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A term used to describe workers engaged in manual labor or skilled trades, typically in industrial or manufacturing sectors.

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Social norms that are considered essential to the functioning of a society, often related to morality and ethical behavior.

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A formal organizational structure characterized by a clear hierarchy, division of labor, and a set of rules and procedures governing the organization.

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A hierarchical system that establishes dominance and subordinate relationships within a group, often observed in social and animal behaviors.

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An individual or group that is unfairly blamed for problems or misfortunes, often to divert attention from the real issues.

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The process of cultural change and adaptation that occurs when individuals from one culture come into contact with another, often leading to changes in customs, values, and behaviors.

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The selfless concern for the well-being of others, often leading to voluntary acts of kindness and charity without expecting anything in return.

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A concept introduced by Carl Jung referring to the part of the unconscious mind shared among a group, containing universal experiences and archetypes.

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A cultural movement that actively rejects and opposes the dominant societal norms and values, often promoting alternative lifestyles.

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A debate in psychology and sociology regarding the extent to which human behavior and personality are shaped by genetic (nature) versus environmental (nurture) influences.

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A Rogerian argument is a strategy for argument developed by Carl Rogers that is less confrontational and adversarial than traditional debate. A Rogerian argument recognizes the validity of opposing positions and attempt to negotiate a compromise between opposing views.

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Denotation is the dictionary definition of a word.

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Connotation refers to the Association people have with words beyond the dictionary definition. For example, the word refers to a specific, so many people associate with a symbol of peace.

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Dissonance refers to the use of harsh, discordance sound. Although often used interchangeably with cacophony, cacophony refers to the sounds themselves, whereas dissonance refers to the result of cacophony for the desired effect.

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Cacophony refers to harsh sounds.

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Euphony refers to pleasing, harmonious sound.

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Jargon refers to the specialized and often technical language and vocabulary of a particular. Use of jargon can identify the speaker as part of a group. For instance, of the terms interface, platform, an applet, might identify the speaker as a computer programmer.

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Vernacular refers to local language, the language specific to a specific social group, region, or profession.

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Dialect is the use of language by a particular group of speakers who are set off from others. Dialect is often considered substandard to the standard language. For example, Cajun & Creole are dialects frequently spoken throughout different parts of Louisiana.

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Didactic mean the a literary work or other piece of art is instructive.

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Abstract diction is the use of language in general terms, such as the little dog, vs. the five pound dachshund.

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Concrete diction refers to language that is marked by extensive detail, creating clear images.

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Colloquialism is any form of expression, either written or spoken, that seeks to imitate informal speech.

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Stream of consciousness is a narrative technique in which an author attempts to capture the flow of thoughts and sensory impressions of characters as they pass through his or her mind. James Joyce, William Faulkner, and Virginia Woolf typically use stream of consciousness in their text.

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Satire is a form of writing that has a moral purpose - it wants to both criticize and correct the shortcomings of the author witnesses in his or her world. Jonathan Swift a modest proposal, Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange, and the comic strip Doonesbury are all examples of satire.

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Pedantic mean characterized by a narrow, often tiresome, focus on learning, usually emphasizing the minute details.

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An epithet is an adjective or phrase used to emphasize certain characteristics. For example, Abraham Lincoln is cold the great Emancipator and Richard I known as Richard the Lionheart.

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An aphorism is a concise, pointed statement that reveals a truth or principle. Aphorism so long and are used so much is lost or considered proverbs. For example, Lenin’s statement a life told often enough becomes the truth is an aphorism.

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An allegory is the presentation of an abstract idea to more concrete mean. Often a narrative serves as an allegory the story has two levels of meaning: the first level is the story itself semicolon the second level of meaning is deeper and usually religious, philosophical, or political in nature.

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Zeugma: a literary term for using one word to modify two other words, in two different ways.

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Tropes are one of the two major divisions of figures of speech. Tropes twist or turn the meaning of a word. The principal tropes are irony, metaphor, metonymy, personification, simile, and synecdoche.

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Synecdoche: a specific type of metaphor, is the use of a part to represent the whole, or vice versa. For example, 10 head of cattle refers to 10 complete animals and not just 10 heads, and the law can refer to a particular law officer instead of the entire system of justice.

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Synaesthesia: expressing one sensory sensation in terms of another; or example, using "red hot" to describe something combines the senses of sight and touch. Another example is when someone claims to be able to "smell the cold" or "taste the pain".

