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Name of Model: "Atomos"

Description of Model: Atoms are different sizes and shapes and are indestructible and indivisible.

Experiment: No experiment, only thinking experiments. He thought that if a stone were cut in half enough times, it would be small enough to be indivisible.

Conclusions:

He concluded that all atoms are solid, indivisible, and indestructible.

He said that all matter is made of different types of atoms including different sizes and shapes.

Pros:

Good foundation

First Concept

Showed Diversity

Cons:

Lack of Evidence

Simplicity

Unbelievable

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Name of Model: Billiard Ball Model

Description of Model: Atoms are solid and indestructible.

Experiment: Investigated properties of gases that made him infer that gases must be made of individual small particles that are in constant motion. Combined different gases and substances.

Pros:

Good theory

Modern quantitative approach

Explains the law of chemical combination

Cons:

Atoms idea with shapes were disproven

Not a full explanation to other researchers

Limited information

Conclusions:

He concluded that all matter is made of

indestructible and indivisible things called atoms.

The atoms of a specific element are identical and different elements have different elements

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Name of Model: Plum Pudding Model

Description of Model: Electrons are surrounded by a positively charge "pudding".

Experiment: He put a vacuum pump to remove all the air in a glass tube and placed a cathode at one end and an anode at another end. He applied high pressure and light from the cathode came out.

Conclusions:  He discovered electrons and proved atoms were divisible.

Pros:

Big impact on later atomic models.

First atomic model that introduced electrons to an atomic model.

Proved Atoms are divisible

Cons:

Limited explanation on how the "pudding" holds the electrons in.

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Name of Model: Nuclear Model

Description of Model: A nucleus is surrounded by electrons in empty space.

Experiment: He did an experiment where he used gold foil with alpha particles while post-passed.

Conclusions: He concluded that the atom is mostly empty space and that there is a nucleus in the center of the atom.

Pros:

Discovery of the Nucleus

Explains unique element traits

Discovered that the atom is mostly empty space

Cons:

No explanation on the interaction of electrons.

Guessed on paths of electrons

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Name of Model: Planetary Model

Description of Model: Electrons orbit around the nucleus on "energy levels" or "orbits".

They have fixed positions and energy.

Experiment: Bohr's Model develops it was a quantized orbit around the nucleus and these can only transition between these orbits by absorbing specific amounts of energy

Conclusions: Electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits. They lose energy jumping from one level to another.

Pros:

Introduces Energy levels

Cons:

Limited

Fails to demonstrate atoms with more than one electron

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Name of model: Quantum Mechanical Model

Description of Model: Electron don't move in waves but sporadic paths around the nucleus.

Experiment: He used a lot of different wave functions to describe the quantum state of a particle which finds electrons in the specific region.

Conclusions:

He concluded that electrons do not spin in orbits around the nucleus, but rather in a hyperactive path that forms different shapes around the nucleus called orbitals.

Pros:

Uses math equations that fill in the requirements for determining the behavior of electrons.

Orbitals

Cons:

Complexity of imagining electrons as waves

Uncertainty

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Name of Model: Quantum Mechanical Model

Description of Model: In the nucleus there is the positively charge proton and the neutral charged neutron. Electrons surround the nucleus in orbitals.

Experiment: He bombarded beryllium with alpha particals. It caused a reaction which was a type of radiation and while investigating this radiation he determined it was made up of neutral particles similar to protons.

Conclusions: He concluded that neutrons are in the nucleus along with protons.

Pros:

Discovery of the neutron

Newer influence on the study of atomic structure

Use of nuclear physics.

More enhanced detailed model of the atom

Cons:

People didn't believe in the neutron

Concern for the use of radiation