish in 1532.

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Peru is the third largest country in South America, after Brazil and Argentina.

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The year is 1475. It's wintertime, and the Inca (EENG-kah) royal family is vacationing in Machu Picchu, a small city that serves as their royal retreat in what's now Peru. The Inca capital city, Cusco, is now too cold, so the royals have traveled about 50 miles down the Andes mountains.

Wearing golden jewelry and colorful ponchos made of alpaca wool, the royals, priests, and other high-ranking officials feast, hunt, worship their gods, and entertain guests. Meanwhile, the other 750 residents work to maintain the city, serving the royals and growing food like potatoes, corn, and beans on the hillside.

At their most powerful, the Inca had the largest empire in the world at the time-today, it's still the largest empire to ever exist in the Americas. Stretching from modern-day southern Colombia to southern Chile, they ruled over western South America from the Andes to the Pacific Ocean. Although Spain conquered the Inca Empire in 1533, many Inca people retreated into the mountains, where their culture, language, and practices remain today.

History of the Inca civilization

Historians think that Inca people arrived in the valley where they would later build their capital city, Cusco, around 1100. It was a difficult place to live: Rain didn't fall often, so crops were tough to grow. That meant that groups often fought for the best land near rivers. Over time, the Inca conquered nearby people, gaining more power and eventually taking control of the Cusco Valley around 1300.

In 1438, Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (pah-chah-KOO-tee EENG-kah YOO-pahn-wee) became the ninth Inca emperor. With his sons as military captains, the emperor began a massive expansion of the Inca territory beyond the Cusco area. He gave government jobs to people who spoke Quechua, the Inca language. This king also ordered construction of Machu Picchu around the year 1450.

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui gave power to his son Topa Inca Yupanqui in 1471. He expanded the empire more than any other Inca leader and eventually controlled most of western South America. At this time, the Inca ruled over 12 million people who spoke about 30 different languages.

The Inca demanded that conquered people who didn't speak Quechua, like the Chanka who spoke Aymara and the Chimú who spoke Mochica, had to serve in the army and build military outposts, temples, and roads. Those roads were impressive. Troops and Inca officials moved throughout the empire on a system that included two main highways, one along the coast and another along the Andes. Many smaller roads connected the two. The road system also included tunnels, bridges, and storehouses to provide travelers with supplies and rest stops.

Throughout the empire's history, small groups of conquered people often rebelled against the Inca, and rebellions were happening in the 1500s, too. Then around 1526, two sons of an Inca king fought over who should rule next, and a civil war began. At the same time, diseases like smallpox brought by European explorers killed around 65 percent of the population. This is when the Spanish encountered the Inca.

The search for gold was one of the main reasons that the Spanish wanted to explore and conquer the Americas. (That's because when Christopher Columbus returned to Spain from his first voyage in the Americas, he told stories of people adorned with gold.) Led by Francisco Pizarro, a group of 180 Spanish went searching for a large city with temples covered in gold-it was Cusco. For years the Inca had mined gold and silver from the Andes mountains to create beautiful pieces of jewelry and art.

In 1533, Pizarro teamed up with enemies of Inca emperor Atahualpa to capture him. To save his own life, Atahualpa offered Pizarro enough gold and silver to fill the room that he was being kept in.

But the bargain didn't save him-or the empire. After the treasures were gathered, Pizarro melted down all the gold and silver pots, jewelry, figurines, and other items, then split the treasure among the Spanish invaders. (Historians estimate that it was worth about $387 million in today's money.) Then Pizarro executed Atahualpa, ending the Inca Empire.

Life in the Inca civilization

Most Inca people were farmers or herders, looking after alpacas and llamas. Extended families lived together on the same land, making their own clothing and blankets from alpaca and llama wool. Their homes were made of stone or adobe mud and topped with a roof of dried grass. All members of the family were expected to help, including children.

Because the Inca lived in the mountains, they often had to build terraces, or flat areas cut into the hillside, to plant their crops in. They also had to dig canals so they could direct mountain streams and rain to crops like quinoa, corn, avocados, and potatoes.

The harsh climate meant that food was sometimes scarce, so the Inca figured out how to preserve some crops to make them last a long time. For example, they would slowly squeeze the moisture out of potatoes over several days. The dried-out potato could last up to 10 years.

The Inca believed that their rulers were sons of the sun god Inti (in-TEE) and mummified them after death by removing their organs, preserving the body with alcohol, and freezing their remains in the cold, dry mountain air. Like ancient Egyptian pharaohs, these royals were buried with their treasures. Average people also sometimes mummified their dead by simply placing them in cold, dry caves. They would sometimes bring out the mummified ancestors during ceremonies like weddings or harvest festivals, or to important community meetings.

Historians have found evidence that some of these mummified people were sacrificed to the Inca gods. However, the Inca did not perform human sacrifice nearly as often as the Aztec people did.

The Inca didn't have a written language. Instead, they used knotted cords called quipu (KEE-poo) to keep records. Experts think that things like the style of the knot and the color of the string all contained information. Researchers are using computers to try to untangle these long-lost codes.

Why the Inca civilization still matters

The Spanish never found Machu Picchu, so it wasn't known to the outside world until 1911, when Peruvian guide Melchor Arteaga led explorer Hiram Bingham to the site. Experts were amazed to see ruins of Machu Picchu's buildings still standing despite being on a mountain that experiences earthquakes. Today, people from all over the world travel to visit Machu Picchu, hiking along the Inca trail that was used 500 years ago.

Some Peruvian people still use Inca weaving techniques to make clothes today, and over eight million people still speak Quechua, the language of the Inca. You probably use a few Quechan words, too, like condor, jerky, llama, poncho, puma, and quinoa.

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See how this powerful culture ruled from the Andes mountains of Peru 500 years ago.

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Guanacos are related to camels, as are vicunas, llamas, and alpacas. But they live in South America, while camels are found in Africa and Asia. Guanacos and vicunas are wild animals, but llamas and alpacas have been domesticated, like cats and dogs, and were probably bred from guanacos. They're slender animals with pale brown backs, white undersides, short tails, large heads, very long necks, and big, pointed ears.

They live in groups of up to ten females, their young, and a dominant male adult. Unattached bachelor males form herds of their own-these can include as many as 50 or more animals. When a female guanaco gives birth, her newborn, known as a chulengo, is able to walk immediately. Chulengos can keep up with the herd right away.

Guanacos live on land high in the Andes mountains-up to 13,000 feet (3,962 meters) above sea level-as well as on the lower plateaus, plains, and coastlines of Peru, Chile, and Argentina.

Guanacos were once over hunted for their thick, warm wool. Now they thrive in areas protected by law.

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Picture a camel. Now take away a hump (or two). Finally, shrink it down in size and place it in South America, living as far south as Tierra del Fuego. What do you end up with? A guanaco. Guanacos are related to camels, as are vicunas, llamas, and alpacas.

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Crossing a beach to get to the sea, a two-foot-tall Humboldt penguin waddles over what appears to be a cluster of large boulders. Suddenly one of the rock-like objects rises up and barks! The penguin is stepping on sea lions lounging on the shore. Sea lions prey on Humboldt penguins in water but are too slow to catch them on land. The bird continues to ruffle feathers as it climbs over more annoyed sea lions. But it finally makes it to the ocean and dives in for a swim.

A good sport

Humboldt penguins live along the shores of Peru and Chile, two countries in South America. Named for a chilly water current that flows through their coastal range, these birds are excellent swimmers. Their torpedo-shaped bodies can shoot through the water at speeds of 30 miles an hour. And they can dive up to 500 feet underwater in search of snacks such as fish, shrimp, and squid.

When the birds need a break from swimming, they come ashore. Getting around on land isn't always easy. Parts of their habitat feature rocky seaside cliffs. Luckily the animals have some built-in climbing gear: They use sharp claws on their webbed feet to grip onto rocks as they move across the rugged landscape. The animals also put their climbing skills to use when they have to scramble over sunbathing sea lions blocking their path to the ocean.

Think pink

During the hottest months of the year, temperatures in the Humboldt penguin's home can reach triple digits. The animal has ways to beat the heat though. It sports patches of bare, pink skin around its eyes and at the base of its bill. The bird expels body heat through these featherless spots. This little guy's athletic abilities and its pink patches make it one colorful penguin!

Check out the book Penguins vs. Puffins for more about these amazing birds!

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Crossing a beach to get to the sea, a two-foot-tall Humboldt penguin waddles over what appears to be a cluster of large boulders. Suddenly one of the rock-like objects rises up and barks! The penguin is stepping on sea lions lounging on the shore.

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Peru Facts for Kids | Peru for Kids | Geography | Travel | Geo Facts

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Our Peru Facts for Kids will inform about the country and people, geography superlatives, food, animals, economy and so much more. Enjoy!

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Peru for kids – an amazing and quick video about life in Peru

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Peru Facts For Kids - Chatty Zebra Summer Challenge

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Spanish Speaking Countries of the World ~ PERU (Interesting Facts for Everyone!) | Mi Camino Spanish

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Virtual Field Trip Video: Coastal Peru | Nature Lab | PBS LearningMedia

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Join fisheries scientist Matias Caillaux from The Nature Conservancy to explore the Humboldt Current Ecosystem off the coast of Peru while learning about the area’s amazing diversity and productivity. While Peru is most frequently recognized for its rainforests, mountains, and ancient Inca civilizations, it is also home to one of the most productive ocean ecosystems. Find a teacher’s guide here to accompany this field trip.

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Virtual Field Trip Teacher’s Guide: Coastal Peru | Nature Works Everywhere | PBS LearningMedia

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Use this teacher’s guide to accompany a virtual field trip to the Humboldt Current Ecosystem off the coast of Peru, hosted by The Nature Conservancy scientist Matias Caillaux. Students learn that the health and productivity of this ecosystem is not only important to its animal inhabitants, but to the success of the region’s fishing industry as well.

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Custom Peru and Galapagos Tour Packages by Specialists

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Customized Peru tours and vacations. 1000s of travelers highly recommend us. Small or private group tours and handpicked hotels. 24/7 In-trip support.

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Spirit of Peru - PERUVIAN MUSIC - Relax-TV

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Pan Flute & Flute Music from Peru, Andes - 30 minutes - Spirit of Machu Picchu

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Alexandro Querevalú - El Condor Pasa (Original Andean Music with Quena)

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WUAUQUIKUNA El cóndor pasa 2016   English subtitles

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Music from the Andes Including El Cóndor Pasa by DARIA

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For hundreds of years the South American country of Peru was ruled by the great Inca Empire. In Quechua, the language of the Inca people, the country's name means "land of...

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🦙 Meeting Llamas & Alpacas in Peru 🇵🇪 | Traveling with Kids | @travelkidsTVSHow

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Meet the animals of the Amazon rainforest - Lonely Planet Kids

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PICCHU | Award-Winning Animated Short Film | Amazon Web Services

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Journey Through Peru's Incredible Sights in 6 Minutes | Short Film Showcase

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Traveling to PERU in 2025? You NEED To Watch This Travel Guide! (Machu Picchu, Cusco, Lima)

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Amantani and Andina present Meet My World 2014: ‘How-to’ films written by indigenous children in the Andes of Peru

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Peruvian Food Recipes - Traditional And Modern Dishes From Peru

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Peruvian Food Recipes - Traditional and modern Peruvian cuisine recipes from easy to chef level. Try one of these delicious step by step recipes!

