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For me "Health" means, both mental and physical health which includes being physical active, peaceful, and calm mind, and having good nutritious diet, which helps me to remain active entire day as a University Student. But also, the knowledge of living a healthy life. Because our life depends on how we are living our life and what are our health conditions and are we aware about the consequences of poor health.
References:
Simpson, E. (2016, October 25). Morning jog in countryside [Photograph]. Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/@esdesignisms

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Country focus: Afghanistan (now officially known as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan) is in South-Central Asia. Due to arrival of new government by the Taliban on 25 August 2021 and the occurrence of earthquake in June 2022, Afghanistan is going through many economic difficulties which results in the migration of many people, and Australia has been doing a lot of efforts to help Afghani refugees through their humanitarian program. In Australia, at the end of June 2021, the population of Afghan-born people became double which is 67,030, as compared to June 2011. There are three common health concerns that are listed in refugee health guide which Afghan refugees are most likely to have upon the arrival to Australia are;
Mental Health:
Forced migration, experiences of war, separation from family, perilous journey are the major causes of trauma, and mental health problems among Afghan refugees.
Treatment:
Post-arrival health screenings are provided to Afghan  refugees for better Mental health and well-being.
Helicobacter Pylori:

It is a bacterium that causes infection which prevails the risk of gastric cancers and stomach ulcers, and it is common among Afghan refugees.
Treatment:

1-It can be treated by drug therapy and for adults, the medication includes Proton pump inhibitor+ Clarithromycin+ Amoxicillin for 7 days.

Low Vitamin D:

It is common health issue all over the world, which occur due to poor health and nutrition, and can result in Malnutrition and it is common among Refugees and asylum seeker more likely among Afghan refugees due to covering the whole-body for lifestyle and religious concerns.
Treatment:

1-It can be treated by restoring the normal levels of vitamin D by taking D3 supplements, and Calcium supplements.
References:

Australian Government. (n.d.). Afghanistan. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/afghanistan
Australian Government. (n.d.). Permanent migration from Afghanistan. Department of Home Affairs. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-statistics/statistics/country-profiles/profiles/afghanistan#:~:text=This%20makes%20the%20Afghan%2Dborn,cent%20of%20Australia's%20total%20population
Afghanistan - Country Profile. (n.d.). Nations Online Project. https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/afghanistan.htm
(n.d.). Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/
Australian Government. (n.d.). Food and cultural Practices of the Afghan community in Australia- a community service. Metro South Health. https://metrosouth.health.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/community-profile-afghan.pdf
Helicobacter Pylori. (n.d.). Healthdirect. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/helicobacter-pylori
Yakoob, J., Jafri, W., Usman, M., Jafri, F., Awan, S., & Abbas, Z. (2013). Comparison of the virulence markers of helicobacter pylori and their associated diseases in patients from Pakistan and Afghanistan. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology, 19(5), 211.
Immigrant Health Service : Afghan Refugees- Key issues. (n.d.). The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. https://www.rch.org.au/immigranthealth/clinical/Afghan_refugees_-_key_issues/
Afghanistan(flag of Afghanistan) [Photograph]. (n.d.). Flag Detective. https://flagdetective.com/afghanistan-flag.htm

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In some cultures, dances are the way of being relaxed, expressing joy, and just like that, Bhangra is a common and famous folk dance in Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is originally from Sialkot city, and it is enjoyed and celebrated in the harvest season. The most important instrument is drum called Dhol. And in Pakistan, Bhangra is also performed during wedding season, and it is especially performed by men without traditional moves, with the Dhol player who is beating Dhol to make music.
References:
Dhiren Manga. (n.d.). The Most popular Dances of Pakistan. DESIblitz. https://www.desiblitz.com/content/most-popular-dances-pakistan
Ahmed, M. (2023, January 31). Pakistani Folk Dances. Youlin Magazine. https://www.youlinmagazine.com/article/pakistani-folk-dances/MjQ0OA==
Bhangra [Photograph]. (n.d.). Dost Pakistan. https://www.dostpakistan.pk/bhangra/

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Polo is a sport which is played in the Northern areas of Pakistan, especially in Chitral, Gilgit and Skardu. In Pakistan, many tournaments are held, but the famous event called Shandur Polo Festival, which continue for 14 days at the height of 12,000 feet, which is a major attraction for tourists to see the beauty of sport and culture in Pakistan.
References:
Ministry of IPC, Government of Pakistan. (n.d.). Introduction to Polo. Pakistan Sports Board, Islamabad. http://www.sports.gov.pk/Detail/OTg4ZjIxZmItMWYwYi00ZjU2LTlhYTAtM2EwOGY2MmZiM2Yy
Shandur Polo Festival. (n.d.). Hunza Guides Pakistan. https://hunzaguidespakistan.com/tours/shandur-polo-festival/
Yar, A. (n.d.). Polo Tournament Shandur [Photograph]. Rava.pK. https://rava.pk/rava-community/7-common-myths-about-pakistan-dispelled/