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Symploce: the combining of anaphora and antistrophe: that is, the repetition of both the beginning and ending of successive phrases or clauses. For example, Bill Clinton said, when there is talk of hatred, let us stand up and talk against it. When there is talk of violence, let us stand up and talk against it.

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Syllepsis: a rhetorical term in which one word (usually a verb) is understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which it modifies or governs.

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Situational irony: the difference between what is expected to happen and what actually does. Being robbed by your accountant is an example of situational irony.

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Metonymy: a specific type of metaphor, is replacing the name of something with something closely related to it. Using the term sweat equity to refer to manual labor - rather than money - used to add value to one's home, can be considered metonymy.

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Meiosis: a form of understatement usually achieved by referring to something in terms of less important than it actually deserves. For example, Mercutio refers to his fatal wound as a scratch.

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Malapropism: a usually comical misuse of a word or words, usually sounding close to the intended word.

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Litotes: a form of understatement, typically achieved by negating an affirmation. For example, a fact of no small importance.

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Isocolon: a succession of phrases of approximately equal length and corresponding structure the phrase. No ifs, and, or buts is an example of isocolon.

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Implied metaphor: a less direct metaphor in which the tenor is implied rather than explicitly stated. For example, shut your trap, implied metaphor, in which the mouth of the listener is not mentioned.

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Hypotaxis: an arrangement of phrases or clauses in a dependent or subordinate relationship. For example, in the phrase healthy indigenous trees, indigenous modifies trees, but healthy modifies indigenous trees, which maintains the hierarchical relationship.

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Hypophora: using rhetorical questions to disarm or discredit one's opponent in an adversarial manner. Sometimes the question is asked and answered.

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Homeoteleuton refers to a series of words with the same or similar endings. For example the ING ending in Shakespeare's my mother weeping, my father willing, my sister crying, our maid howling, our cats ringing her hands is an example of Homeoteleuton.

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Ellipsis: refers to one of three types of narrative anachronism. Ellipsis refers to a narrative that contains a gap in chronology. It is left to the reader's imagination to what happened during the missing portion of the narrative.

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Dysphemism: the substitution of a more offensive words or disparaging word or phrase for one considered offensive. Using the term idiot box as a substitution for television is an example of dysphemism.

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Diacope: the repetition broken up by one or more intervening words. For example, Tony Blair's statement, the people everywhere, not just here in Britain, everywhere - they kept faith with Princess Diana.

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Consonance: the repetition of consonant sounds, following different vowel sound. For example, pitter patter and stroke of luck.

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Conceit: an elaborate, extended metaphor or simile.

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commoratio: the repetition of a point several times in different words. The sentence he's losing his mind he's off his rocker, he's crazy as a loon, is an example of commoratio.

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Chiasmus: achieving contract through reverse parallelism. For example, they fall successive and successive rise.

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Catachresis: an extreme, far-fetched, or mixed metaphor. For example, he stepped up to the plate and grab the bull by its horns. It is also the substitution of an inexact word for the correct one. For example, the word patricide literally means a killer of one father, but for lack of proper terms, is also used to refer to killing one's mother or brother.

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Brachylogy: an abbreviated expression, or brevity of diction. For example, the omission of the word good from the phrase good morning, resulting in the greeting morning, a brachylogy.

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Asyndeton: a construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions.

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Assonance: the repetition of identical or similar vowel sound, often stressed syllables followed by different consonant sound. The vowel sounds in sweet dreams demonstrate assonance.

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Apostrophe: direct address to an inanimate, missing, or dead person or object. For example, the speaker of Donne's holy sonnets begins by talking to death: death be not proud.

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Aporia : showing or pretending to show doubt about an issue. Also known by its Latin name, dubitatio.

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Antanaclasis: refers to the same word used in two different senses - it is a type of pun. For example, Ben Franklin said, we must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately.

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Antanaclasis: refers to the same word used in two different senses - it is a type of pun. For example, Ben Franklin said, we must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately.

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Anastrophe: also known as hyperbaton, the name for the rhetorical figure of reversing word order to make a point. For example, this is the sort of English up with which I will not put.

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Anaphora: the repetition of words, phrases, and / or clauses at the beginning of successive lines or sentences. Charles Dickens used anaphora in a Tale of Two Cities when he writes, it was the best of times, it was the worst of times. It was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness.

