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Information for the Poster:

1. Name of the Weapon: Cannon

2. Time Period: First used in the 13th century (1200s) in China, then spread to Europe.

3. How It Worked: Cannons fired heavy metal balls using gunpowder. Soldiers loaded gunpowder and a metal ball into the cannon, lit a fuse, and the explosion pushed the ball out.

4. Importance: Cannons could destroy walls, ships, and large groups of soldiers. They were important for winning battles, especially in sieges and naval fights.

Poster:

Title: "The Cannon: A Powerful Weapon in History"

Main Points:

Used in battles to break walls and ships.

Fired metal balls with gunpowder.

Changed the way wars were fought.

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Tsar bomb

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Throughout history, some weapons have dramatically altered warfare. The atomic bomb is one such weapon, bringing immense destruction and shifting global power. The United States first used it in 1945, dropping bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending World War II. These bombs caused unprecedented devastation, marking the start of the nuclear age.

Later, the Soviet Union developed the Tsar Bomb, the largest nuclear bomb ever detonated. Tested in 1961, it had a yield of 50 megatons, around 3,800 times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb. Though never used in war, the Tsar Bomb highlighted the terrifying potential of nuclear weapons, shaping Cold War politics and global strategies.

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Here is a picture of the Roman gladius, a key weapon used by Roman soldiers. The gladius played a central role in the Roman military's success, particularly during close combat. Alongside the gladius, the shield or as also called the scutum provided a lot defense. Roman soldiers, used this combination of weaponry and strategy to dominate battlefields across the ancient world.

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Basic Idea: It’s a machine that uses tension, leverage, or some form of energy to hurl objects.

Types:

Tension Catapult: Uses a stretched material like a rope or elastic. When released, the tension propels the object.

Lever Catapult: Uses a long arm that pivots on a point. Pulling down on one side makes the other side launch the object.

Counterweight Catapult: Uses a heavy weight that drops to provide force to launch the object.

Parts:

Arm: The part that moves or swings to throw the object.

Pivot: The point where the arm moves or rotates.

Bucket or Sling: Holds the object before it’s launched.

Base: The support structure that holds everything together.

History: Catapults were used in ancient times for military purposes to attack or defend against fortifications. They’re also used in engineering and science experiments to understand mechanics.

Modern Uses: Today, catapults are mostly used for educational demonstrations, amusement park rides, and in some engineering applications.

In essence, a catapult uses mechanical principles to fling something into the air!

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Yuntoudoa

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Weapon: sword

Time period: it was used around 3300 BCE in Turkey

How it worked: it was used as a sharp weapon in the time and the sharp edges were damaging and sharp

Importance: it was for the protection of the people and fighting in wars

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The composite bow, also known as the Mongol bow, was a crucial weapon used by the Mongol Empire from the 12th to the 14th century. This weapon was notable for its compact size, making it highly effective for mounted archers, and was crafted from a combination of materials including wood, horn, and sinew. The design involved layering these materials in a specific manner to enhance the bow’s strength and flexibility, allowing it to shoot arrows with significant power and range. The primary purpose of the composite bow was to provide Mongol cavalry with a formidable long-range weapon that could be used effectively while on the move. Its use in battle was pivotal, exemplified in notable conflicts like the Battle of Ain Jalut, where its effectiveness in rapid, precise shooting contributed to Mongol victories. The composite bow significantly impacted military strategy by enabling fast, mobile archery tactics, allowing Mongol forces to outmaneuver and outshoot their enemies from a distance, thereby providing a substantial tactical advantage over more stationary and less flexible opponents.

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Historically, the military has played a crucial role in the development and expansion of empires. It has been used to conquer new territories, maintain control over vast areas, and suppress internal dissent. Military prowess often enabled empires to secure resources, establish dominance, and influence trade and politics. Additionally, the military helped shape administrative structures and cultural exchanges within and between empires.

