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Tourism in Hawaii has caused the government to neglect natives and the environment in favor of monetary gain.

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Oxybenzone can be detrimental to corals, ranging from mortality to inducting pathologies such as bleaching, and gross planula deformations, as well as causing genotoxicity, endocrine disruption and significant shifts in its metabolome. Sunscreen pollution can also threaten endangered species, such as sea turtles and marine mammals

Downs, C. A., et al., (2021). Oxybenzone contamination from sunscreen pollution and its ecological threat to Hanauma Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Chemosphere, 291, 132880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132880

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Microplastics are considered to be particularly harmful to marine ecosystems because they resemble the food of many marine organisms, and adsorbed toxic persistent organic pollutants.

Rey, S. F., Franklin, J., & Rey, S. J. (Feb 18, 2021). Microplastic pollution on island beaches, Oahu, Hawai`i. PLOS ONE, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247224

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Many islands worldwide are the focus of beach tourism, and island beaches often harbor large amounts of debris including plastics. Remote oceanic islands receive plastic debris transported by ocean currents, e.g., in Tonga, the Cook Islands, and Fiji in the southwest Pacific, as well as Hawai`i.

Rey, S. F., Franklin, J., & Rey, S. J. (Feb 18, 2021). Microplastic pollution on island beaches, Oahu, Hawai`i. PLOS ONE, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247224

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Much of the land that had been occupied by Native Hawaiians was cleared for new developments and state parks. Beginning in the 1980s

Heckathorn, J., Swenson, J. P. M., & Motteler, L. S. (2024, October 23). Hawaii. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Hawaii-state

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perspective: Researcher in Hawaiian culture

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perspective: Researcher in Hawaiian culture

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Unfortunately, their culture is exploited and used as a symbol to attract visitors.

Clayton, D. (n.d.). Trouble in Paradise: The effects of tourism on the culture of the Hawaiian Islands. Pressbooks. https://pressbooks.library.upei.ca/artsreview-xi/chapter/trouble-in-paradise/#:~:text=With%20less%20opportunities%20and%20less,with%20their%20language%20and%20traditions.

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Hawaii ranks relatively low among U.S. states in terms of personal income, farm products sold, value of manufacturing shipments, retail sales, and bank deposits. Largely because of its insularity and dependence on imports, Hawaii has a high cost of living.

Heckathorn, J., Swenson, J. P. M., & Motteler, L. S. (2024, October 23). Hawaii. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Hawaii-state

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The business opportunities brought about by tourism can attract the influx of floating populations, which crowd out work opportunities for indigenous people and increase unemployment rates.

Liu, T.-M., & Lu, D.-J. (2014, July 8). The cultural and ecological impacts of aboriginal tourism: A case study on Taiwan’s Tao Tribe. SpringerPlus. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4117854/

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A major contributor to environmental degradation is the tremendous development of infrastructure relating to the tourism industry. From 1985 to 2010 the number of hotel rooms has been forecasted to double from 65 thousand to 132 thousand.

Darowski, L., Strilchuk, J., Sorochuk, J., & Provost, C. (2006). Negative Impact of Tourism on Hawaii Natives and Environment. Lethbridge Undergraduate Research Journal, 1(2). https://opus.uleth.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/6bafb8c8-714a-416c-8ad3-d49f0e9afcce/content

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Tourism's resources are nearly inexhaustible, making it one of the few economic opportunities that can be focused on long-term.

Pascu, E. (2012). Tourism Infrastructure - a Factor which Influences the Quality of Tourism Services. “Dimitrie Cantemir” Christian University, Bucharest, Romania. https://www.revistadestatistica.ro/suplimente/2012/4/srrs4_2012a39.pdf

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Tourism in Hawaii began in the 1860s. Kilauea volcano was one of the world’s prime attractions for adventure travelers.

History in Hawaii. Frommer’s. (2024). https://www.frommers.com/destinations/hawaii/in-depth/history

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The Global Tourism Monitor was made to see where tourism was focusing, and how the economic growth it initiated in where it was affected other places.

Blank, D. (1999, November 1). Software measures impact of tourism. Hotel & Motel Management, 214(19), 4.  https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A57950473/EAIM?u=mcps&sid=bookmark-EAIM&xid=baf775c5

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Tourism has allowed Hawaii to become the center of the international market in the Pacific, causing more capital investment from the U.S mainland.

Heckathorn, J., Motteler, L. S., & Swenson, J. P. M. (2019, November 11). Government and society. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Hawaii-state/Government-and-society

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By 1936, visitors could fly to Honolulu from San Francisco on the Hawaii Clipper, a seven-passenger Pan American Martin M-130 flying boat, for $360 one-way. The flight took 21 hours, 33 minutes. Modern tourism was born, with five flying boats providing daily service. The 1941 visitor count was a brisk 31,846 through December 6.

History in Hawaii. Frommer’s. (2024). https://www.frommers.com/destinations/hawaii/in-depth/history

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Much has changed about the Hawaiʻi visitor industry since May 14, 1902, when W. C. Weedon convinced a group of Honolulu businessmen to pay him to advertise the Territory of Hawaiʻi on the Mainland.

Humble Beginnings. (2024). Hawai’i Visitors & Convention Bureau.. History. http://www.hvcb.org/about-hvcb/history/

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Many local industries, like hotel chains, have moved to Oahu, and more specifically Waikiki, to capitalize on the large amount of tourists that visit that island and city specifically.

Heckathorn, J., Motteler, L. S., & Swenson, J. P. M. (2019, November 11). Government and society. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Hawaii-state/Government-and-society

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A study found that tourism would be worth nearly 1/4 of Hawaii's economy by 2010.