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Peru Explorer - Custom Tours Travel Tourism Information - Since 2001 Peru Explorer find custom tour packages by local experts, travel tourist information, maps, facts, pictures and more

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Peru is a land of stunning beauty and deep culture. It stretches from the snow-capped Andes to the lush Amazon rainforest. At its heart, a mix of religious traditions has grown over centuries.

The main religion in Peru is Roman Catholic, brought by the Spanish. Yet, it has mixed with the old beliefs of the Quechua and Aymara people. This mix has created a special kind of faith.

In the Andes, millions of highland Indians live. They keep their Quechua language and traditions alive. At the same time, they follow Catholicism. This has led to a rich mix of beliefs in the country.

They honor Pacha Mama (Mother Earth) and the Catholic Church. This has made their religious life colorful and complex.

Key Takeaways

Peru's religious scene is a mix of Roman Catholicism and Andean beliefs.

Indigenous Peruvians have blended their old spiritual ways with Catholicism.

Quechua-speaking people in the Andes keep their traditions alive.

The Amazon Basin, half of Peru, is full of life and its own spiritual views.

Old civilizations like the Incas, Nazca, and Moche had their own rich faiths.

Ask for a comfortable and personalized itinerary to Peru (Free Service)

Predominant Faiths in Peru

Peru is a country with a mix of many religious traditions. Most people, about 76.03%, follow Roman Catholicism. But, there are also many who follow indigenous beliefs and mix different religious ideas.

Roman Catholicism

In Peru, Catholicism is the main religion. It plays a big role in society and politics. The 2017 Census showed 76.03% of people call themselves Catholic, down from 81% in 2007.

Even though the Catholic Church is still strong, more people are choosing other religions or saying they have no faith.

Indigenous Beliefs and Syncretism

Peru's indigenous people keep their old beliefs, which often include many gods. These beliefs have mixed with Catholic traditions, creating a new kind of faith. This mix is seen in festivals and rituals in the Andes.

Together, Roman Catholicism and indigenous beliefs make Peru's religious scene rich and diverse. This shows the country's deep cultural heritage.

Peru Religion: Indigenous Andean Cosmology

Peru's indigenous people believe in the Andean cosmology. This view sees the world as three planes: the upper world, this world, and the lower world. This belief has guided their rituals and beliefs for centuries.

The Inca had many gods tied to nature, like mountains and stars. The sun god, Inti, and the earth goddess, Pachamama, were key. The sun was crucial for warmth in the cold Andes.

Pachacutec, the Inca king, helped spread the sun cult. He built places like Machu Picchu and the Temple of the Sun. The Winter Solstice festival, Inti Raymi, was a big deal, celebrating the sun.

Andean Deity

Description

Viracocha

The creator god of the Inca and pre-Inca peoples, known for various titles and roles in creation myths.

Inti

The sun god, the most important deity in the Inca pantheon, associated with agriculture and warmth for crops.

Apu Illapu

The rain giver, prayed to for rain in times of drought, with sacrifices sometimes including human offerings.

Mama Quilla

The Moon Mother, responsible for regulating women's menstrual cycles and playing a role in setting festival times based on lunar cycles.

Pachamama, the Mother Earth, was seen as the source of life and fertility. People offered coca leaves to her. Today, people still honor her, showing a deep respect for nature.

The Inca religion was complex, with ceremonies and nature worship. The sun was a big part of it. These traditions still shape Peru's culture today.

Ancient Civilizations and Their Beliefs

Peru's rich religious heritage comes from its ancient civilizations. These include the mighty Inca Empire and others like Chavín, Nazca, and Moche. We'll look at their deities, myths, and traditions. This helps us understand Andean spirituality's continuity and evolution.

The Incas and Their Deities

The Inca Empire revered the Sun god, Inti. He was seen as the divine ancestor of the Inca rulers. The Inca king was thought to be Inti's living descendant. The Coricancha temple in Cuzco was dedicated to Inti, filled with over 1,400 kilos of gold.

The Incas also honored the Earth goddess, Pachamama. This shows a mix of beliefs within the empire.

Inti Raymi was the Inca's biggest religious festival, held near the winter solstice. It celebrated abundance and crops in South America. Conquered areas gave a third of their resources to Inti's worship, showing the empire's economic and religious unity.

Female priests, the mamakuna, were important in Inca society. They made special cloth and brewed chicha for festivals.

Chavín, Nazca, Moche, and Other Cultures

Other ancient Peruvian cultures had their own beliefs. The Chavín civilization, from 1,500 B.C. to 200 B.C., is famous for its religious architecture and symbols. The Nazca and Moche cultures, from 100 B.C. to 850 A.D., had their own religious practices and deities.

The Wari civilization started in the 7th century and expanded to most of Peru by the 9th century. They left a big mark on the region's religion and culture. Their buildings and roads helped lay the groundwork for the Inca Empire.

"Over 400 shrines were dedicated to various gods in Cuzco alone, reflecting the deep religious significance of the Inca capital."

Inca Origin Myths and Legends

The Inca Empire once ruled the Andean region before the Spanish arrived. They had many inca origin myths and inca legends. These stories told how the world was made and how their civilization began. They featured gods like Pachamama and Wiracocha, showing the Inca's view of their world.

They believed their civilization started from Lake Titicaca or a cave in Cusco. Manco Cápac, a legendary figure, was key in these stories. These tales show the complex origins of the Inca Dynasty.

The Inca mythology covered areas now in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina.

These myths were vital in building the empire, along with economic, social, and administrative changes.

Many stories were told about Manco Cápac, the founder of the Inca Dynasty, showing different views on his beginnings and rule.

The Inca religion was based on believing in many gods and goddesses. The sun god Inti was the most important. Other key gods were Mama Killa (Moon goddess), Illapa (Thunder God), and Pachamama (Earth Goddess).

"The Inca religion emphasized reciprocity, with the belief that by honoring and respecting their gods, they would receive favor in return."

The inca legends and inca origin myths were key to the Inca culture. They showed their deep bond with the Andean cosmos and the divine forces they believed guided them.

The Andean Concept of Duality

A key idea in Andean culture is the concept of duality. It says the world has two main parts: the "upper" (hanan) and "lower" (urin) halves. This view is key to understanding the Andean belief in three levels of existence: the andean upper world, our world, and the andean lower world.

This framework helps us grasp the Andean view of religion and spirituality.

Hanan and Urin: Upper and Lower Worlds

The idea of andean duality shows up in the cosmos being split into hanan (upper) and urin (lower) realms. This split highlights how the spiritual and physical parts of life work together. The hanan world is seen as the sky, divine, and male side. The urin world is the earth, female, and connected to the underworld.

Archaeological finds from places like the Chavín, Wari, Moche, and Inca show how widespread this hanan and urin idea is. Textiles, gold jewelry, and ritual items often have designs that mirror each other. These designs show the balance between the upper and lower worlds.

The Inca religion was built on this three-part view of the universe. Gods and sacred places were linked to each realm. The idea of andean upper and lower worlds was crucial for the Inca's view of the universe and their role in it.

Pachamama and Wiracocha: Earth and Creator

In the heart of Andean spirituality, Pachamama and Wiracocha are key figures. Pachamama, the goddess of the earth, gives life and food. Wiracocha, the creator god, is seen as all-powerful across the Andes. These deities have guided Andean people for centuries, leaving a lasting impact.

Pachamama, the Andean earth deity, is a loving goddess. People honor her with daily rituals like challa and Martes de challa. These acts include offerings of food, drinks, coca leaves, and incense. They show thanks for the earth's gifts and ask for continued good harvests.

Wiracocha, the Andean creator deity, is seen as the source of everything. Legends say he came from Lake Titicaca and made the sun, moon, stars, and first humans. He is seen as a kind but powerful being, able to create and destroy.

The stories of Pachamama and Wiracocha show the Andean view of the world. They value nature and see everything as connected. Pachamama is the earth, and Wiracocha is the spiritual realm. Together, they keep the Andean lifestyle in balance.

Rituals and Offerings in the Andes

The Andes stretch across South America, filled with andean rituals and andean offerings. These practices honor the deities and forces of the Andean cosmos. They are key to the indigenous beliefs of the region.

Ceremonial Sacrifices and Libations

One major andean sacrifice is offering animals like llamas or alpacas to Pachamama, the Earth Mother. People pour chicha, a fermented corn drink, as a libation to the gods. These acts keep the balance between nature and the spiritual world. They ensure the Andean communities' prosperity and well-being.

The largest religious festival of the Inca empire, celebrating the sun god, Inti. It involves over 500 actors and actresses and attracts thousands of tourists annually since 1944.

A ritual that involved the sacrificing of children to maintain the cosmic order during crises. There have been 35 burials associated with this practice found in the Andes mountains.

Offerings to Oracles
Offerings to revered oracles like Pachacamac and Apurímac included precious stones, coca leaves, and llama sacrifices.

These andean rituals and andean offerings are still practiced in places like Cusco and Machu Picchu. They keep the rich cultural heritage of the Andean people alive.

"In the Inca society, the main deities venerated were the sun, earth, water, moon, and stars. Offerings were made to Pachamama, the sun, moon, sea, mountains, and other spirits."

The Tío and Mine Rituals

In the Andes Mountains of Peru, a world of ancient traditions is found. At the center is the Tío, a devil-like figure living in the mines. Miners there perform rituals and make offerings to the Tío. This is to keep them safe and to get valuable minerals.

The Muqui: The Tío's Peruvian Counterpart

In Peru, the Muqui is the Tío's twin spirit. It's a playful spirit that guards the miners and their work. But, it also wants respect and gifts. Miners often leave coca leaves, hand-rolled cigarettes, and more to keep peace with the Muqui.

The Tío and Muqui are key in Andean culture. They are seen as the guardians of the underworld. They balance the human and spiritual worlds.

Ritual Offerings to the Tío and Muqui

Purpose

Coca leaves, hand-rolled cigarettes, white rum, chicha, beer

Appease the mine deities and seek their protection

Llamas or alpacas

Sacrificial offerings to the Tío and Muqui

The rituals of the Tío and Muqui show the deep bond between Andean people and nature. These beliefs and actions are a big part of the region's culture. They prove the lasting impact of Andean spirituality.

"The Tío and Muqui are not just old stories. They are key parts of the Andean view of the world. Here, the natural and spiritual worlds live together in a fine balance."

Andean Mythological Figures and Huacas

Beyond the big gods like Pachamama and Wiracocha, Andean religion is full of many mythological figures and sacred sites called andean huacas. These figures and sites are key to Peru's spiritual traditions. They add depth and variety to the beliefs.

The andean mythological figures often are natural things like rivers, mountains, plants, and animals. For example, the Inca people saw the world in three parts - the heavens, the land, and the underworld. Each part had symbols like the Condor, Puma, and Underground Serpent.

The Apus, or mountain deities, were very important in Inca beliefs. They were seen as protectors and guides. People made offerings and sacrifices to them. Andean sacred sites called huacas were also key. They were where people made offerings and prayed to the gods.