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The military plays a crucial role in the development of empires by conquering new territories and defending the empire from external threats, helping to expand its influence and power.

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Throughout history, the military has been essential to the growth and spread of empires. It has been applied to seize new lands, hold onto large swaths of territory, and quell internal dissension. Empires were frequently able to establish control, seize resources, and affect trade and politics thanks to their military might. The military also influenced the development of administrative systems and cross-cultural interactions within and between empires.

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The catapult

A catapult is a ballistic device that can propel a projectile a considerable distance without the use of propellants like gunpowder, especially several kinds of siege engines from antiquity and the Middle Ages. A catapult's payload is propelled by the abrupt release of potential energy that has been stored. Most use springs, bows, twisted rope, elastic, or any of a plethora of other materials and systems to convert tension or torsion energy that was more gradually and manually built up within the device before release.

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Bronze Age swords appeared from around the 17th century BC, in the Black Sea and Aegean regions, as a further development of the dagger. They were replaced by iron swords during the early part of the 1st millennium BC. From an early time the swords reached lengths in excess of 100 cm

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All the empires in this world started out as conquests and grew from them. Although there are many examples of non-military empires as well, we may definitely draw the conclusion that military organizations capable of subduing neighboring polities are always required, although not always sufficient, for empires.

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longbow

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Mobile warfare vehicles are termed chariots of war, which are also called battle chariots. These are old instruments of war and activities in which people are carried around in narrow pathways. These conditions existed approximately from 2000 BC to 500 AD with its zenith in the ancient near East, EM Asia, India Egypt, China, and the Mediterranean. Chariots are small two-wheeled devices that are customarily harnessed by horses or any other work animals. Chariots consisted of a wooden body built around two large wheels providing space for the driver with 1 to 2 warriors or archers. Chariots have played all other supportive functions including use in reconnaissance missions; whether as part of hit and runs, or as a charge against the troops. These chariots were prominent in the Kadesh battle of 1274BC, and even in the Indian epic the Mahabharata. In evolutionary warfare, Chariots indeed provided a ‘dynamic’ transformation of military strategy to combat. This was primarily due to the advantages of weight, speed of maneuver, and breaking enemy lines, and pursuit of the enemy who escapes through not only within a formation but even scattered. Roads on the other hand were too wide, making chariots almost out of place especially in hilly or very wooded areas and became less useful with the advancement of armies that relied more on infantry and ranged arms.

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The Mongol composite bow was a versatile and powerful weapon that played a crucial role in the military conquests of the Mongol Empire. Here are some key points about the Mongol composite bow:

1. Design and Construction: The Mongol composite bow was made using a combination of materials such as wood, animal horn, and tendons or sinew. This construction method allowed the bow to be compact yet extremely powerful, enabling it to shoot arrows with great force and accuracy.

2. Portability and Efficiency: The compact size of the composite bow made it easy for Mongol warriors to carry it while riding on horseback. This mobility was a key advantage for the Mongol cavalry, allowing them to shoot arrows while on the move and engage in hit-and-run tactics effectively.

3. Long Range and Accuracy: The Mongol composite bow had a long range and was known for its accuracy. Mongol archers were trained from a young age to master the use of the bow, and they could shoot arrows accurately at long distances, making them formidable opponents on the battlefield.

4. Tactics and Warfare: The Mongols extensively used their composite bows in a variety of military tactics. They were skilled horse archers who could quickly maneuver on the battlefield, raining down arrows on their enemies from a distance. This hit-and-run style of warfare allowed the Mongols to harass and weaken their opponents before engaging them in close combat.

5. Campaigns and Conquests: The Mongol composite bow played a central role in the numerous military campaigns and conquests of the Mongol Empire. From the steppes of Central Asia to the cities of the Middle East and Eastern Europe, Mongol warriors used their bows to devastating effect, helping to establish one of the largest empires in history.

