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There are two types of vascular tissues:

-Xylem

-Phloem

Further explanation of xylem:

1. Components of Xylem: Tracheids, Vessels, Xylem parenchyma, Xylem fibres

2. Development: Form from vascular cambium primary xylem develops first secondary xylem(wood) develops later.

3. Function: Transport water and minerals

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simple permenant tissue ,made up of dead cell with highly thickened lignified wall

present in mature part of plant:shell,fibre,inner bark ,wood,leaf

posses both primary and secondary cell wall

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Location :

found at the periphery of roots and stem of grown plants

Function :

1) protects plants from external injury to some extent

2) reduce excess water loss

3) make them more resistant to bacteria, fungi and other harmful microorganisms

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Collenchyma Tissue

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Location: Epidermis of leaves & stems.

Function: Regulate the opening & closing of stomata.

Structure: Have a strong & elastic cell wall, have a thick cuticle.

Sclerenchyma cell

Location: in areas that need structural support.

Function: Provide mechanical strength.

Structure: have thick cell wall, rich in lignin which make them strong & waterproof.

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Function: Transport nutrients and water absorbed by the root from the ground into the leaves by transpiration and capillary action

Location: in the vascular tube

Structure: consist of long hollow tube continuously upward with no end allowing substances in it to only move upward

Type of tissue: vascular tissue

Importance: provide structural support for plants. Nutrients and water distribution

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Located : can be found in many plant tissues, including xylem, phloem, leaves, fruits, periderm, cortex, and the pith.

Functions :

1. Provide structural support to the plant organs

2. Form protective coverings around nuts and seeds

3. Also a part of vascular bundles and form conductive tissues

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•Specialised cell in plant leaf

•Can chage shape to open/close hold in leaf called stomata

•Allowing / preventing gas exchange

Structure

1) Shape : In dicots, they are kidney-shaped, and in monocots, they are more dumbbell-shaped.

2) Cell Wall : The inner wall is thicker, which helps them bend when they swell with water.

3) Chloroplasts : Guard cells contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis, unlike most other epidermal cells.

Function

1) Stomatal Control: When guard cells absorb water, they swell and open the stomata. When they lose water, they close the stomata.

2) Gas Exchange : They allow carbon dioxide to enter for photosynthesis and oxygen to exit.

3) Water Regulation: By closing the stomata when water is scarce, guard cells help the plant conserve water.

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-Single layer of thin cells.

-The upper epidermis contains the cuticle as well as lacking stomata and chloroplasts.

-The lower epidermis contains a lot of stomata to control absorption and release CO2, O2 & H20.

-Waxy cuticle layer which provides a protective barrier against mechanical injury, water loss, and infection.

-Consist of 3 main types which are pavement cells, guard cells & subsidiary cells.

-Occur during both primary & secondary growth of the plant. -Secrete cutin

-Found in leaves and other immature parts of the stems and roots during secondary growth.

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-Contain 3 zones:

Meristematic zone

Elongation zone

Differentiation zone

●The meristematic zone (apical meristem), the plant cells undergo rapid mitotic division, creating new cells for root growth.

●The zone of elongation, begin,unsurprisingly, to elongate, furnishing the root with added length.

●The zone of differentiation, specialized cells, such as phloem, xylem, and root hairs.

■each root is made of dermal, ground and vascular tissue

Function

○anchors plants into the soil

○absorbs water and minerals and transports them upward

○stores the products of photosynthesis

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