Mythological Figure

Representation

Condor

Ability to fly and freedom

Puma

Strength and courage

Snake

Navigating through life and evolutionary progress

The Inca gods, like Viracocha, Inti, and Pachamama, were big in Inca stories. Viracocha was seen as the creator god. Inti was the god of farming, shown as the sun with gold rays and a human face.

According to Zadir Milla, Machu Picchu was considered a Huaca and a Yachay Wasi (House of knowledge).

The andean mythological figures and andean huacas were very important in Inca culture. They linked the physical and spiritual worlds. They add to the rich spiritual heritage of Peru.

Religious Syncretism and Cultural Fusion

Peru's religious scene is a mix of Catholicism and indigenous Andean beliefs. These traditions have blended into a unique syncretism. This blend has shaped the spiritual identity of the Peruvian people.

Spanish conquistadors brought Catholicism in the 16th century. But, it didn't replace the indigenous beliefs and practices. Instead, both belief systems merged. Now, the Virgin of Copacabana is seen as both a Catholic saint and a symbol of the earth goddess, Pachamama.

The blending of faiths is ongoing. Catholic and indigenous faiths keep influencing each other. This has led to syncretic practices like using coca leaves in Catholic ceremonies.

This cultural fusion shows the Andean people's resilience. It's a sign of how diverse belief systems can work together. This creates a unique faith that's deeply connected to Peru's history and culture.

"Religious syncretism has been a defining feature of Peruvian spirituality, where the Catholic and indigenous belief systems have become inextricably intertwined, creating a rich and multifaceted religious landscape."

Church and Indigenous Faiths in Modern Peru

In Peru, the Catholic Church has been a big part of life since the 16th century. But, the country's deep spiritual roots from indigenous cultures are still strong today. These traditions are a big part of many people's lives.

The Incan religion mixed with Catholicism, creating a unique blend. Tourists visit the Sacred Valley near Cusco for its spiritual vibe. They come for mystical experiences, boosting New Age tourism and retreats.

Shamans in Peru still do rituals, some from before the Spanish came. They use plants like ayahuasca for spiritual trips. The Incas worshipped the sun and moon, and their temples are now tourist spots.

Catholicism is still the main religion, with 76% of the people following it. But, Protestantism and indigenous beliefs also have a strong presence, making up 14% and 4.9% respectively. The Catholic Church and indigenous faiths in Peru are in a constant dialogue. This shapes the modern religious practices in the country.

The relationship between the Catholic Church and indigenous faiths in Peru shows the country's rich culture and strong spiritual traditions. As modern religious practices change, this mix of beliefs will keep shaping Peru's religious scene.

peru religion

Peru is a land full of ancient cultures and traditions. It has a rich religious scene. From the main Roman Catholicism to indigenous beliefs and practices, Peru's spiritual world is a mix of many influences over the years.

About 76% of Peruvians are Catholic. Yet, many also follow peru religious beliefs and peruvian spiritual traditions. These beliefs come from the Andean people and live alongside Catholicism, making a special mix of spiritual practices.

The old civilizations like the Incas, Chavín, Nazca, and Moche left their mark. They taught people to respect deities, legends, and rituals still done today. The Andean idea of Hanan and Urin, worshipping Pachamama (the Earth Mother), and detailed rituals and offerings in the Andes show Peru's deep religious and spiritual roots.

Now, Peru is home to many faiths, including Protestantism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons, Buddhists, Muslims, Hindus, and Hare Krishnas. This mix of peru religious beliefs and peruvian spiritual traditions shapes the country's culture and society.

Machu Picchu and other ancient sites show Peru's past. They remind us of the country's strong link to its culture and faith.

Conclusion

Peru's religious traditions are a mix of Andean spirituality and Catholicism. This blend shows the country's strong cultural roots. We've looked at how deities like Pachamama and Wiracocha shape the region. We also explored the myths and rituals that still inspire people today.

Statistics show that most Peruvians believe in God and see themselves as religious. This belief is a key part of their lives, offering strength and a sense of community. During hard times, like the COVID-19 pandemic, prayer has become more popular.

In wrapping up our look at Peru's faith, it's clear that its religious traditions are alive and important. They're not just old customs but key parts of its identity. By keeping these traditions alive, Peru keeps its culture vibrant and its people connected to their heritage.

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Peru Religion: Exploring Faith in the Andes

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Discover the rich tapestry of Peru religion, from ancient Inca traditions to modern Catholicism. Explore the unique blend of faiths in the Andean world.

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See Newly Discovered Nazca Drawings That Depict Llamas, Human Sacrifices and More

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An A.I.-assisted study identified 303 previously unknown geoglyphs in the Peruvian desert. The art features surprising figures, like orcas holding knives

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Most types of bears are good at climbing trees, but Andean bears eat and sleep in them. Their long, sharp claws help them get a grip on the tree bark. Up in the forest canopy, these bears search for food like fruit, leaves, and insects. When they are tired, they gather leafy branches to make a platform bed.

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Scientific Name:

Lama glama

Size:

Height at the shoulder: 47 inches

Size relative to a 6-ft man:

The llama is a South American relative of the camel, though the llama does not have a hump.

Pack Animals

These sturdy creatures are domestic animals used by the peoples of the Andes Mountains. (Their wild relatives are guanacos and vicuñas). Native peoples have used llamas as pack animals for centuries. Typically, they are saddled with loads of 50 to 75 pounds. Under such weight they can cover up to 20 miles in a single day. Pack trains of llamas, which can include several hundred animals, move large amounts of goods over even the very rough terrain of the Andes.

Llamas are willing pack animals but only to a point. An overloaded llama will simply refuse to move. These animals often lie down on the ground and they may spit, hiss, or even kick at their owners until their burden is lessened.

Feeding

Llamas graze on grass and, like cows, regurgitate their food and chew it as cud. They chomp on such wads for some time before swallowing them for complete digestion. Llamas can survive by eating many different kinds of plants, and they need little water. These attributes make them durable and dependable even in sparse mountainous terrain.

Relationship With Humans

Llamas contribute much more than transportation to the human communities in which they live. Leather is made from their hides, and their wool is crafted into ropes, rugs, and fabrics. Llama excrement is dried and burned for fuel. Even in death, llamas can serve their human owners-some people slaughter them and eat their meat.

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Discover how this hairy beast of burden helps the people of the Andes.

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Machu Picchu is the name of an abandoned stone city built by the Incas. It is a popular place to visit in the Andes Mountains in Peru, western South America, receiving over 1 million visitors in recent years. It is classed as a New Wonder of the World and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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Criskcraker Films worked with Amantani UK in the making of 12 short documentary films, 2 teasers and a promotional film for the charity’s project ’Meet My Wo…

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What do you know about llamas? Where are they from? What animals are related to llamas? What role do they play in the Andes Mountains? Here are some fascinating llama facts, children's books about llamas, a Peruvian celebration and more.
This post contains affiliate links. Thank you for your support!
If you look at a map of South America, you can trace the Andes Mountains along the west side of the continent from Colombia in the north, through Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and way south to the tip of Chile. Llamas are one of the most common animals in the Andes, perfectly adapted to the harsh environment and rough terrain. They enjoy eating the grasses and plants available during the day, and heading to the hills for protection at night. Like camels, they can do without drinking for long periods; llamas get their water from food.

10 Fascinating Llama Facts

1. Llamas are related to camels: both are "camelids" with long necks, big eyes with long eyelashes, and long, thick fur to protect them from the rain and cold. But llamas have no humps!

2. There are 4 species of llamas:

guanacos: wild llamas that can run 35 mph!

llamas: domesticated guanacos

vicuñas: wild animals half the size of llamas

alpacas: domesticated vicuñas prized for their soft wool

3. Llamas were domesticated in what is now Peru about 4000-5000 years ago by the Incans.

4. People have relied on llamas for food, use their fiber for cloth, and keep llamas as pack animals to help with their work. Pack animals carry loads for people. They also use llama fat to make candles, llama droppings as fuel for fires, and llama skin for leather to make sandals.

5. Llamas are very strong: they can carry heavy loads for 18 miles in one day! It is easy for them to walk on steep, rocky ground because they have thick pads on their feet and 2 toes on each foot. If they are tired of carrying the load, or if the load is too heavy, llamas will lay down.

6. A baby is called a cría. Crías weigh 25-30 pounds, about as heavy as a medium-sized dog. They can stand one and a half hours after birth, and have a very soft coat. Crías love to play, and drink their mom's milk.

7. To keep clean, llamas roll in a dust bath!

8. Llamas can grow to 5-6 ft tall (as tall as an adult person!), but weigh 200-400 lbs, heavier than 5 second graders!

9. Llamas are great at communicating with each other using movements of their ears, bodies, and tails. They also use sounds to communicate, such as humming, sounding a high, loud alarm sound, or grunting. When males fight they scream, and llamas spit to warn other llamas to stay away from its food.

10. Llamas live in groups called herds and are very gentle creatures. They will fight with predators (and sometimes each other), so some people train them to guard sheep from predators like coyotes.

Llamas and the Incans

As mentioned above, the Incans domesticated llamas in the highlands of what is now Peru, about 4000-5000 years ago. The vicuñas were particularly special to the Incans because they have extremely soft wool. In fact, only kings were allowed to wear clothing made of their fur, and no one was allowed to kill a vicuña.

Today, people living in the mountains near Cuzco, Arequipa, and other areas in the Peruvian highlands do annual round-ups of vicñuas just like Incans did. The festival of "chaccu" (or el chaco) lasts all day as hundreds of volunteers herd the vicuñas into a pen, shear the wool, and let them go:

Children's Books about Llamas

The Littlest Llama by Jane Buxton (ages 3+). Cute story about a playful llama with lovely illustrations that show typical scenes of the Andes.

Is Your Mama a Llama? by Deborah Guarino and illustrated by Steven Kellogg (ages 3-8). No South American culture, but a sweet rhyming book about a little llama looking for its mama.

Maria Had a Little Llama / María Tenía Una Llamita by Angela Dominguez (ages 3-8). Playful twist on "Mary had a little lamb," about María and her pet llama, and their trip to a school in a small Andean village.

Carolina's Gift: A Story of Peru by Katacha Diaz (ages 4+). Great book about Peruvian culture from a child's perspective.

The Llama's Secret - A Peruvian Legend by Palacios (ages 7+). For older kids interested in folktales, this is Peru's version of the "Flood" story.

A Child's Life in the Andes is an ebook that brings the Andean culture alive with rich photographs, great information as well as activities, coloring pages (even a llama!), language pages and a word search. There is a great Andean music CD that is included.

For Fun: Adorable Llama Toys!

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What do you know about llamas? Where are they from? What animals are related to llamas? What role do they play in the Andes Mountains? Here are some fascinating llama facts, children's books about llamas, a Peruvian celebration and more. This post contains affiliate links. Thank you for your support!

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🦙 IS YOUR MAMA A LLAMA? by by Deborah Guarino, illustrated by Steven Kellogg : Kids Books Read Aloud

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Peru is a country in western South America. It is a land of arid coasts, high Andes Mountains, and Amazon rainforest. More than three times the size of the U.S. state of California, Peru is as big as Spain, France, and the United Kingdom combined. Peru is the third largest country in South America after Brazil and Argentina and the fourth in Latin America (which includes Mexico). It is also the fifth most populous Latin American country. The capital and largest city is Lima. Area 496,171 square miles (1,285,082 square kilometers). Population (2023 est.) 33,745,000.