Overall, the Mongol composite bow was a weapon that embodied the skill, mobility, and tactical prowess of the Mongol warriors. Its design and effectiveness in battle were instrumental in the success of the Mongol Empire and its military campaigns.

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Around 3300 BCE, during the Bronze Age is when swords first came into existence as an evolution from daggers due to advancements, in metalworking techniques.That time period saw the swords being crafted mainly from bronze before transitioning to iron and steel around 1200 BCE during the Iron Age.Swords remained a weapon in warfare until the century when firearms took over as the dominant choice.

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Sword

What’s a Weapon???

The weapon is called a sword in ordinary parlance. Among the historical and other names are: - Gladius (a short roman sword) - Katana (a sword from Japan).

– Sabre (a sword with a bend or curve often wielded by horsemen) – Broad sword; thick swords with broad blades associated with feudal Europe.

Thin, pointed sword mostly used for attacking with: Rapier

Places and Time Of Other Cultures

Swords have served purposes in previous time periods and in various cultures. - Ancient Civilizations: Greeks, Egyptians, and Mesopotamians served as among the central cases.

Middle Ages: Famous in the warfare in Europe especially during knights and infantry.

Feudal Japan: Since the 12th Century, the katana started becoming the identity of the Samurai.

The 19th Century: Cavalry units used swords frequently during this period.

Materials and Design

Generally, swords have the following characteristics:

Blade: long and slender frame

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Ancient Period: Swords originated around 3000 BCE with bronze weapons in Mesopotamia. The Iron Age (circa 1200 BCE) brought stronger iron swords, like the Celtic spatha and Greek xiphos.

- Classical Antiquity: The Romans utilized the gladius, a short sword effective for close combat, while Asian cultures developed iconic swords such as the katana in Japan.

- Middle Ages: The longsword became prominent among knights, featuring a cruciform hilt. Larger swords like the claymore emerged to combat heavy armor.

- Renaissance to Early Modern: The rapier gained popularity for dueling, while curved swords like the saber were favored in cavalry.

- 19th Century to Modern Era: Firearms reduced the sword's battlefield role, relegating it to ceremonial use. Swords saw limited action in the World Wars, often as officer sidearms.

- Cultural Significance: Swords symbolize power and honor, deeply rooted in martial arts and mythology. Today, they are primarily ceremonial and collectible, with traditional craftsmanship still thriving.

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Swords have played a crucial role in Islamic history, symbolizing power, honor, and martial prowess. Early Muslims utilized swords in key battles, such as the Battle of Badr and the Battle of Uhud, where figures like the Prophet Muhammad and his companions wielded them. Notable swords like Zulfiqar, associated with Ali ibn Abi Talib, and Al-Battar, used by Khalid ibn al-Walid, have become legendary symbols of bravery and justice. Beyond their military use, swords also represent the rich craftsmanship of Islamic artisans, with intricate designs and techniques reflecting the cultural heritage of the Muslim world.

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Mauser 98 sniper rifle:

Made in 1936

Made in Germany

Used in world War 2

First gun to use a long eye relief scope

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The composite bow is a type of bow made from a combination of materials, typically wood, horn, and sinew, which provides greater strength, flexibility, and reduced weight compared to traditional wooden bows. This construction allows composite bows to have a more powerful draw and faster arrow speeds, making them effective for hunting and warfare.

### Key Features of Composite Bows:

1. **Materials**:

- **Wood**: Often used for the central core of the bow.

- **Horn**: Typically taken from animals like water buffalo or goats, used on the belly of the bow (the side facing the archer), providing strength during the draw.

- **Sinew**: Animal tendons that are glued to the back of the bow (the side facing the target) to store energy and enhance performance.

2. **Shape**: Composite bows are generally recurved, meaning their tips curve away from the archer when unstrung. This design helps to increase the bow's power and efficiency.

3. **Advantages**:

- Higher power-to-weight ratio, allowing for powerful shots without requiring a long draw length.

