# data[].attributes.headline
Interactive Graphing Activity for Quadratic Equations

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Interactive Graphing Activity for Quadratic Equations

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I would use PhET’s Graphing Quadratics activity with both high school and college students to make the study of quadratic functions more interactive, visual, and meaningful. Rather than introducing quadratic transformations only through equations and symbolic manipulation, students can explore how changes in the equation affect the graph and develop an intuitive understanding of the relationship between algebraic and graphical representations.

One aspect I particularly value is the opportunity for inquiry-based learning. PhET recommends giving students specific learning goals while providing minimal procedural directions, allowing them to explore, make predictions, test their ideas, and make sense of what they observe. I would therefore avoid giving students a step-by-step recipe. Instead, I might give them challenges such as, “Create a parabola with a vertex at (3, -2). How many different equations can you find? What do you notice?” This encourages students to reason mathematically and communicate their thinking.

The activity also supports Universal Design for Learning because students have multiple ways to engage with the mathematical concept. Students can see the changes visually, manipulate parameters, discuss their observations, record their ideas, and connect graphical representations to symbolic equations. This can make abstract mathematical concepts more accessible to students with different learning preferences and levels of prior knowledge.

I would use the activity collaboratively, with students working in pairs or small groups and explaining their observations to one another. PhET specifically emphasizes collaboration, sense-making, and connecting simulations to students' prior knowledge and real-world experiences. A short reflection or exit ticket could then be used as an assessment: “Describe one relationship you discovered today and explain how the simulation helped you understand it.”

Overall, I see PhET as more than a technology tool. It can change how students experience mathematics—from receiving rules and procedures to exploring, questioning, visualizing, and discovering mathematical relationships. For both high school and college students, this can make learning quadratic functions more engaging while also developing mathematical reasoning and conceptual understanding.

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• Currency: This resource was published in 2022.

• Relevancy: This OER addresses 2/4 course learning outcomes and addresses parts of 5/7 unit outcomes in PSW1635.

• Authority: There are four authors to this works with nine additional contributors. Published by Ontario Tech University. The works uses multiple resources to back up their research

• Accuracy: The topic is introduced to a novice learner and follows a logical flow. One of the authors is a SME and the other author working and educated in various health fields and most holding a PHD. There are no grammatical or spelling errors and the links were functional. All activities are accurate.

• Purpose: The resource is intended as a learning resource, it focuses on slide shows, with videos and activities throughout. There is not an inappropriate level of bias and the OER is accessible.

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Brenda Gamble, Catherine Drea, Adam Dubrowski and Brenda Barth

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Documentation tool

CRAAP Test

Resource Title:
RP Photonics Encyclopedia

Resource URL:
https://www.rp-photonics.com/encyclopedia.html

Currency: The timeliness of the information:

When was the resource published or posted?

Has the resource been revised or updated?

Does your topic require current information?

Are the links functional?
Added 2006, updated 2015.  Topic does not require much current information aside from new discovery.

Relevance: The importance of the information for your needs

Does the resource relate to your needs?

Who is the intended audience?

Is the information in the resource at an appropriate level for your learners?
Great resource for learner, contains additional information for student learning. It is at an appropriate university level

Authority: The source of the information

Who is the creator?

What are their credentials or organizational affiliations?

Are they qualified to write on this topic?
Creator: Rudiger Paschotta, RP Photonics Consulting GmbH
They are qualified

Accuracy: The reliability and truthfulness of the information

Is the information supported by evidence?

Has the resource been reviewed or refereed?

Are there spelling, grammar, or typographical errors?
Yes this information is supported by evidence.  Info is presumably reviewed and as far as I can tell, no typographical errors.

Purpose: The reason the information exists

Why does this resource exist? (to inform, teach, sell, entertain, or persuade?)

Is the information fact, opinion, or propaganda?

Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious, institutional, or personal biases?
inform - encyclopedia
information fact
unlikely to have bias - STEM topic

Notes: Are there additional questions or observations you have about this material that affect your decision to use it? (i.e. this is an opinion piece that I will use to demonstrate one side of an argument).

Final Recommendation: Will you use this resource? Why or why not?
I would use a portion of this resource; the encyclopedia contains much more information than what would be needed for coursework but it's a supplemental teaching resource

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The RP Photonics Encyclopedia - trusted content on laser technology, fiber optics, nonlinear optics and other topics of photonics

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The RP Photonics Encyclopedia is a comprehensive, scientifically robust open-access reference in optics and photonics.