Peru is bordered by the Pacific Ocean on its long western coast. It is bordered by Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, and Chile to the south. Tourists and archaeologists flock from around the world to Lake Titicaca and ancient Inca sites such as Machu Picchu, Cajamarca, and Cuzco. Peru's pre-Incan ruins are also famous, from the massive adobe walls of Chan Chan on the northern coast to the Nazca Lines on the southern coastal plain. For all its wonders, however, Peru is also a land of social inequality. The country is home to impoverished millions on the one hand, a small percentage of wealthy elites on the other, and a struggling middle class between them.

Peru's landscape consists of three regions stretched north to south. A dry coastal plain (locally called the Costa) is in the west. The Andes Mountains (also called the Sierra) lie in the center. In the east is the vast Amazon rainforest (usually called the Selva, and sometimes La Montaña). The Costa, less than 100 miles (160 kilometers) wide, blends in the south with Chile's Atacama Desert. The adjoining ocean has cold waters, plentiful fishing, and small islands. The islands are covered in nitrate-rich guano (bird droppings), a source of fertilizer. The volcanic and earthquake-prone Andes rise to snowcapped peaks. Among them is the country's highest point, Mount Huascarán, at 22,205 feet (6,768 meters). However, most of the central and western peaks provide a dry, brown panorama. The Andes of southeastern Peru surround the Altiplano ("high plateau") and Lake Titicaca, which is shared with Bolivia. Peru's longest rivers are tributaries of the Amazon, such as the Napo, Marañón, and Ucayali.

In the well-watered Selva, temperatures vary little by season but significantly by time of day. They can range from about 60 °F (15 °C) at night to the mid-90s °F (mid-30s °C) in daytime. Coastal temperatures average 59 to 61 °F (15 to 16 °C) in winter months (June to October) and 72 °F (22 °C) in summer. Conditions are sometimes hot and muggy. There is little rainfall, but dew is produced by ocean fogs called garúa, especially in winter. In the thin mountain air temperatures drop with altitude. Though the tropical sun burns skin during the daytime, nights can be chilly and even freezing. As a result, Cuzco averages 52 °F (11 °C) in January and 47 °F (8 °C) in July. From day to night, however, temperatures there can drop 40 °F (22 °C) or more. Mountain streams and glaciers nourish irrigation agriculture and supply drinking water for many cities. On the coast and in the mountains, dry conditions persist for two reasons. First, the cold Peru, or Humboldt, Current causes garúa but limits rainfall. Second, the Andes block humid winds from the Amazon.

There is little plant life on the coast outside of river valleys, although marine life is abundant. In the Andes live two camel cousins, llamas and alpacas. They have long been domesticated as wool-providing and pack-bearing animals. A related species, the vicuña, is protected by law. The large Andean condor inhabits remote cliffs and caves. Quinoa and the potato are considered native to highland Peru and Bolivia. The Peruvian section of the Amazon Basin has an astounding array of plant and animal life. It ranges from trees, vines, and water plants to tapirs, caimans (alligator-like reptiles), pumas, and millions of insects.

With a blend of Spanish, indigenous, and other cultures, Peru boasts of its grand Inca heritage but still dreams of a stable and prosperous future. It struggles to support a population that has grown rapidly. The population swelled from 4.8 million in 1920 to 8 million in 1950, 13.5 million in 1970, 18 million in 1981, and more than 30 million in the early 21st century. During the 20th century many of Peru's people moved from rural areas to urban areas, especially Lima. About four-fifths of the people now live in towns and cities, chiefly on the coast and in the Andes.

More than half of Peruvians are American Indians, and one in three are mestizos (of mixed heritage). One in eight are whites (of European ancestry). Smaller numbers are of Japanese, Chinese, African, or other heritage. Most Peruvians speak Spanish, although some Indians speak only Quechua or Aymara; all three are official languages.

More than four-fifths of Peruvians are Roman Catholic. Protestants, other Christians, and followers of traditional beliefs form small religious minorities. Some Peruvians practice syncretic (blended) beliefs that combine aspects of Catholicism and Quechua, Aymara, or other American Indian religions.

Art and Literature
Peru has proud artistic roots dating from Chavín vases and sculptures (1500 bc and earlier) and colorful Moche (Mochica) ceramics imitating people, animals, and plants. From remote villages to Internet Web sites, Peruvians still create art that is indebted to the ancient Andes.

The Inca used knotted strings ( quipus) to keep records. However, most scholars doubt that they had a true writing system. Peru's first literature therefore dates to Spanish conquistadors and chroniclers such as Pedro de Cieza de León. In 1609 the son of an Inca princess and a conquistador, Garcilaso de la Vega, wrote a history called the Royal Commentaries of the Incas. In 1612-15 Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala criticized abuses against the Indians in his First New Chronicle and Good Government. In the 1800s the social critic Manuel González Prada lamented the glorification of war, and Ricardo Palma compiled heartwarming tales and legends. Clorinda Matto de Turner's Birds Without a Nest (1889) can be regarded as modern Peru's first Indianista (pro-Indian) novel.

Andean literature gained depth in the 1900s with the essayist José Carlos Mariátegui and the groundbreaking poet César Vallejo. Three Indianista novelists also appeared: Luis Valcarcel, Ciro Alegría, and José María Arguedas. Many recent writers have focused on the Amazon, magical realism, social ills, and women's experiences. Mario Vargas Llosa produced the novels The Time of the Hero (1963), Death in the Andes (1993), and The Feast of the Goat (2000), among many other works. Vargas Llosa was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature. Influential newspapers and magazines such as the political weekly Caretas are based in Lima.

Theater, Film, and Television
The ancient Andean penchant for spectacle is recalled every year in Cuzco's massive, outdoor Inti Raymi (Festival of the Sun). Street theater is commonly practiced in passion plays and processions, most notably during Holy Week at Eastertime and the annual Lord of the Miracles event in Lima. The chief indoor playhouse is Lima's Municipal Theater.

Moviegoers spend a great deal of money on imported Hollywood films. Nevertheless, Peruvians have created critically acclaimed movies such as The Green Wall (1970), in which a young family confronts bureaucracy and the rainforest. The City and the Dogs (1985) is based on Mario Vargas Llosa's novel about boys in a military academy. Juliana (1988), deals with kids in shantytowns. Other such films include Madeinusa (2006), a story set in a remote Andean village; and The Milk of Sorrow (2009), about the effects of sexual violence against women. The most popular TV programs are nighttime telenovelas (soap operas), variety shows, news, and sports shows.

Sports, Music, and Dance
Soccer (association football) is a national passion. There are a number of professional teams in Lima and the other major cities. The game is played throughout Peru on fields of grass or dirt. Peruvians also play a version called futbito ("little football") on basketball courts or in other limited spaces. Many parks feature walls for a type of paddleball called paleta frontón. Another popular sport is volleyball. The Peruvian women's national volleyball team has had great success in international competition. Basketball games, bullfights, and horse races are also well-attended events. Swimming and surfing are popular activities along the coast.

Peruvian music is an astounding blend of ancient, modern, local, and imported styles. Crowds still attend concerts of, and dance to, traditional huaynos, marineras, and Andean music. Andean music is played with a distinctive quena flute, charango (armadillo-shell guitar), panpipes, and drums. Caribbean- and African-influenced styles have long been popular for dancing, including cumbia and salsa. Among Peru's renowned musicians have been songwriters such as Carmen Ollé and Nicomedes Santa Cruz, singer Yma Sumac (Ima Sumack), and folk singer and percussionist Arturo "Zambo" Cavero. Peru's rock and pop artists have included Miki González, Libido, and Mar de Copas.

Food, Drink, and Daily Life
Daily life, like other aspects of culture, is greatly influenced by gender, religion, ethnicity, and income. Many households support members of three generations. Newlyweds may work and save money for years before moving out on their own. When schedules permit, families unite at midday or early afternoon for soup and a main course, the day's largest meal. Peruvians are generally relaxed about time, and social events often begin late.

Open-air markets are usually bustling, even in cities with modern retail centers and upscale grocery stores. Basic staple foods include potatoes, rice, beans, and, in coastal and Amazonian areas, fish and shellfish. Guinea pigs ( cuy) have been a delicacy since at least Inca times. There are many tasty regional dishes, such as rocoto relleno (stuffed hot peppers) served with potatoes and cheese in Arequipa, and papa a la huancaina ("Huancayo-style potatoes"). But these dishes increasingly compete with pizza and other fast foods. Soft drinks vary from Coca-Cola to Inca Kola, and popular fermented drinks include beer, wine, a traditional corn-beer called chicha, and pisco (a brandy). Although drug smugglers chemically process coca into cocaine, natural coca leaves are legally chewed (like chewing tobacco) or made into a mild herbal tea.

Education and Social Welfare
Peru has numerous universities and technical institutes in its cities. They include Lima's National University of San Marcos, the University of Lima, and the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Funding for libraries, computers, books, and other resources is scarce in universities, however, and severely lacking in secondary and primary schools, except for wealthier private schools. Literacy rates are climbing, but many adults have a grade school education or less.

Numerous public agencies in Peru are involved with national health and social security. The government has invested heavily in the construction and equipping of new hospitals and clinics throughout the country. Nevertheless, Peru has a shortage of doctors and health care facilities, especially in rural areas. Life expectancy is about 72 years for males and 76 for females. The major causes of death include diseases of the circulatory system, cancers, respiratory diseases, accidents, and violence. Typhoid, malaria, yellow fever, and cholera can still cause problems because of the lack of safe drinking water and hygienic practices.

Peru's population is concentrated on the coast around the national capital of Lima and in smaller cities such as Trujillo, Chiclayo, and Ilo. Among the Andes centers are Arequipa, Puno on the Altiplano, and historic Cuzco. The oil center Iquitos is the largest city in the Peruvian Amazon.

More than 10 million people live in Lima-Callao (as Lima's metropolitan area is known). The capital thus houses roughly one-third of the country's population. It has Peru's main factories, offices, and top-tier schools and hospitals, but it also contains some of the country's largest slums. Many of the slums are called pueblos jóvenes ("young towns") because their residents set them up on hillsides or farmland on the urban fringe. Despite their poverty, "young towns" offer opportunities for entrepreneurs to set up shops and services. However, paved streets, electricity, and piped water are often lacking.

Peru has a mixed economy, combining capitalist markets and private ownership with key government controls. Because of high rates of poverty and unemployment, however, Peru has what is called a developing economy. Services account for most jobs, followed by agriculture and industry. Copper and gold are among the most valuable exports. The lack of jobs has stimulated Peru's informal economic sector. This sector involves black-market vending and drug smuggling for some. For most, though, it means everyday work as maids, nannies, gardeners, construction laborers, car mechanics, or sidewalk vendors of candy, bread, clothing, utensils, or other light goods.

Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry
For thousands of years Peruvian farmers have irrigated and terraced fields at different altitudes. They have grown quinoa (a high-protein grain), corn (maize), coca, and myriad types of potatoes. Native llamas and alpacas have provided wool, meat, and labor as pack animals. In the 1530s Europeans brought cattle, sheep, horses, wheat, and other crops.

In addition to its traditional crops and livestock, Peru also produces sugarcane, alfalfa, rice, and plantains. Irrigated cotton is grown in coastal valleys. Settlers in the Amazon grow cassava (manioc), sugarcane, sweet potatoes, cacao, bananas, mangoes, and other fruits. They raise cattle at the expense of slashed and burned rainforest. From the forests, they export tropical hardwoods, Brazil nuts, and natural rubber (though most rubber is now synthetic). In the Huallaga Valley and other eastern Andean slopes, coca is grown both as a traditional, legal crop and as a source of illegal cocaine. The Peruvian fishing industry has experienced many booms and busts because of overfishing and El Niño events (during which warm water deprives fish of oxygen). However, Peru remains one of the world's leading fishing countries.

Peru is a major mineral producer. Its exports of gold and copper come mostly from high-altitude Andean mines. There are also extensive amounts of lead, zinc, iron, bismuth, manganese, and phosphorus. Pipelines transport much of Peru's petroleum and natural gas from the rainforest to the coast. Copper is mined at Toquepala, Cuajone, Cerro Verde, and other mines in southern Peru. Most other industry, including food products, textiles, and chemicals, is located in Lima-Callao.

A growing source of jobs and income, services center on banks, tourism, government activities, schools, hospitals, retail shops, and business vendors. Peru has made significant investment in the tourism sector. Several million foreign visitors travel to the country each year. The majority of visitors are from other Latin American countries, though large numbers of tourists also arrive from the United States and Europe. Machu Picchu is by far Peru's most visited tourist site. Other popular sites include Colca Canyon, Paracas National Reserve, Lake Titicaca, and the Nazca Lines. Further growth of the tourism sector is anticipated as the government promotes policies to develop tourist infrastructure in various parts of the country.

Transportation and Communications
Only about 13 percent of Peru's roads are paved. The Pan-American Highway crosses Peru from north to south. However, the Andean highways can be deadly because of drivers passing on blind mountain curves, the scarcity of safety rails, and drunk driving. Adding to the danger is the mix of pedestrians and bicyclists with cars and heavy traffic. Floods and mudslides frequently block roads to the Amazon. Railroads serve the mines and some passenger traffic. The largest international airport is in Callao, the port city of Lima. Arequipa, Cuzco, and Iquitos are served by international airports as well. The main ports are at Callao, Ilo (the main copper-exporting port), Matarani, and Iquitos.

Cell phones and Internet usage have surged since the 1990s. The number of cell phone subscriptions in Peru now greatly exceeds that of traditional landline phones. The number of Internet users today includes about half of the Peruvian population.

Peru is a republic composed of 25 regions (24 departments plus the Callao constitutional province). The 1993 constitution, which has been amended several times, divides the national government into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The president acts as both head of government and chief of state. In addition, the president has official control of the armed forces. Throughout Peru's history, however, many military officers have ousted presidents and taken over the government themselves. A constitutional amendment passed in 2000 allows presidents to serve more than one 5-year term, as long as the terms are not consecutive. The 130 members of the unicameral, or one-chambered, Congress of the Republic are also elected to 5-year terms. A Supreme Court leads the judiciary. Voting is mandatory for citizens aged 18 to 70. Peru's electoral, judicial, and prison systems struggle with corruption, inequality, and improprieties at various levels.

Early History
Peru is famous for its eras of Inca and later Spanish conquest. However, its Andean landscape was inhabited for more than 12,000 years before the Inca. By 3000 bc ancient Peruvians were creating remarkable textiles and monumental buildings. Over the next few millennia the Chavín and other Peruvian civilizations thrived on long-distance trade, agriculture, fishing, and herding. The Moche (Mochica) dominated the northern coast as early as ad 300. They produced beautiful cloths and multicolored ceramic vases and bowls. For centuries the Nazca ruled the area around the famous Nazca Lines. The Tiwanaku (Tiahuanaco) spread through southern Peru from their Bolivian capital. By ad 1100 the Chimú were building the massive adobe walls of Chan Chan, the ruins of which still exist.

Ruling from its capital in Cuzco, the Inca Empire was expansionistic, authoritarian, and calculating. From the 1400s to the early 1500s it took control of a swath of territory from Ecuador to northern Chile, though it could not conquer the eastern rainforests. One of the Inca ruler's proven tactics was to relocate the people of a conquered village or town to a central region in order to ensure control. But the Inca also provided for its subjects, maintaining surpluses of food, textiles, and other supplies. Although they had no horses or carts, skilled engineers built a marvelous foot-highway system. It can still be seen, in parts, as the Inca Trail that leads to Machu Picchu. It had thousands of cut-stone steps, rest stops, fortified sites, and rope bridges. ( See also Central Andean Indians; Rainforest Indians.)

Colonial Period
The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire began in 1531 when Francisco Pizarro led a small force of men and horses into Ecuador. They were also unwittingly accompanied by European diseases such as influenza and smallpox, which did more than anything to decimate the population. Following the murder of the Inca ruler and numerous battles, Pizarro captured Cuzco in 1533. Soon afterward, he made Lima the new capital, preferring its coastal location for its access to ships and reinforcements.

Within a short time South American crops such as quinoa, potatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, cashews, and cherimoya and guava fruits were introduced to Europe. Europe provided the Andes with wheat, alfalfa, cattle, sheep, and horses. The mining of silver and gold made Peru (which included Upper Peru, now Bolivia) one of Spain's prime colonies. But life was not golden for everyone. Indigenous people labored as farmhands and servants. Few had the same legal guarantees as European-descended elites, though some mestizos gained status in business, the church, and the military.

Independence and Struggles for Power
Peru was a loyalist stronghold during the Wars of Independence. However, in 1820-21 José de San Martín invaded with an army of Chileans and Argentines. They fought to free the area from Spanish control. Independence was declared on July 28, 1821. Full independence was won in 1824 after Colombian, Venezuelan, Chilean, and Argentine troops under Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre won the battles of Junín and Ayacucho, respectively.

The 1800s were turbulent times, as one caudillo (militaristic leader) after another seized power. They included Agustín Gamarra, Felipe Salaverry, and Andrés de Santa Cruz. The caudillo Ramón Castilla ruled in 1845-51 and 1855-62 with the support of liberal businessmen. He encouraged foreign corporations to exploit coastal guano deposits (a source of nitrates, used in fertilizer and explosives). He established public schools and freed enslaved Blacks. However, Castilla also allowed landowners to import thousands of Chinese laborers who were treated nearly as badly as those who had been enslaved.

Peru's national debt grew because of costly military action and internal development programs. Aided by Chile, Peru successfully resisted Spanish military encroachments in the 1860s. Railroads were built across the Andes during the corruption-riddled presidency of Manuel Pardo (1872-76). A dispute over nitrate exports to Great Britain led to the disastrous War of the Pacific in 1879-83. In this war, Chile vanquished Peru and Bolivia, occupied Lima, and annexed valuable ports and territory on the southern coast.

Dictatorships and Military Rule
Peru continued to suffer dictatorships in the 1900s, including the rule of Augusto Leguía y Salcedo (1908-12 and 1919-30). Mid-century brought more political and social changes. In a 1940-41 border war, Peru defeated Ecuador and took away much of its Amazonian land. During World War II Peru was a major source of cinchona bark (used in the antimalarial drug quinine) for U.S. troops. Peru joined the United Nations in 1945. The country underwent another period of military rule from 1948 to 1957. Although in 1956 women gained the full right to vote, many still experienced unequal rights. Fernando Belaúnde Terry became president in 1963. He promoted land reform and Amazonian settlement. On October 3, 1968, the military forced the resignation of Belaúnde. A military government, headed by Juan Velasco Alvarado, imprisoned opposing politicians and suspended constitutional liberties. Velasco initiated more sweeping reforms, resistance to U.S. interests, and increasing contacts with the Soviet Union. General Francisco Morales Bermúdez ousted Velasco in 1975 and reversed some of his policies.

Return to Civilian Rule
In 1980 the civilian Belaúnde was reelected to the presidency. But he proved unable to limit the violence between government forces and leftist insurgents of the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement. In Peru's ensuing "dirty war," as in other Latin American countries, all sides were guilty of "disappearances," torture, and summary executions. Tens of thousands of people, mainly civilians, were killed. Meanwhile most Latin American economies, including Peru's, stagnated during "the Lost Decade" of the 1980s. During his first term (1985-90) as president, Alan García limited payments to international lenders. In response, they cut Peru off from loans. The economy shrank and prices rose nearly every day. Meanwhile and for various reasons (including the fear of violence), many Peruvians migrated from the countryside to urban centers in the 1970s and '80s.

In the 1990 elections Alberto Fujimori, the son of Japanese immigrants, defeated novelist Mario Vargas Llosa for the presidency. In his campaign Fujimori promised not to use "shock" methods to fix the economy because it would bring suffering to the poor, but as president he did just that. The "Fujishock," as critics called it, did tame inflation. And after Shining Path leader Abimael Guzmán Reynoso was arrested, Fujimori enjoyed great popularity, even after he dissolved Congress in 1992. He cut social spending, sold off state-owned companies, and sought foreign investment and trade. In the short term this seemed successful, and Fujimori was reelected in 1995. Controversy, however, surrounded Fujimori's handling of border clashes with Ecuador in 1994-95 (the most serious fighting since 1981) and the subsequent peace treaty. In 2000 Fujimori's intelligence director, Vladimiro Montesinos, was linked to several incidents of bribery and torture. Fujimori fled to Japan. He was later arrested in Chile, and he was eventually sent back to Peru and imprisoned.

Peru in the 21st Century
In 2001 Alejandro Toledo became the first person of Quechua ethnicity to be elected president of Peru. The next year Peru's Truth and Reconciliation Commission began to hold public hearings on Peru's "dirty war." In 2005 the government began to pay reparations to victims. Toledo did not have majority support in Congress and struggled against continuing economic uncertainty. The popularity he initially enjoyed plummeted during his term. Toledo stepped down in 2006. Former president Alan García was returned to office in the elections held that year.

García implemented a free-trade agreement with the United States. However, he faced a backlash after signing laws in 2008 that permitted foreign companies to exploit natural resources in the Peruvian Amazon. Congress eventually revoked the laws in June 2009. Although Peru weathered the international economic downturn that began in 2008 better than many other countries, there was not wide public approval of García's performance. He was constitutionally prohibited from running for a consecutive term as president and was succeeded in 2011 by Ollanta Humala.

Peru's economy prospered during the first years of Humala's presidency but slowed considerably by 2014. This was largely as a result of the decline in international demand for industrial and precious metals. In 2016 former World Bank official Pedro Pablo Kuczynski succeeded Humala as president. Kuczynski advocated free-market policies as keys to economic growth. His tenure as president was marred by a series of corruption scandals, however, and he was forced to resign in March 2018. Kuczynski was replaced as president by Martín Vizcarra, who had been serving as Peru's ambassador to Canada. Once in office, Vizcarra dedicated himself to implementing anti-corruption measures. However, his legislative pursuit of that goal was repeatedly blocked by the Popular Force party, led by Keiko Fujimori, daughter of former president Alberto Fujimori.