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Anadiplosis: the repetition of word from the end of one line or clause to begin the next line or clause. For example, Condoleezza Rice's statement, America's al Qaeda policy wasn't working because our Afghanistan policy wasn't working. And Afghanistan policy wasn't working because our Pakistan policy wasn't working.

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Amplification is a rhetorical figure involving the dramatic ordering of words that often emphasize this some sort of progression or expansion. For example, it's a bird, it's a plane, it's Superman.

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Accismus is a form of irony, where one pretends to feign interest in something that is actually desired.

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An anachronism is an element that is out of its proper time period, creating a mismatch between the context and the content.

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Ambiguity refers to elements of the text that can be interpreted in multiple ways, often adding complexity to the meaning.

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A motif is a recurring element, theme, or concept in a literary work that reinforces the central ideas.

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Hortatory language is designed to encourage or persuade the audience to take action or adopt a particular viewpoint.

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Arrangement is the deliberate organization of ideas in a passage, guiding the reader through the author’s argument or narrative.

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Unity in a passage refers to the consistency of ideas and themes, ensuring that all elements contribute to a single main idea or argument.

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Case refers to the grammatical category determining the role of a noun or pronoun in a sentence, such as nominative (subject), accusative (object), and genitive (possessive).

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The subjunctive mood expresses wishes, hypotheticals, or situations contrary to fact. It often uses "were" instead of "was" and is commonly found in that-clauses after verbs like "wish" or "suggest."

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A comma splice occurs when two independent clauses are incorrectly joined by a comma without a coordinating conjunction.

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An absolute phrase consists of a noun and a participle, providing additional information about the whole sentence. It usually modifies the entire sentence rather than just one part.

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An expletive is a word or phrase that serves as a placeholder, often used to introduce a sentence or clause without adding specific meaning. Common expletives include "there" and "it."

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To issue a challenge; originates from the medieval practice of knights throwing down their gauntlet to invite others to duel.

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A phrase from Shakespeare’s "Hamlet," meaning there's a problem or obstacle that complicates matters.

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A phrase from Shakespeare’s "Richard III," symbolizing a time of unhappiness or dissatisfaction before a change or transformation.

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An expression meaning that an irreversible decision has been made; attributed to Julius Caesar when he crossed the Rubicon.

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A character in Charles Dickens' "Oliver Twist," representing a clever, resourceful person, often associated with cunning and thievery.

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A term for fraudulent goods or services; originally referred to unproven medicinal products sold by traveling salesmen.

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A confidence trick involving deception; refers to the game where a ball is hidden under one of three shells and is often used metaphorically for deceit.

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A fictional paradise from James Hilton's novel "Lost Horizon," representing an idyllic, peaceful place.

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A form of punishment or challenge where one must pass through a line of people who strike at them; symbolizes facing severe trials.

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The last word of Charles Foster Kane in Orson Welles' film "Citizen Kane"; symbolizes lost innocence and unfulfilled dreams.

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To reprimand or warn someone about unacceptable behavior; originates from a British law to disperse unruly crowds.

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Attributed to Henry IV of France, implying that personal beliefs may be sacrificed for a greater good or pragmatic reasons.

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Refers to a popular legend about the cow that supposedly started the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, symbolizing chaos or disaster.

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A term for charm or magic, often used to describe a person’s charisma or ability to attract others.

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A massive force or object that crushes everything in its path; originally from a Hindu deity whose statue was pulled in a massive chariot.

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Means that one should not assume the outcome until the very end; often associated with opera.

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A deal where one sacrifices moral integrity for knowledge, power, or success; based on the legend of Faust, who sold his soul to the devil.

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Refers to the apostle Thomas who doubted Jesus' resurrection until he saw him; symbolizes skepticism or requiring proof.

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A legendary libertine and seducer of women, representing a man who is irresistibly charming and promiscuous.

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Refers to film editing, where scenes that are filmed are ultimately not included in the final cut, symbolizing discarded ideas.

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A no-win situation or a dilemma; originates from Joseph Heller’s novel where military regulations prevent a soldier from escaping dangerous situations.

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The legendary castle and court associated with King Arthur and his knights; symbolizes an idealized, noble society.

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A reference to Marcus Junius Brutus, a Roman senator who betrayed and assassinated Julius Caesar, often associated with betrayal.

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A title for William Shakespeare, referring to his birthplace in Stratford-upon-Avon and his status as one of the greatest playwrights.