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Work-Integrated Learning: Opportunities in Your Field

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Work-Integrated Learning: Opportunities in Your Field

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OER Repositories Searched:

·       OASIS

·       MERLOT

·       CORE

Search Strategy:

·       “Resume Writing”

·       “Interviewing”

·       “Job Search”

·       “Employment Readiness”

OER:

·       Resource: 7.3 Opportunities In Your Field

·       Currency: The resource was published April 9, 2018 and modified April 12, 2018.

Overall, job search strategies and networking tips are still relevant; however, more up-to-date information can be incorporated into this presentation such as using AI in job search. In addition, the social media tips link and graphic is a bit outdated as it features Twitter and doesn't list some other, popular, current-day social media channels.

·       Relevance: Overall, the resource does describe job search, networking and social media strategies in the context of employment readiness in a concise, easy to understand manner. The intended audience would be post-secondary co-op/internship students.

·       Authority: Authors include, Niagara College, Georgian College, Lambton College and Algonquin College. These are recognized post-secondary institutions and are qualified on this topic.

·       Accuracy: I don’t see any sourcing within the resource link. The document is free of spelling and grammar errors.

·       Purpose: To inform. No biases appear in this resource. Diverse representation is seen in presenters featured in the module.

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The Missing Link: An Introduction to Web Development

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The Missing Link: An Introduction to Web Development

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OER Link:
https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Computer_Science/Web_Design_and_Development/The_Missing_Link_-An_Introduction_to_Web_Development(Mendez)

This OER supports the PHP and MySQL Programming course by providing foundational knowledge about web development concepts, web architecture, client-server communication, and how websites function. Understanding these concepts helps students build a stronger foundation before learning backend programming and database integration.

The CRAAP framework evaluation found it to be relevant, credible, accurate, and educationally focused. Although it is not exclusively about PHP or MySQL, it provides important context that supports student success in database-driven web application development.

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●      Resource Title: Corporate Governance, v1.0

●      Resource URL: https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_corporate-governance/

The Verdict: This resource is highly valuable for its structural, operational explanations of board mechanics, committee divisions, and risk management tools. However, because it lacks updates from the past decade and is heavily anchored in traditional, corporate shareholder frameworks, it cannot stand alone as a primary resource for a modern, inclusive strategy course.

How to Use It: I recommend extracting Chapter 3 (The Board of Directors: Role and Composition) and Chapter 7 (The Board's Role in Strategy Development) to serve as the core technical reading. To address its gaps in modern ESG considerations and diverse representation, this text should be explicitly supplemented with newer, equity-focused OER materials that look at decentralized power, decolonizing systems, and inclusive cultural frameworks.

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Item Details – Open Library – eCampusOntario

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Provides an opportunity for participants to play the role of managers in a complex dynamic system, specifically, managers in a supply chain representing the production and distribution of beer.

Was looking for a simulation to engage students with real world problems.

Believe this will allow students to experience how decisions outside of their control have an impact what they are able to do and the resulting consequences.

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MIT Sloan Beer Game Online | Case Study | MIT Sloan

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The Beer Distribution Game, one of the oldest and most widely used management simulations, is now available online as an interactive multiplayer websim.

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This resource presents option pricing and hedging strategies in a structured and conceptually grounded manner, which aligns closely with my teaching focus on bridging intuition and technical application.

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Options | Finance Theory I | Sloan School of Management | MIT OpenCourseWare

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This page includes lecture slides and three video lectures on pricing options, using a generalized binomial model, and interpreting payoff diagrams.

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Introduction to EECS II: Digital Communication Systems 

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Introduction to EECS II: Digital Communication Systems 

# data[].attributes.body
The MIT OpenCourseWare lecture on digital communication systems provides a technical framework to explore how design decisions in abstraction layers can exclude certain identities, while its focus on infrastructure allows for discussions on the digital divide. To ensure inclusive curriculum design, research should be validated using the CRAAP test and aligned with the Gord Downie & Chanie Wenjack Fund guidelines for authentic, respectful integration of Indigenous knowledge. For detailed guidance on incorporating these perspectives, refer to the Gord Downie & Chanie Wenjack Fund educator guide.