When the COVID-19 pandemic swept the globe in early 2020, Peru responded quickly with a comprehensive and prolonged lockdown. Despite such efforts, Peru experienced one of the world's highest death rates per 100,000 people during the pandemic. Against the backdrop of the health crisis and its devastating economic impacts, members of Congress sought to impeach Vizcarra. They accused him of having obstructed an investigation into influence peddling. He survived an initial impeachment vote in September 2020, but two months later Congress initiated impeachment proceedings again, this time removing Vizcarra from office for "moral incapacity." He was replaced by the speaker of Congress, Manuel Merino. Within a week, however, Merino resigned the presidency amid mounting protests by Peruvians who were enraged by Vizcarra's ouster. Congressman Francisco Sagasti was installed as interim president until the next regular presidential election, which was scheduled to be held in 2021.

A jam-packed field of 18 candidates was on the ballot for the first round of presidential voting in April 2021. No candidate achieved the necessary 50 percent of the vote to avoid a runoff. As the top two vote-getters, socialist candidate Pedro Castillo, a relatively unknown schoolteacher and union activist, and conservative Keiko Fujimori advanced to the second round. The razor-close June runoff initially tilted toward Fujimori. However, as votes came in from rural districts where Castillo drew support, the race turned in his favor. Castillo eventually built a narrow lead of fewer than 50,000 votes. Fujimori alleged that the election was marred by fraud, but international observers did not report any voting irregularities. With all the votes counted but the official result not yet announced, Castillo claimed victory. Peru's electoral authority, the National Jury of Elections, dismissed Fujimori's objections and formally declared Castillo the winner in July. He was sworn into office on July 28.

Castillo's tenure as president was tumultuous and proved to be short-lived. He soon became the subject of several corruption investigations. The opposition-controlled Congress attempted to impeach him in December 2021 and again in March 2022, though these efforts failed. Meanwhile, his public approval rating plummeted. On December 7, 2022, as Congress was set to undertake a third impeachment effort, Castillo announced that he was dissolving the legislature. In response, Congress called an emergency session the same day and voted overwhelmingly to remove Castillo from office. Congress replaced him with Vice President Dina Boluarte, who became Peru's first woman president.

Bjorklund, Ruth. Peru (Cavendish Square, 2017). Clapper, Nikki Bruno. Let's Look at Peru (Capstone Press, 2018). Hinman, Bonnie. We Visit Peru (Mitchell Lane, 2011). Newman, Sandra. The Inca Empire (Children's Press, 2010). Owings, Lisa. Peru (Bellwether Media, 2012). Shields, Charles J. Peru (Mason Crest, 2016). Wood, Alix. Uncovering the Culture of Ancient Peru (PowerKids Press, 2016).

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In 1853, the first Austro-German immigrants who sought to colonize the central jungle arrived in Peru. After a long journey, they settled in Oxapampa, where they developed their community in isolation for decades.

Today, Oxapampa is open to the world and offers visitors its homes, dances and music in a marked Tyrolean style, as well as different lodging options and agricultural activities such as coffee tasting, one of the best in Peru.

Oxapampa is recognized as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO and is the gateway to the Yanachaga Chemillén National Park.

The Province of Oxapampa, Oxapampa Ashaninka Yanesha Biosphere Reserve, is one of the most representative provinces of Peru in the central zone, its natural resources, its tradition, culture and quality products, make Oxapampa a very attractive tourist destination.

Let us remember that the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism (Mincetur) delivered, in June of this year, the international Safe Travels seal to the Oxapampa Tourist Destination, consolidating itself as a destination that complies with all biosecurity measures against COVID-19, with the objective of safeguarding the health of visitors.

Oxapampa, is a beautiful city, whose name means "Pampa de Paja" in the Quechua language, the church and several buildings with European characteristics stand out.

For the second year, the "II Cultural and Productive Fair of Oxapampa Biosphere Reserve" will be held, an event that will take place from Thursday 11 to Sunday 14 November and seeks to promote tourism in this city and highlight the quality of its products.

The Plaza of the Municipal Theater of Lima (Jirón Ica 377) will be the place where 40 exhibitors, from different districts, will offer products with agro-industrial certification marks, textiles, handicrafts and tourism to the general public. On the occasion of this fair, we give you a list of 10 places that you should not miss in Oxapampa.

History of Oxapampa

The territory where Oxapampa sits initially belonged to the Yánesha ethnic group, who inhabited this place since ancient times. In 1635 it was visited and evangelized by Franciscan priests. The missionaries, in addition to their evangelizing work, prepared the first geographical, linguistic and ethnological reports of this extensive part of the central jungle, carrying out expeditions through various rivers in the province of Oxapampa.

In 1742, the uprising of the indigenous leader Juan Santos Atahualpa, self-styled descendant of the Incas, caused the decline of the religious missions. In the 13 years that the rebellion lasted, the missions of Chanchamayo, Perené, Huancabamba, Gran Pajonal and Alto Ucayali were decimated.

In 1763, an expedition was organized on the Pachitea and Ucayali rivers, reestablishing the old missions. At that time, the Huancabamba valley was populated by rich landowners from the mountains. Thus, the haciendas of "Chaupimonte", "Punchao", "Naranjal" and "Lanturachi" originated in this colonial period.

Between the years of 1837 and 1840, José Rufino Cárdenas settled in the Huancabamba valley, and 16 years later, the idea of colonizing the area arose. Together with Esteban Bravo and Gregorio Rivera, they negotiated with the prefect of Junín, Bernardino Bermúdez, so that settlers of Austro-German origin would populate these lands.

This request crystallized when in 1857 the first group of these European settlers arrived in this area, thanks to an agreement signed between Baron Schütz and also by another agreement signed by the Peruvian government and Mr. Scotland, which allowed the arrival of 100 more settlers to Pozuzo. In 1890, the government promoted the construction of the road from San Luis de Shuaro to Puerto Bermúdez.

On August 30, 1891, Oxapampa was founded by colonist Enrique Bottger Treu, who was born on July 19, 1857 in the city of Lima. He was the son of German parents and died in April 1945, at the age of 87.

The Austro-Germans who arrived in Oxapampa perfected their cultivation techniques, the genetic crossbreeding of plants and breeding animals, they increased the cultivation areas and started the lumber industry. In 1899 the first official map of the city of Oxapampa was drawn up.

On January 24, 1925, the Oxapampa neighborhood officially becomes a district of Oxapampa, appointing Alejandro Johnson as the first mayor.

On January 13, 1928, the cadastral plan of the urban area of the district was approved, which was prepared by the engineer Juan E. Zegarra. In 1929 the first state school was created, where only boys studied. In 1940, the church was inaugurated in the Plaza de Armas, built entirely of wood.

On November 27, 1944, through Law No. 10030, the department of Pasco was created with its provinces of Oxapampa, Pasco and Daniel A. Carrión. The province of Oxapampa with the districts of Oxapampa, Chontabamba, Huancabamba and Villa Rica.

Oxapampa is currently a place of great economic potential thanks to tourism due to its exuberant landscape beauty, enormous natural resources, privileged geographical location and inhabited by a very hospitable and enterprising population, heir to an enormous cultural wealth resulting from miscegenation.

Tourist circuits

According to said recognition granted by the Mincetur, the authorized tourist circuits for the Oxapampa destination are:

Route Villa Rica

Villa Rica's main park "Antonio Brack Egg", "Laguna El Oconal" Municipal Conservation Area, Los Ositos Botanical Garden, Sho'llet Forest Municipal Conservation Area. Also, the Yánesha Ñagazú indigenous community and the Nuestra Señora del Rosario Villa Rica chapel.

Experiences and Nature Circuit - Huancabamba

It includes the Main Park of Huancabamba, Los Colonos cemetery, Remains of Punchao, Fundo Bottger´S and Anana waterfall.

Colono-Pozuzo Route

It is made up of "Los Colonos" Square, the Emperor William II Bridge, the Virgin of Lourdes grotto, Los Colonos Cemetery, Pozuzo Civic Square, and La Identidad de Prusia Park.

Oxapampa Route

It is made up of the Rio del Tigre Waterfall, the cave of the Virgin Immaculate Conception, the Abra viewpoint, the Schaeflli museum, the Oxapampa Main Square and the Oxapampa Mother Church.

Yanachaga Chemillén National Park Route - San Alberto Sector

This rural area is made up of the Yanachaga Chemillén National Park and the San Alberto-Abra Esperanza Area.

Chontabamba Circuit

It is made up of the Floralp Milk Plant, the Golden Years Museum, the Florida Viewpoint and the Main Square of Chontabamba.

Some of these tourist attractions in the province of Oxapampa are detailed below:

Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park

It comprises an area of about 122,000 hectares. Its creation dates back to 1986 with the intention of conserving the basins of the slopes of the Yanachaga mountain range, as well as providing protection to the endangered species found in the area. It is home to a great diversity of flora and fauna, in which the emblematic cock of the rocks, a bird native to Peru, stands out.

Yánesha Communal Reserve

It covers an area of 34,744.7 hectares. It was considered a Reserve since 1988 with the intention of maintaining the good state of the flora and fauna of the area for the benefit of the indigenous communities that inhabit it.

El Sira Communal Reserve

It occupies an area that reaches 616,413.41 hectares, delimited on the eastern side by the Ucayali River, and by the Pachitea River on the western side. It extends between the province of Puerto Inca (Huánuco region), the province of Oxapampa (Pasco region) and the provinces of Atalaya and Coronel Portillo (Ucayali region).

The El Sira Communal Reserve is an area protected by the State with the purpose of conserving and protecting natural resources and ensuring the continuity and survival of the Asháninka, Yánesha and Shipibo ethnic groups that inhabit this protected natural area.

Rich Villa

District whose inhabitants are dedicated mainly to agriculture and especially to the cultivation of excellent quality coffee, as well as cocoa and various fruit trees. For this reason, it is called the "Capital of the finest coffee in the world" and is an ideal destination for agritourism, experiential tourism and ecotourism. Thanks to its scenic beauty, it is part of a tourist corridor along with other towns in the province of Oxapampa.

The Enchantment Waterfall

It is located in the district of Villa Rica. It is a 30-meter-high waterfall surrounded by fertile Amazonian vegetation that makes it a setting of dazzling natural beauty.

Pozuzo

District created by Law 2889 issued on November 29, 1918. It has a total area of 1,394.40 square kilometers and inside it is the Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park and natural settings such as the Dolphin waterfall, which has a drop of 80 meters and receives a growing influx of tourists.

Another place of interest is the Huancabamba Canyon that can reach 800 meters deep; the Pantheon of the Settlers, so named because the remains of the settlers who arrived in the area years ago rest there; the Schafferer Museum, where the different objects and artifacts that the founding settlers brought with them are kept and exhibited.

In addition, Pozuzo is interesting for the residential buildings it has, and where typical constructions made from sawn wood in which nails are not used can be seen.

The central festivity in honor of Santa Rosa is celebrated every August 30 and includes religious activities, with novenas and masses, as well as cultural events that highlight the cultural richness of the Oxapampa province.