Blank, D. (1999, November 1). Software measures impact of tourism. Hotel & Motel Management, 214(19), 4.  https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A57950473/EAIM?u=mcps&sid=bookmark-EAIM&xid=baf775c5

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With less opportunities and less space for their traditions, the native population is forced to forget their important roots and adjust to living in a highly-visited area.

Clayton, D. (n.d.). Trouble in Paradise: The effects of tourism on the culture of the Hawaiian Islands. Pressbooks. https://pressbooks.library.upei.ca/artsreview-xi/chapter/trouble-in-paradise/#:~:text=With%20less%20opportunities%20and%20less,with%20their%20language%20and%20traditions.

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Since statehood, both the population and the economy boomed in Hawaii, with ever-increasing numbers of visitors. Outside investment, notably from the U.S. mainland and Japan, along with rising real estate values, made the islands seem especially bountiful. However, wages have not kept up with the cost of living, and many Hawaiians work multiple jobs to survive.

Heckathorn, J., Swenson, J. P. M., & Motteler, L. S. (2024, October 23). Hawaii. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Hawaii-state

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Tourism’s takeover of Hawaii displaces the native population, intrudes on their sacred land, and interferes with each household’s economic stability, regardless of whether the person works in the tourism industry or not.

Bacilio, C. (2023a, May 4). Hawaii tourism: Opposite of a paradise for locals. International Relations Review. https://www.irreview.org/articles/hawaii-tourism-opposite-of-a-paradise-for-locals

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With the prevalence of aboriginal tourism, many indigenous people and the areas in which they live are significantly impacted by tourism activities.

Liu, T.-M., & Lu, D.-J. (2014, July 8). The cultural and ecological impacts of aboriginal tourism: A case study on Taiwan’s Tao Tribe. SpringerPlus. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4117854/

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The anti-eviction struggle also included militarized sites such as Mākua Valley on O‘ahu, where generations of houseless Hawaiian families have faced repeated evictions while also facing displacement due to military occupation in the valley.

Williams, L. K., & Gonzalez, V. V. (2016). Indigeneity, sovereignty, sustainability and cultural tourism: hosts and hostages at ʻIolani Palace, Hawai’i. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(5), 668–683. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1226850

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The continuous development of infrastructure catered to tourists in Hawaii is causing extreme environmental harm which is affecting the lives and practices of natives.

Lukasz Darowski, Jordan Strilchuk, Jason Sorochuk, Casey Provost: Negative Impact of Tourism on Hawaii Natives and Environment. Lethbridge Undergraduate Research Journal. 2006. Volume 1 Number 2.

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Native communities in Mauritius (another island nation) were also concerned about the sustainability of tourism on their island and had very similar concerns over the expansion of tourism such as environmental damage and cultural commodification.

Ramseook-Munhurrun, Prabha and Naidoo, Perunjodi, Residents’ Attitudes Toward Perceived Tourism Benefits (November 3, 2011). International Journal of Management and Marketing Research, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 45-56, 2011, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1950367

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Tourism serves as a way to increase the local population's financial resources, while also contributing to social growth.

Pascu, E. (2012). Tourism Infrastructure - a Factor which Influences the Quality of Tourism Services. “Dimitrie Cantemir” Christian University, Bucharest, Romania. https://www.revistadestatistica.ro/suplimente/2012/4/srrs4_2012a39.pdf

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This degradation of the environment is very important to their way of life as it is integrated into the cultural and social traditions. 5 Moreover, developing these properties has diminished the Natives ability to keep traditional livelihoods such as fishing, gathering food and medicine which, in turn, diminishes their meaning of life.

Darowski, L., Strilchuk, J., Sorochuk, J., & Provost, C. (2006). Negative Impact of Tourism on Hawaii Natives and Environment. Lethbridge Undergraduate Research Journal, 1(2). https://opus.uleth.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/6bafb8c8-714a-416c-8ad3-d49f0e9afcce/content

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The authenticity of the identity of host communities is being eroded due to commodifications that cater to tourists over the lives of natives.

Shahjalal, M. (2016). Positive and negative impacts of tourism on culture: A critical review of examples from contemporary literature. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Sports, 20(1), 30-34.

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Increased technological developments meant to aid tourism travel and international trade have led to the homogenization (the process of creating mass uniformity) of economies and societies around the globe.

Fennell, D. A., & Malloy, D. C. (2007). Codes of ethics in tourism: Practice, theory, synthesis (Vol. 33). Channel View Publications.

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Levels of oxybenzone utilization in sunscreen products has significantly decreased after 2019 as a result of global response in consumer awareness of the dangers of this chemical to marine resources and from laws banning their sale or use in places such as Hawaii, Palau, The Marshall Islands, Thailand, the Northern Mariana Islands...

Downs, C. A., et al., (2021). Oxybenzone contamination from sunscreen pollution and its ecological threat to Hanauma Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Chemosphere, 291, 132880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132880

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Many Hawaiians argued their biggest concern over the growth of tourism on their island was their land and culture being exploited and their grievances are not being heard.

Stevens, F. (2018). Perspectives on the sociocultural consequences of mass tourism on Native Hawaiians. https://edepot.wur.nl/457371

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Unethical tourist behavior results from an unknowingness of the effects caused by harmful tourist practices, hence the necessity for a moral code for tourists to encourage the sustainability of host communities.

Kazimierczak, M. (2006). Code of ethics for tourism. Studies in Physical Culture & Tourism, 13(1). https://www.wbc.poznan.pl/Content/44716/PDF/Kazimierczak_REV.pdf