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Lecture 17: Packet Switching | Introduction to EECS II: Digital Communication Systems | Electrical Engineering and Computer Science | MIT OpenCourseWare

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
MIT OpenCourseWare is a web based publication of virtually all MIT course content. OCW is open and available to the world and is a permanent MIT activity

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Guaranteed Basic Income and Job Development

# data[].attributes.subject
Guaranteed Basic Income and Job Development

# data[].attributes.headline
Ryan Cichowski – Respiratory Physiology (MIT OpenCourseWare)

# data[].attributes.subject
Ryan Cichowski – Respiratory Physiology (MIT OpenCourseWare)

# data[].attributes.body
This open educational resource from MIT OpenCourseWare explains respiratory physiology and gas exchange using clear diagrams and short lecture segments. I selected it because it helps paramedic learners understand ventilation and oxygen diffusion, which are critical for clinical assessment and treatment decisions.

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This set of lecture notes introduces students to the complex and often contested ways that racial and ethnic identities have been defined, interpreted, and used across history and scientific disciplines. By examining how fields such as forensic science, medicine, anthropology, and genetics have attempted to categorize human variation, the material highlights the tension between biological observations and the social meanings attached to race. Through examples ranging from early taxonomies like those of Linnaeus and Blumenbach to modern genetic research, the notes encourage students to question long‑standing assumptions, recognize the historical roots of racial hierarchies, and understand how scientific claims about race have shaped—and been shaped by—broader social values and power structures.

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A great learning tool for those teaching fluid mechanics without access to a laboratory. The simulations will help students understand basic fluid statics and fluid pressure and flow

# data[].attributes.body
The open educational resource Intro to Health is an openly licensed online textbook that provides foundational knowledge on health, wellness, lifestyle behaviours, and chronic disease prevention. It includes chapters on physical activity, nutrition, behaviour change, and cardiovascular health, making it highly relevant to a Fitness and Health Promotion program. The resource supports learners in understanding how everyday lifestyle choices influence long-term health outcomes and emphasizes prevention rather than treatment. Because it is freely accessible online, it promotes equitable access to quality educational materials for all students.

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Introduction to Health (OER) – Simple Book Publishing

# data[].attributes.body
This OER is a PowerPoint created to support in the creation of Project Management lectures. While a helpful foundational lecture, I believe the resource is outdated and the PowerPoint quite dull for students who currently need engagement and fun to remain focused.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Appendix 1: Project Management PowerPoints – Project Management

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This book covers the basics of project management.

# data[].attributes.body
This OER is a great useful tool to help visualise the various components of least squares regression. It can be used for multiple purposes too, such as comparing regression slopes given that you can add your own data into the various components of the equation.

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Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Business Education

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Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Business Education

# data[].attributes.body
The page explains that integrating AI into business education requires careful attention to transparency, accountability, fairness, privacy, and security, using real‑world cases such as biased hiring algorithms, data‑misuse scandals, opaque decision‑making, cultural differences in AI governance, and unintended consequences like Microsoft’s Tay to show why ethical literacy matters; it argues that schools should build guidelines, audit systems for bias, strengthen data governance, and teach students to evaluate AI through a human‑rights‑aligned lens so future business leaders can innovate responsibly.

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Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Business Education

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ethical considerations – Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Business Education

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This interactive e-book serves as a guide for business educators, staff, and students, emphasizing the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in business education.

# data[].attributes.body
The 3D Interactive Brain by BrainFacts.org is a high-quality, open-access digital anatomy tool designed by the Society for Neuroscience. It provides an immersive, three-dimensional model of the human brain, allowing users to rotate, zoom, and isolate specific structures. For psychology students, this resource is invaluable for moving beyond static 2D diagrams to understand the spatial relationships between different brain regions.

The tool categorizes the brain into logical groupings, such as the cerebral cortex (lobes), the limbic system, and the brainstem. By selecting a specific region, the model highlights the area in 3D while providing a concise summary of its psychological and physiological functions (e.g., executive functioning, motor control, and personality).

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140 words - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

# data[].attributes.headline
Causes of conflict and management styles scenarios

# data[].attributes.subject
Causes of conflict and management styles scenarios

# data[].attributes.body
This OER 3-minute video simplifies the causes of conflict and management styles. It will be a useful resource for introducing students to the concept before delving deeper into course materials.

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Causes of Conflict and Management Styles Scenario | eCampusOntario H5P Studio

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Universal Design for Learning Principles Impact on Students with Neurodiverse Learning Styles

# data[].attributes.subject
Universal Design for Learning Principles Impact on Students with Neurodiverse Learning Styles

# data[].attributes.body
This OER in text format because it provides detailed research-based insights into the application of UDL principles to support learners with neurodiverse learning styles.

