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A logical fallacy is when a character uses false information to prove a point. This could be either through lies or statements they did not know were false. In Othello, Brabantio used logical fallacy when accusing Othello of bewitching Desdemona instead of her falling in love with him. Though they knew he did not bewitch her or do anything of the sort, they used it for proof that Desdemona did not want to marry Othello.

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Definition - negative view of a person or group of persons based on some part of their identity which is the foundation for racism and other social class issues; racism is when prejudice is combined with power to create oppression of a specific race

Example from Othello - "old black ram" (1.1 97) "Barbary horse" (1.1 125)

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Ethos is one of the three modes of persuasion identified by Aristotle. A speaker using ethos persuades the audience by convincing an audience they are a creditable, qualified, experienced, trustworthy, and knowledgeable source.

Iago uses Ethos to persuade the characters in Othello that he should have Othello's job because he has fought in battle for many years and is an experienced solider.

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Definition: The emotional or cultural feeling a word or phrase invokes in addition to its literal meaning

Example: "I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs. (1.1.129-131).

This quote exemplifies connotation because the words hold an implied, vulgar meaning, leading the audience to develop an opinion on the actions of Othello with Desdemona. In this instance, the reader may feel disgusted or uncomfortable because of the action being described.

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political control over a terriroty that exploits the people that live there

Iago colonializes Othello "Even now, now, very now, and old black ram/ is tupping your white ewe." (1.1.97-98)

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Definition: A figure of speech where two contradictory terms are joined together to create a deeper, complex meaning.

Example: "Iago is most honest" (2.3.7)

This line from Othello is an example of an oxymoron because there is a pairing between Iago, who we know is very sneaky and deceitful, and honest, which is the opposite of what Iago has shown us in the play so far. This would be an example of an oxymoron because there are two terms in close vicinity to each other that also that contradict one another.

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Definition: A comparison of two unlike things to create a deeper meaning without using like or as.

Example: "Good Brabantio, Take up this mangled matter at the best. Men do their broken weapons rather use than do their bare hands" (1.3.198-201)

This is used to tell Brabantio that the case he thought he had against Othello is no longer viable and that in order to win he will have to fight back with weapons that Othello just "broke" after giving his reasoning for loving Desdemona.

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Definition - An emotional or behavioral response that arises from perceived threats to one's social standing, self-esteem, or valued resources. Jealousy reflects dynamics of control, social status, and competition shaped by inequalities.

Othello Example - Iago's actions in the play are fueled by the jealousy that Othello promoted Cassio instead of him. Iago plans revenge on Othello because he feels his power and the value of his skills are threatened.

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Definition: through the lens of power, identity, and race, it is not a fixed moral code but a dynamic social construction used to uphold group reputation and enforce social hierarchies

Example in Othello: "My services which I have done this signiory/ Shall out-tongue his complaints." (1.2.21-22)

Explanation: When Othello says this to Iago, he shows his confidence in his reputation and his services to the state, outweighing the accusations against him for marrying Desdemona.

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Definition - A paradox is a self-contradictory statement or situation that is used to reveal a deeper meaning or truth. A paradox can also be used to make the reader think more deeply or to highlight the complexity of humans.

Example -

"Were I the Moor I would not be Iago. In following him, I follow but myself...But I will wear my heart upon my sleeve For daws to peck at. I am not what I am." (1.1.64-71)

Iago is loyal Othello, only to harm him, which is a situation that contradicts itself. This prompts the reader to think deeper into the purpose of Iago's actions and relationships.

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Social system where men hold dominant power, priviliege, and authority which influences institutions, culture, and relationships.

Ex: "By which the property of youth and maidhood" (1.1.194)

Brabantio consideres Desdemona his property because that's how the patriarchy worked in this time period, therefore, Othello stole her.

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A question that's not meant to be answered. Its purpose is to make a point or spark curiosity.

In Othello, Roderigo asks, "What a full fortune does the thick-lips owe if he can carry 't thus!" (1.1.72-73). Roderigo asks this question about Othello, not because he wants an answer, but because he wants to make a point about Othello's race.

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Definition: a comparison between two unlike thing that is developed over multiple lines, stanzas, or even an entire poem. Unlike a single line metaphor, an extended metaphor is continuously reinforced, adding depth and complexity to the passage.

Ex: "Our bodies are our gardens, to which our wills are gardeners. So that if we will plant nettles or sow lettuce, set hyssop and weeding up thyme, supply it with one gender of herbs or distract it with many, either to have sterile with idleness or manured with industry, why the power and corrigible authority of this lies in our wills," (1.3.362-369). Iago compares the human body/nature to a garden. He is expressing the idea that our human nature can either be cultivated or left to grow wild. This is an extended metaphor because he reinforces this idea over several lines.