- Compact size makes them easier to handle and transport, particularly useful for mounted archers.

- The materials used can help maintain performance in varying weather conditions.

4. **Historical Significance**: Composite bows have been used by various cultures throughout history, including the Mongols, Huns, and many Middle Eastern civilizations. They were instrumental in the development of archery as a military tactic.

5. **Modern Use**: Today, composite bows are used in traditional archery, hunting, and by enthusiasts who appreciate historical archery techniques. They may also be replicated in modern materials for enhanced performance.

Overall, the composite bow's ingenious construction allows for a blend of speed, power, and agility, making it one of the most effective and enduring designs in the history of archery.

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The composite bow is a type of bow made from a combination of materials, designed to offer greater power and efficiency than simple wooden bows. It has been used by various cultures throughout history and is known for its effectiveness in both hunting and warfare.

Key Features

1. Construction: A composite bow typically combines different materials, such as wood, horn, and sinew. The core is often made from wood, while the limbs might include layers of horn (often from animals like buffalo or cattle) and sinew (tendons from animals). These materials are glued together with natural adhesives.

2. Shape: Composite bows usually have a recurve shape, where the limbs curve away from the archer when the bow is unstrung. This design helps to store more energy and deliver more power with less draw length compared to straight-limbed bows.

3. Flexibility: The combination of materials allows composite bows to be highly flexible and resilient, making them capable of shooting powerful arrows with a relatively small size and weight. This also makes them more effective in various weather conditions.

4. Size and Portability: Composite bows are often shorter and more compact than longbows. This makes them easier to carry and handle, especially on horseback. The compact design is particularly useful for mounted archers.

Historical Use

- Ancient Civilizations: Composite bows were used by various ancient civilizations, including the Egyptians, Persians, Scythians, and Mongols. They were highly prized for their power and range, and played a crucial role in warfare and hunting.

- Medieval Period: In medieval times, the composite bow was employed by numerous cultures, including the Mongols, who are well-known for their highly skilled mounted archers. The bow was also used by the Ottoman Turks and various other groups.

### Advantages

1. Power and Efficiency: Composite bows can deliver more power and shoot arrows farther than many other types of bows, especially those of similar size.

2. Durability: The materials used in composite bows make them highly durable and resistant to damage, even in harsh conditions.

3. Versatility: Their design makes them effective in a variety of combat scenarios and hunting situations, including from horseback.

Modern Usage

While composite bows are not as commonly used today, they are still valued by historical reenactors and archery enthusiasts who appreciate their craftsmanship and historical significance. Modern composite bows, often made with synthetic materials, are also popular in various archery disciplines for their performance and durability.

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The Middle East is where the scimitar, a curved, single-edged blade, first appeared, especially in the early Islamic era (7th century). Because of its design, mounted combat was encouraged, which affected military strategy and helped cavalry succeed. Across many cultures, the scimitar came to represent strength and status, adding to its artistic and ceremonial value. The scimitar is still regarded as a cultural symbol in many nations today, signifying both artistic legacy and historical might.

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The khopesh is an iconic weapon from ancient Egypt, known for its sickle-shaped blade. Dating back to around 2500 BCE and used extensively during the New Kingdom period (1550-1070 BCE), the khopesh evolved from earlier weapons like the battle axe and was influenced by the Canaanite sickle-sword. Typically made of bronze or iron and measuring about 50-60 cm in length, its unique curved blade was designed for slashing and hooking. The inner curve could pull an opponent’s shield or weapon out of the way, while the outer edge was sharpened for cutting, making it versatile in close combat. Beyond its practical use, the khopesh held significant symbolic value, often depicted in the hands of pharaohs and gods in Egyptian drawing, symbolizing strength and divine authority. It was also placed in the tombs of the elite, indicating its importance in both life and death. The khopesh remains a great example of ancient military innovation and craftsmanship of ancient Egyptian civilization.