# data[].attributes.body
This OER textbook/website is a great resource for introducing your advanced ESL/EAP students to the theory and practice of post-secondary academic writing.

The Art of Academic Writing

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This is a good textbook that perfectly fits the needs of introducing undergraduate students to the basics of research. The CRAAP assessment is below. -Ferzana Chaze

CRAAP Test

Resource Title:

Scientific Inquiry in Social Work

Resource URL:

https://staging.open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/scientific-inquiry-in-social-work

Currency: The timeliness of the information:
When was the resource published or posted?
Has the resource been revised or updated?
Does your topic require current information?
Are the links functional?

The resource was published in 2018. While it is not clear if it has been updated, the subject matter pertains to research methods and so is still very relevant. Links are functional.

Relevance: The importance of the information for your needs
Does the resource relate to your needs?
Who is the intended audience?
Is the information in the resource at an appropriate level for your learners?

This book perfectly suits my needs of an open access, easy to understand introductory textbook for undergraduate students in the Bachelor of Social and Community Development program.

Authority: The source of the information
Who is the creator?
What are their credentials or organizational affiliations?
Are they qualified to write on this topic?

The author, Dr. Mathew DeCarlo has an MSW and PHD In social work, and works as Assistant Professor of Social Work at Radford University. He is very qualified to write on this topic.

Accuracy: The reliability and truthfulness of the information
Is the information supported by evidence?
Has the resource been reviewed or refereed?
Are there spelling, grammar, or typographical errors?

Yes, the information provided is supported by evidence. While it is not clear if the original text has been reviewed, it has received a lot of positive reviews from other academics on the website.

Purpose: The reason the information exists
Why does this resource exist? (to inform, teach, sell, entertain, or persuade?)
Is the information fact, opinion, or propaganda?
Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious, institutional, or personal biases?

The purpose is to educate undergrad students of social work on the basics of scientific research.

Notes: Are there additional questions or observations you have about this material that affect your decision to use it? (i.e. this is an opinion piece that I will use to demonstrate one side of an argument).

Final Recommendation: Will you use this resource? Why or why not?

Yes, I will continue to use this resource.

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction to research

Chapter 2: Beginning a research project

Chapter 3: Reading and evaluating literature

Chapter 4: Conducting a literature review

Chapter 5: Ethics in social work research

Chapter 6: Linking methods with theory

Chapter 7: Design and causality

Chapter 8: Creating and refining a research question

Chapter 9: Defining and measuring concepts

Chapter 10: Sampling

Chapter 11: Survey research

Chapter 12: Experimental design

Chapter 13: Interviews and focus groups

Chapter 14: Unobtrusive research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches

Chapter 15: Real-world research: Evaluation, single-subjects, and action research

Chapter 16: Reporting and reading research

About the Book

As an introductory textbook for social work students studying research methods, this book guides students through the process of creating a research project. Students will learn how to discover a researchable topic that is interesting to them, examine scholarly literature, formulate a proper research question, design a quantitative or qualitative study to answer their question, carry out the design, interpret quantitative or qualitative results, and disseminate their findings to a variety of audiences. Examples are drawn from the author's practice and research experience, as well as topical articles from the literature.

There are ancillary materials available for this book.

About the Contributors

Author

Matt DeCarlo earned his PhD in social work at Virginia Commonwealth University and is an Assistant Professor of Social Work at Radford University. He earned an MSW from George Mason University in 2010 and a BA in Psychology from the College of William and Mary in 2007. His research interests include open educational resources, self-directed Medicaid supports, and basic income. Matt is an Open Textbook Network Campus Leader for Radford University. He is the founder of Open Social Work Education, a non-profit collaborative advancing OER in social work education.

Ancillaries

Slides

Quizzes

Homework
Submit ancillary resource

Contribute to this Page
Suggest an edit to this book record

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Scientific Inquiry in Social Work - Open Textbook Library

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As an introductory textbook for social work students studying research methods, this book guides students through the process of creating a research project. Students will learn how to discover a researchable topic that is interesting to them, examine scholarly literature, formulate a proper research question, design a quantitative or qualitative study to answer their question, carry out the design, interpret quantitative or qualitative results, and disseminate their findings to a variety of audiences.