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There are many traditional arts in Pakistan, but Truck art is a famous form of indigenous art in Pakistan. It includes poetry, calligraphy and floral designs. It was started in 1920 when Bedford truck were brought from England, for the purpose of carrying heavy loads, and from there the journey started and Karachi became the pivot point of Truck art in Pakistan, which represents Pakistani culture.
References:
Ziyad Sheikh. (2021, November 5). Pakistan's Truck Art: A Beautiful Expression of Culture. PARADIGM SHIFT. https://www.paradigmshift.com.pk/pakistans-truck-art/
Hakim, B. (2017). Take A Look At Some Of The Best Truck Art in Pakistan [Photograph]. propakistani. https://propakistani.pk/2017/08/23/take-look-best-truck-art-pakistan/

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Islam is the official religion of Pakistan, and almost 96.47% are Muslims but there are many other religions which are followed in Pakistan such as Christianity, Sikhism, Hinduism and Ahmadi Muslims, Bahai’s, and Kalasha.
References:
Tahir Al Mustafa, H. M., Zareef Khan, R. M., Iqbal, H. Q., Hussain, S., Mumtaz, T., Rehman, A., & Irfan, M. (2023). Religious Diversity and Social Integration in Pakistan. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 7(2), 1093-1098. https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/15830/10156
Malik, D. I. (2002, August). Religious Minorities in Pakistan. Minority Rights Group International.
L, R. (n.d.). Photo of People in front of Mosque During Golden Hour [Photograph]. Pexels. https://www.pexels.com/photo/photo-of-people-in-front-of-mosque-during-golden-hour-3163677/

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("Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds," 2019) 

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For me, most significant points in 12.3 competency standard were provision of person and family focused care and effective communication, I have learned that refugees suffered from great trauma, which is not an easy thing, so provision of safe care, by communicating safely and effectively with the help of interpreter, trying to know about their culture, and health beliefs, so that I will provide them safe care.  And I also have developed my understanding of being respectful, no matter from which country, ethnicity, language, colour, my patients belong, it’s my responsibility that I provide them with utmost care and equitable access to medical facilities, without being judgmental .And also being aware of that if my patients feel safe to share, what they had experienced, without triggering root cause and making them uncomfortable in the presence of opposite gender, because in some refugees cultures talking to opposite gender is inappropriate even with clinicians. So, the point I realize now that refugee’s patients should be treated carefully, due to the trauma they suffer. Previously, I did not know anything about refugees and the sacrifices they make to get shelter and care. So now by learning all this knowledge, it will be helpful in my workplace, that being professional and compassionate about the care of my refugees/migrants’ patient’s is important and it will be my utmost priority to provide them culturally safe care.
References:
Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds. (2019, January). Migrant and Refugee Health Partnership. https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp- content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

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Sugarcane Juice is the National drink of Pakistan which is famous by the name of “Ganne Ka Ras”. It is also a healthy drink and very popular during summer season, and it’s sold by street vendors on a cheap price, which contain salt, lemon and ginger.

Nutritional value (per 100ml):

Energy 325kj (78cal)

Protein 0g

Fat 0g

Saturated fat            0g

Polysaturated fat     0g

Monosaturated fat   0g

Cholesterol                0g

Carbohydrates          21.14g

Sugar                           7.27g

Fiber                            0g

Sodium                        44mg
Potassium                    12mg
References:
Sugarcane Juice. (n.d.). fatsecret Australia. https://www.fatsecret.com.au/calories-nutrition/generic/sugarcane-juice?portionid=1136972&portionamount=100.000
Redden, C. (n.d.). The Sweet Juice That's Considered To Be Pakistan's National Drink. Tasting Table. https://www.tastingtable.com/1163468/the-sweet-juice-thats-considered-to-be-pakistans-national- drink/#:~:text=In%20major%20cities%20like%20Karachi,pressed%20into%20clean%20glass%20bottles
Tea, C. (2011, May 3). Freshly pressed sugarcane Juice [Photograph]. flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/teafortwo_c/5681018639/in/photostream/

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Health Beliefs in Pakistan are very strange, it includes evil eye, medicinal herbal home remedies, magico-religious treatments, spiritual therapies by religious healers in order to cure diseases, especially in rural areas of Pakistan where people and women are poor, illiterate and have hardly access to medical facilities.
References:
Ahmed, F., Malik, N. I., Zia, S., Akbar, A. S., Li, X., Shahid, M., & Tang, K. (2022). Rural mothers'

beliefs and practices about diagnosis, treatment, and management of children health problems: A

qualitative study in marginalized Southern Pakistan. Original Research article, 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1001668/full
Ashari, A. D. (2013, December 9). Health and Healing Practices in Pakistan. Prezi. https://prezi.com/rh2spekdncsu/health-healing-practices-in-pakistan/
Herbal medicines [Photograph]. (n.d.). https://www.complementarytherapiesnewmills.co.uk/herbal-medicine/

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References:
WHO. (2023). Social Determinants of Health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1
Food insecurity in Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Australia. (2021, June 23). Right To Food. https://righttofood.org.au/food-insecurity-in-refugees-and-asylum-seekers-in-australia/
What works: Employment strategies for refugee and humanitarian entrants. (2010). Refugee Council of Australia. https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/what-works-report/
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Australia. (n.d.). Access to healthcare. UNHCR Australia. https://www.unhcr.org/au/what-we-do/safeguard-human-rights/public-health/access-healthcare