# data[].attributes.body
G-protein: Guanine nucleotide-binding protein

3 types- Affecters, Stimulatory, Inhibitory

Action depends on- the ligand, G-protein activation, effector molecule and 2nd messenger generated

5 major 2nd messenger- cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAS, Ca2+

Turning off- Signal GTP release and binding of GDP

Turning on- signal release of GDP and binding of GTP (only on for short time)

Active G protein activates an effector protein which generates a second messenger

Effector proteins- adenylyl cyclase, Phospholipase C

# data[].attributes.body
Adenylyl cyclase - cAMP

Phospholipase C - IP3 and DAG

# data[].attributes.body
Phospholipase c influences Ca2+ release

# data[].attributes.body
GDP- inactive

GtP-enzyme active (ligand bind)

# data[].attributes.body
IP3 acts as a 2nd messenger and ligand in the mechanism for muscle contraction

# data[].attributes.body
Ligand binds to GPCR, G protein activated, adenylyl cyclase increases cAMP, cAMP activates protein kinase A, and that causes cellular responses!

# data[].attributes.body
phosphlipase + PIP3 --> IP3 and DAG. They wander down to find Ryan (RyR) and say hey, can you let the Ca++ out of the ER? And he says sure! Ca++ goes into the cytoplasm to act as second messengers. BOOM! Muscles get contracted when tropomyosin is bound.

# data[].attributes.body
varenicline: binds nicotinic ACh receptors.

activates a4b2 receptors, causes dopamine release

utilizes PLC gpcr

# data[].attributes.body
Varenicline- reduces pleasure of smoking. Affects the nAChRs ligand gated ion channels in the brain. Is high affinity partial agonist at alpha4beta2 nAChRs and partial agonist of alpha3beta4 and full agonist alpha 7 nAChRs.

# data[].attributes.body
cholera toxin: activates cAMP gpcr

decreased H2O reab. in intestine d/t Na efflux from cell (to intestinal lumen)

# data[].attributes.body
Heart:

a1: PLC

b2: cAMP

lungs;

b1: cAMP

# data[].attributes.body
Fear response: SNS

activates cAMP for fight or flight

# data[].attributes.body
GAD: hyperactive amygdala

SSRI (fluoxetine) for panic disorder (serotonin low in syn cleft)

Buspirone for GAD, inhibits serotonin synthesis, enhances a1 receptors

# data[].attributes.body
Increased activity in the amygdala, the fear-associated portion of the brain, is associated with GAD. GAD be treated with a variety of SSRIs. (GAD causes anxiety, fear response)

Not all anxiety disorders involve one neurotransmitters- think of buspirone (serotonin affected!)