Oxapampa: 10 tourist attractions that you should know

Oxapampa Main Square

Located in the central part of the city of Oxapampa. In the center of the square stands an imposing obelisk with an octagonal base built in 1959, erected in honor of the Austro-German settlers who founded Oxapampa and Villa Rica in the thick jungle of the Pasco region.

Pozuzo, German colony

Pozuzo was the first colony of its kind founded in 1859, four years after the Peruvian government granted the land to Austrian settlers. The immigrants built the city following the architectural patterns of their countries of origin, so the houses are built with geometric plans, wooden floors and gabled roofs.

It is located 84 km north of the city of Oxapampa and 360 km from Cerro de Pasco.

Tsho'llet Forest

It means "Queen of colored snails". You can see spectacled bears and different birds.

Rich Villa

It is located in the district located in the province of Oxapampa. Villa Rica is well known for being a coffee producing area. Surrounding the town are the El León and El Encanto waterfalls.

Laguna Oconal

It has 61 species of birds and a great variety of fish, because the lagoon fulfills the function of a place of passage for migratory birds.

Chontabamba

It is one of the districts of Oxapampa, and means "Field of straw". It is rich in terms of natural, mystical, archaeological, cultural tourist attractions, and even ideal sites for the practice of experiential tourism. It has the Las Orquídeas Waterfall, a set of waterfalls known as La Esperanza and San Francisco.

The Witch Waterfall

Located in Villa Rica, it is part of the Oxapampa-Asháninka-Yánesha Biosphere Reserve. It has a fall of 19 meters and 5 meters wide.

Pichis and Palcazú rivers

Ideal destination for the practice of aquatic tourism, located in the city of Oxapampa.

Psicifarm the Summit

It is located in the district of Chotabamba, 3.4km from Oxapampa. It has 6 pools in which variety trout are raised, in addition the psicifarm allows to appreciate the growth and feed the trout.

Florida Lookout

It is located in Chontabamba, located in the Central Jungle, it has an impressive view where you can appreciate the splendor of Oxapampa's nature.

How to get to Oxapampa?

There are two ways to get to Oxapampa by land. The first is by taking a direct bus or private car from Lima, which takes approximately 10 hours, or starting from Junín, which takes approximately 3 hours to arrive.

Another way to get there is by taking a flight from Lima or from another province to Jauja (closest airport) and then a bus to Oxapampa for 3 hours.

Weather in Oxapampa

In Oxapampa the winters are long, cloudy and cool while the summers are short, dry and hot.

Throughout the year the temperature usually varies between 13 to 24 degrees Celsius and very rarely is below 11 °C or above 26 °C.

Now, the best date of the year to travel to Oxapampa, especially if you want to do activities in hot weather, is undoubtedly from the first days of May to the first days of October.

Where to eat in Oxapampa?

Typical dishes of Oxapampa

Picante de Cuy: The spicy de Cuy, although it is not a typical dish from Oxapampa specifically but from Peru, is commonly served in this place. It is a dish whose main ingredient is Cuy (Guinea pig) is accompanied with parboiled potatoes and rice.

Cuy Chactado: Another of the typical dishes of Oxapampa based on Cuy is this. Contains fried yucca, rice, mote, fried plantain and salad.

Oxapampa Chicharrón: Another of the best-known dishes in Oxapampa is Chicharrón. Although it is also served in different parts of the country, each city has its own version. Generally, it is accompanied with yucca.

Oxapampa grill: Another of the typical dishes of this region is the Oxapampa grill. It is served with a piece of beef, meat, pork, chorizo and is accompanied with yucca. The meat is Oxapampa is one of the best in the country.

Best Tours in Peru

Many are the routes that take you to Machu Picchu, but none is like the Inca Trail Tours, the most famous pedestrian path in the Americas. After flying from the capital of Perú, Lima, you will arrive in Cusco to walk for four days along a path through forests and dense fog, millenary stone steps and discovering the ruins of ancient fortifications and Inca cities, and all the time enjoying majestic views.

If you want to visit Machu Picchu, we recommend you to book your Machu Picchu Ticket in advance, so you will enjoy your Vacation in Machu Picchu without any problem.

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Oxapampa: 10 tourist attractions that you should know

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Pozuzo was the first Austrian colony founded in 1859 in Peru. Pozuzo in Oxapampa is interesting for the constructions made from sawn wood and the Museum

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Oxapampa: A German Colony in the Peruvian Amazon

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Learn about the rich culture of Peru’s most unique town! This guide on Oxapampa explains how German culture arrived to this wonderful place.

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Oxapampa is a charming city of 10,000 inhabitants located in the lush green foothills of the Andes, some 1,800 meters (5,905 feet) above sea level. Settled in 1891 by a group of colonists who originated in Austria’s Tirolean Alps, the city features a distinct culture that brings together European, Native and Spanish elements. The city […]

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OXAPAMPA, PERU 🇵🇪  HUGE Saturday Farmer’s Market!

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The Oxapampa-Ashaninka-Yanesha Biosphere Reserve is located in the Department of Pasco in central Peru. It consists of the last undisturbed ecosystems in the central jungle of the country. Its location between the Amazon forest lowland and montane cloud forest results in a high diversity of flora and fauna, and contributes to its high altitudinal range ranging from 300 m to 4,500 m (Nevado de Huaguruncho). The reserve has a population of approximately 87,000 people and is composed of native communities (Yanesha, Ashaninka and Assheninkas), descendants of European settlers (Austro-German and Swiss), and communities from the Andes, coastal areas and the Amazonian jungle. These communities engage mainly in agriculture and livestock-rearing, although logging and development of handicrafts have gained importance in recent years.

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In the middle of the 19th century, with the rubber boom, the necessity of populate the Amazonian jungle became even more important. A contract is passed between the Peruvian government and the German baron; in change of lands and practical facilities

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Main initiatives in the Oxapampa-Asháninka-Yánesha Biosphere Reserve – BIOAY

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The Oxapampa-Asháninka-Yánesha Biosphere Reserve is participating in the Amazon Biosphere Reserve Project, which aims to stop the degradation of forested areas, conserve biodiversity and ecosystems and support sustainable livelihoods.

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Hand-Feeding A Semi-Wild Spectacled Bear In Peru | Evan Goes Wild

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Spectacled Bears: The Apex Predator of The Andes

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Since 2500 BCE, weaving has been important to the culture of Peru. Peruvians herd sheep, llamas and alpaca, spin the fleece into yarns, then weave the yarns into beautiful pieces of cloth. Designs woven into the fabric were used as a means to communicate between various tribes in the Andes, because languages differed. Today, besides using the cloth for clothing and decor, Peruvian textiles play an important role in the country's trade and commerce. Often bright colors are used and designs vary from intricate patterns to simple stripes. Using books or the internet, look at photos of Peruvian textiles. Pick colors for your Peruvian Weaving Project that appeal to you.

Materials for Peruvian Weaving Project

Directions for Peruvian Weaving Project

Decide on the colors you wish to use for the felt "loom" and yarns.

Cut your piece of felt 8″ x 11″.

Fold the felt in half lengthwise. Making sure corners are even, staple the non folded side cloth 1/4 inch from the edge. 3 staples should be enough.

Using a pen, make a border line 1/2″ away from edge the whole length of the piece of felt. Then, measure and mark lines 1/2 inch apart down the whole piece of the felt.

Using a very sharp pair of scissors, cut from the folded edge to the border line along all the individual lines you drew.

Stack 2 pieces of cardstock on top of one another. Center the piece of felt on the cardstock, with the pen marks from the lines down. Keeping the felt flat, staple the felt to the two pieces of cardstock inside the borders on the 2 long sides of the felt. DO NOT staple the short sides.

Cut pieces of yarn 20 inches long.

Weave each piece of yarn individually, making sure to center the yarn so the two end tails are the same size.

Using your nails as "rakes", push the yarn down against the border.

Continue weaving, making sure to keep your yarns centered on your loom.

Note: When you use your nails to push the yarns down tightly against the other yarns, use your other hand to hold the warp strips above your fingers against the loom. This will prevent the felt from stretching.

If you want to make your design symetrical, when you reach the halfway point, weave a mirror image of the first half.

For the last few yarns, it space becomes too small to use your fingers to weave. Thread a strand of yarn on a yarn needle and continue weaving in the same manner with the needle.

When you are done, make sure the threads are all even spaced.

Starting on one end, take 3 strands of yarn and knot them close to the felt. As you are doing this, you can straighten the ends of your woven piece, making sure the edge is even. Make sure you do not pull on the yarns tightly or your weaving will bunch up.

Knot all the way across one edge. If your yarns are not divisible by 3, make one knot 2 or 4 yarns thick. Do not try to tie off 1 piece of yarn by itself. Do both sides.

When you are done, you can clip off any extra long yarns.

Remove staples.

Your Peruvian Weaving Project will look beautiful in a display with your other Cultural Connections projects.

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Peruvian Weaving Project with Felt - Homeschool Companion

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Weaving is an important part of the Peruvian culture. Using wool felt and yarn, create a lovely Peruvian Weaving Project in the colors of the Andes!

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It's Hispanic Heritage Month, 2017! At the end of this post, find our Multicultural Kid Blogs HHM giveaway for some fun prizes. Today I'm sharing an exploratory Nazca lines craft. The project gives hands-on feel for these marvels of Peru, and how they were made.
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In the Peruvian desert, there's an unsolved mystery: deep lines, etched into the sand, that form pictures. You can find a monkey, a hummingbird, a spider, geometric shapes, and more. They can only be seen from far above, and are at least 1500 years old-perhaps older. Why are these mammoth shapes there? How were they designed and thought of, at a time before airplanes? No one knows, though there are many theories. We just know they're a fascinating puzzle! The Nazca lines are one of the reasons it's so interesting to explore Peru.

If you'd like to learn more, check out the links below. Otherwise, Nazca Lines Craft">click here to skip to the craft!

The Lines of Nasca, from National Geographic Information and Lots of Pictures from Atlas Obscura Brief overview:

Short BBC Introduction to the Nazca Lines (17:54 min.):

Documentary of the Nazca Lines (45 min.):

Documentary in Spanish (27 min.):

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAG7ARZu0-A

WHAT YOU'LL NEED

Sand ( 3 Pounds | Real Sand | Natural Color | For Interior Decor, Vase Filler, Sand Crafts, Nautical Theme Design, and More ">best if you can get thick, uneven sand)

Glue Cardstock Paper Creative Arts by Charles Leonard Stubby Flat Paint Brushes, Assorted Colors, 10/Set (73290) ">

Thick, flat paintbrush Watercolor paint brush (or something with a fine, round tip)

Red paint and brown paint, optional

WHAT TO DO

First, make the background to the lines: the desert. This desert is covered with a layer of reddish stones. Begin by mixing the paint and glue. Use about half as much glue as paint. If you want, mix some red and brown paint so it looks more like the real desert.

Using a thick brush, spread the mixture all over the paper. Now you have your desert!

Next, etch drawings into the sand. You can imitate the original drawings (find examples here), or you can come up with your own designs. Use the end tip of the watercolor brush to clear away the sand mixture and create a design. Make sure to do this right away, before the sand and glue dry. Just like the original creators of the Nazca lines cleared away the top layer of reddish pebbles, you'll let the white under-layer show through.