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Imagery is when the author uses descriptive language that causes the reader to form mental pictures. It is meant to be influential and evoke the readers emotions.

"How I did thrive in this fair lady's love, and she in mine/ Her father loved me, oft invited me, Still questioned me the story of my life... Would Desdemona seriously incline. She'd come again with a greedy ear" (1.3.146-185)

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Symbolism is the literary device that uses one thing to represent something more abstract or deeper. It is often time a object, sound, word, or person that can stand for something else, which adds layers and complexity to a literary work. An example of symbolism in Othello is animals. The first time animals are mentioned is when Iago is describing Othello as the "Old Black Ram". These words go deeper to describe Othello as barbaric because of his race. Another example of symbolism with animals is when Iago proceeds to describe Desdemona as a "white ewe" to emphasize that Othello and Desdemona's marriage is socially unacceptable because they have different backgrounds.

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my mom was confused when i said "cap" meaning a lie, but she thought i meant the denotation, a hat.

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A word's literal, objective or dictionary definition of a word, regardless of cultural implications or subjective emotions.

"What tell'st thou me of robbing? This is Venice. My house is not a grange." (1.1.118-119)

Brabantio is using the connotation of a grange being a house that is easily robbed, but the literal definition is a country house with farm buildings attached to it, and does not explicitly state that they are easily robbed, even though that is how they were seen in this time.

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DEFINITION: refers to the feelings conveyed by the speaker/writer to their audience; the use of diction, syntax, and figures of speech

EXAMPLE: "Even now, now, very now, an old black ram / Is tupping your white ewe" (1.1.97-98). Iago uses racist imagery to describe Othello, showing his hateful tone towards him.

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definition: structures and processes that leave certain people or groups of people as feeling inequal and marginalized (ex: we are better than them) and used to maintain power and rationalize discrimination.

Example from Othello: "She is abused, stol'n from me, and corrupted/By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks;/For nature so prepost'rously to err-/ [being not deficient, blind, or lame of sense-]/Sans Witchcraft could not." (1.3.72-77)

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A comparison of two things using the words "like" or "as". They are used to create imagery, show emotion, add to the meaning of the poem, and clarify abstract ideas.

"The food that to him now is as luscious as locusts shall be to him shortly as bitter as coloquintida" (1.3.391-392)

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Analyzing the cultural, political, and economic impacts of colonialism through the ideas of power, identity, and race. It is the theory that colonial power during colonialism continues in the modern age.

Ex: "Your heart is burst. You have lost half your soul. Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe" (1.1.96-98).

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Dysphemism is the use of harsh, notable language to replace a more neutral term. This reflects strong negative emotions and makes readers have a negative connotation with whatever is being discussed. Also used to mock or degrade people/things. It can be used humorously, but it is usually used in a negative light.

Iago calls Othello an "old black ram" instead of his name or the Moor. It paints a negative picture of Othello.

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Definition: the choice and use of words and expressions in speech or writing which connote specific feelings

Example: the continual references to Othello as "the Moor," as a "thing," and through other animalistic imagery dehumanize him and emphasize his otherness

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Definition: A persuasive tool that appeals to logic and reason; an attempt to convince an audience by presenting an argument using facts, evidence, and rationale.

Example: In Othello, Iago manipulates facts to persuade characters to align with his agenda. Particularly in 1.3.393, Iago makes a claim that Desdemona will become tired of Othello's body, supports his contention with thorough evidence and reasoning in lines 384-415, and as a result, he convinces Rodrigo to yearn-on and go make money, which he will use to instigate later in the plot.

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definition: when someone uses softer or nicer words to talk about something harsh, unpleasant, or embarrassing. Instead of saying it directly, they use a gentler way of putting it.

example: When Iago says Desdemona and Othello are “making the beast with two backs”. It's a euphemism for them having sex. Instead of saying it directly in a crude way, he uses an image/metaphor that softens (and disguises) the act

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Definition:

One of the three modes of persuasion. This mode is used to appeal to emotions by manipulating the audience to feel whatever emotion to author is trying to evoke. Some common ways an author uses pathos are through vivid imagery, vocabulary with strong emotional connotations, and personal stories or anecdotes.

Example from Othello:

In Act 1 Scene 1 of Othello, Iago uses pathos when talking to Brabantio about Desdemona and Othello's eloping. He appeals to Brabantio's feelings of racism, betrayal, and desire to maintain his reputation to make him angry with Othello.