My little ones at home just made up their own designs!

If you are fascinated by Peru and want to learn more, check out my All About Peru mini-book or 10 Fun Facts about Peru post. If you are looking for more Nazca Lines crafts or projects, try this Nazca STEM Project from All Done Monkey as well!
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We are so excited for our sixth annual Hispanic Heritage Month series and giveaway! Through the month (September 15 - October 15), you'll find great resources to share Hispanic Heritage with kids, plus you can enter to win in our great giveaway and link up your own posts on Hispanic Heritage!
September 18 September 19 September 21 September 22 September 25 September 26 September 27 October 5 October 6 Don't miss all of the great posts from previous years as well: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 Mama Tortuga Giveaway begins September 15 and goes through October 15, 2017. Enter below for a chance to win one of these amazing prize packages! Some prizes have shipping restrictions. In the event that a winner lives outside the designated shipping area, that prize will then become part of the following prize package. For more information, read our full giveaway rules. Spanglish House Discovering the World Through My Son's Eyes All Done Monkey Spanish Playground Mundo Lanugo Spanish Mama Hispanic Mama Spanish Mama: Nazca Lines - Exploratory Art Project
HISPANIC HERITAGE MONTH GIVEAWAY!
September 18 September 19 September 20 September 21 September 22 September 25 September 26 September 27 October 5 October 6 Don't miss all of the great posts from previous years as well: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 Mama Tortuga Giveaway begins September 15 and goes through October 15, 2017. Enter below for a chance to win one of these amazing prize packages! Some prizes have shipping restrictions. In the event that a winner lives outside the designated shipping area, that prize will then become part of the following prize package. For more information, read our full giveaway rules. Spanglish House Discovering the World Through My Son's Eyes All Done Monkey Spanish Playground Mundo Lanugo Spanish Mama Inspired by Family Hispanic Mama Spanish Mama: Nazca Lines - Exploratory Art Project
GRAND PRIZE

From Mariana Iranzi: A digital copy of her new CD Primavera From Cathy Fink & Marcy Marxer: A print copy of Cántale a tu bebé with music download - US Shipping Only From 123 Andrés: A copy of the CD Arriba Abajo (digital copy if outside the US) From Spanish Playground: Set of books, crafts, and toys from Latin America - US Shipping Only From Carole P. Roman: Set of If You Were Me and Lived In... books on Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, Peru, Portugal, and the Mayan Empire - US Shipping Only From Mister G: A copy of the new CD Mundo Verde/Green World (digital copy if outside the US) From World Music with Daria: Celebrate Hispanic Heritage Musical Craft and Coloring E-Book From Gus on the Go: Spanish Alphabet Print (US Shipping Only) & single-use promo code for Spanish for kids language app From Lectura Para Niños: A set of printable little readers, one for each letter of the Spanish alphabet. Designed to last the entire school year, with one new book each week plus several review weeks included throughout the set

1ST PRIZE
1. 10 Fun Facts About Dominican Republic 2. Nazca Lines Craft for Kids 3. Fun Ways To Celebrate Hispanic Heritage Month With 4. 16 Great Children's Books to Discover South Americ 5. 60 Kid-Friendly Hispanic Heritage Month Recipes 6. Spanish Onomatopoeia for Kids - Spanish Playground 7. Food from Latin America: Roots of Culture 8. Culture Activities for Spanish Class: La Arpillera 9. Spanish Greetings Game: Printable Board - Spanish 10. ENannylink 11. 33 Latino Middle Grade Chapter Books You Should Kn 12. Hispanic Heritage Month Book Review: Wonder - 13. Folk Songs in Spanish 14. Hispanic Inspired Crafts for Kids 15. Children's Book about Puerto Rico 16. Notable Hispanic Figures: Thirty Days of Resources 17. Sharing Our Hispanic Heritage: Ideas Classroom 18. Hispanic Heritage Month Fiesta for Kids 19. Book Review of Chocolate Milk, Por Favor 20. Journey to Chile, the Longest Country in the World 21. Discovering Deserts & Desserts in Chile 22. Chile Independence Day & Rain Stick Craft 23. Respecting Chile & Each Other 24. Celebrating Day of the Dead in Mexico 25. Pura Belpré Award Winners 1996 - 2017 26. 2016 Américas Award Winning Children's Books 27. Drum Dream Girl - Multicultural Book of the Month 28. 24 Children's Books set in Mexico | Colours of Us 29. Top 10 Day of the Dead Children's Books 30. Cuban History for Kids: Bilingual Book and Activit 31. 10 Most Used Medicinal Plants in Latin America 32. Costa Rican Food - 9 Best Recipes 33. Easy Day of the Dead Crafts for Spanish Class
From Mariana Iranzi: A digital copy of her new CD Primavera From Cathy Fink & Marcy Marxer: A print copy of Cántale a tu bebé with music download - US Shipping Only From 123 Andrés: A copy of the CD Arriba Abajo (digital copy if outside the US) From Spanish Playground: Set of books, crafts, and toys from Latin America - US Shipping Only From Carole P. Roman: Set of If You Were Me and Lived In... books on Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, Peru, Portugal, and the Mayan Empire - US Shipping Only From Mister G: A copy of the new CD Mundo Verde/Green World (digital copy if outside the US) From World Music with Daria: Set of maracas and a Spanish fan - US Shipping Only From Gus on the Go: Spanish Alphabet Print (US Shipping Only) & single-use promo code for Spanish for kids language app

2ND PRIZE

From Cathy Fink & Marcy Marxer: A print copy of Cántale a tu bebé with music download - US Shipping Only From 123 Andrés: A copy of the CD Uno, Dos, Tres, Andrés! (digital copy if outside the US) From Spanish Playground: Set of books, crafts, and toys from Latin America - US Shipping Only From Carole P. Roman: Set of If You Were Me and Lived In... books on Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, Peru, Portugal, and the Mayan Empire - US Shipping Only From Mister G: A copy of the new CD Mundo Verde/Green World (digital copy if outside the US) From Lee and Low Books: Martí's Song for Freedom/Martí y sus versos por la libertad; Rainbow Weaver/Tejedora del arcoíris; Mamá the Alien/Mamá la extraterreste; Marisol McDonald and the Monster/Marisol McDonald y el monstruo - US Shipping Only

3RD PRIZE

From Carole P. Roman: Set of If You Were Me and Lived In... books on Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, Peru, Portugal, and the Mayan Empire - US Shipping Only From Mister G: A copy of the new CD Mundo Verde/Green World (digital copy if outside the US) From Sarah Aroeste: A copy of the new Ladino/English bilingual picture book Ora de Despertar/Time to Wake Up - US Shipping Only

We are so excited for our sixth annual Hispanic Heritage Month series and giveaway! Through the month (September 15 - October 15), you'll find great resources to share Hispanic Heritage with kids, plus you can enter to win in our great giveaway and link up your own posts on Hispanic Heritage!

HISPANIC HERITAGE MONTH GIVEAWAY!

GRAND PRIZE

From Mariana Iranzi: A digital copy of her new CD Primavera From Cathy Fink & Marcy Marxer: A print copy of Cántale a tu bebé with music download - US Shipping Only From 123 Andrés: A copy of the CD Arriba Abajo (digital copy if outside the US) From Spanish Playground: Set of books, crafts, and toys from Latin America - US Shipping Only From Carole P. Roman: Set of If You Were Me and Lived In... books on Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, Peru, Portugal, and the Mayan Empire - US Shipping Only From Mister G: A copy of the new CD Mundo Verde/Green World (digital copy if outside the US) From World Music with Daria: Celebrate Hispanic Heritage Musical Craft and Coloring E-Book From Gus on the Go: Spanish Alphabet Print (US Shipping Only) & single-use promo code for Spanish for kids language app From Lectura Para Niños: A set of printable little readers, one for each letter of the Spanish alphabet. Designed to last the entire school year, with one new book each week plus several review weeks included throughout the set

1ST PRIZE

From Mariana Iranzi: A digital copy of her new CD Primavera From Cathy Fink & Marcy Marxer: A print copy of Cántale a tu bebé with music download - US Shipping Only From 123 Andrés: A copy of the CD Arriba Abajo (digital copy if outside the US) From Spanish Playground: Set of books, crafts, and toys from Latin America - US Shipping Only From Carole P. Roman: Set of If You Were Me and Lived In... books on Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, Peru, Portugal, and the Mayan Empire - US Shipping Only From Mister G: A copy of the new CD Mundo Verde/Green World (digital copy if outside the US) From World Music with Daria: Set of maracas and a Spanish fan - US Shipping Only From Gus on the Go: Spanish Alphabet Print (US Shipping Only) & single-use promo code for Spanish for kids language app

2ND PRIZE

From Cathy Fink & Marcy Marxer: A print copy of Cántale a tu bebé with music download - US Shipping Only From 123 Andrés: A copy of the CD Uno, Dos, Tres, Andrés! (digital copy if outside the US) From Spanish Playground: Set of books, crafts, and toys from Latin America - US Shipping Only From Carole P. Roman: Set of If You Were Me and Lived In... books on Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, Peru, Portugal, and the Mayan Empire - US Shipping Only From Mister G: A copy of the new CD Mundo Verde/Green World (digital copy if outside the US) From Lee and Low Books: Martí's Song for Freedom/Martí y sus versos por la libertad; Rainbow Weaver/Tejedora del arcoíris; Mamá the Alien/Mamá la extraterreste; Marisol McDonald and the Monster/Marisol McDonald y el monstruo - US Shipping Only

3RD PRIZE

From Carole P. Roman: Set of If You Were Me and Lived In... books on Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, Peru, Portugal, and the Mayan Empire - US Shipping Only From Mister G: A copy of the new CD Mundo Verde/Green World (digital copy if outside the US) From Sarah Aroeste: A copy of the new Ladino/English bilingual picture book Ora de Despertar/Time to Wake Up - US Shipping Only

BONUS PRIZES

We are giving away an extra copy of the CD Mundo Verde/Green World from Mister G (US Shipping Only) and up to 10 digital downloads of this brand new album: Watch a video of the title track!

https://widget-prime.rafflecopter.com/classic/19dbbbb/main.html

Link up your posts about sharing Hispanic heritage with kids!

The collection has closed. Let other people know about it through twitter.

BONUS PRIZES

We are giving away an extra copy of the CD Mundo Verde/Green World from Mister G (US Shipping Only) and up to 10 digital downloads of this brand new album: Watch a video of the title track!

https://widget-prime.rafflecopter.com/classic/19dbbbb/main.html

The collection has closed. Let other people know about it through twitter.

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Nazca Lines Craft for Kids to Learn About Peruvian History and Culture

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Inside: Nazca Lines craft for kids learning about Peruvian culture and history. It's Hispanic Heritage Month, 2017! At the end of this post, find our Multicultural Kid Blogs HHM giveaway for some fun prizes. Today I'm sharing an exploratory Nazca lines craft.

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This project was inspired by a friend’s recent amazing trip to Macchu Picchu. Truly a bucket list moment! Since…

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Nazca Tourism Guide - Nazca Lines Valley Perù - Travel & Discover