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Merge Sort Algorithm Diagram - Manisha Santhana Gopala Krishnan

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Merge Sort Algorithm Diagram - Manisha Santhana Gopala Krishnan

# data[].attributes.body
This diagram visually explains the recursive Merge Sort algorithm. It shows the divide-and-conquer process, with color-coded sublists and arrows to guide learners. Useful for visual learners and to simplify abstract concepts. License Info: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA)

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Critical thinking in the age of artificial intelligence

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Critical thinking in the age of artificial intelligence

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Item Details – Open Library – eCampusOntario

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Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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These notes are an excellent structured way to think about contract law. Though they are focused on American contract law, the core concepts apply to Canadian students.

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By Anjelica Cappellino, Published on 10/01/21

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CS50 is Harvard University’s free introductory course in computer science. It covers foundational topics like algorithms, data structures, web development and programming languages including C, Python and JavaScript. The course includes engaging video lectures, hands-on projects and interactive exercises, making it ideal for beginners and anyone looking to strengthen their understanding of computer science concepts.

One of the unique features of CS50 is its focus on problem solving and critical thinking, which helps learners not only understand programming syntax but also learn how to approach complex computational problems. The course also encourages collaboration through discussion forums and provides real-world examples that show how computer science is applied in technology today.

Additionally, all materials are freely available online, making this course highly accessible to learners worldwide. Completing this course can serve as a strong foundation for further studies in software development, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity or data science. Overall, CS50 is an excellent resource for anyone looking to gain practical skills and theoretical knowledge in computer science.

link: https://cs50.harvard.edu/x/

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Harvard University’s introduction to the intellectual enterprises of computer science and the art of programming.

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Introducción al Español /Spanish Workbook

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Introducción al Español /Spanish Workbook

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I worked with the Open Learning Center of Conestoga college on this OER. The main goal was to provide students with a Spanish workbook, where they could practice grammar rules and new vocabulary based on the OER textbook Introducción al Español. All exercises are interactive, designed to engage students and support their learning.

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Introducción al Español: Spanish Workbook

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Book Description

This workbook is an adaptation of the Spanish language textbook Introducción al Español, an Open Educational Resource by Prof. Rita Palacios. Its purpose is to complement the textbook by providing beginner-level college students with a range of interactive exercises to enhance their Spanish language skills.

The workbook is modeled after the unit structure and topics of Introducción al Español and consists of a variety of interactive H5P activities that can be easily integrated into a Learning Management System or course website for easy adoption. Many exercises include audio, images, and videos for a multimedia-rich learning experience that promotes retention and memorization of key vocabulary and grammar concepts. Some exercises also feature speech recognition (through the use of a microphone) for pronunciation practice in a relaxed format.

Subject

Language teaching and learning material and coursework

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Introducción al Español: Spanish Workbook - Simple Book Publishing

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This workbook is an adaptation of the Spanish language textbook Introducción al Español, an Open Educational Resource by Prof. Rita Palacios. Its purpose is to complement the textbook by providing beginner-level college students with a range of interactive exercises to enhance their Spanish language skills. Book Analytic Dashboard

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Finding Evidence-Based Information for Health Sciences Students

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Finding Evidence-Based Information for Health Sciences Students

# data[].attributes.body
This OER helps learners develop skill in searching, appraising, and utilizing best evidence in their daily practice.

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Item Details – Open Library – eCampusOntario

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Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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This OER offers great resources in multiple different formats, so every learner can be engaged with the content. Not only does this resource offer guidance on creating accessible content, but this resource also builds empathy by explaining the reasons for accessibility. At the end, they even think to link to free courses in accessible digital media.

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Help improve this page

The following resources provide information for getting started with accessibility:

Introduction to Web Accessibility

Introduces web accessibility and links to additional resources. Includes accessibility in context; why accessibility is important for individuals, businesses, society; making digital technology accessible; evaluating accessibility; and basic examples.

Accessibility: It's About People

Explains the people aspect of accessibility and the role of accessibility in diversity, equality, and inclusion (DEI). Links to:

Essential Components of Web Accessibility

Shows how web accessibility depends on several components of web development and interaction working together and shows the relationship between the WAI guidelines and other standards.

Accessibility Principles

A concise introduction to accessibility requirements for websites, apps, browsers, and other tools. It is organized similar to the WAI accessibility standards and provides a useful bridge to the standards. Read this page before reading the standards/guidelines.

Research:

Digital Accessibility Courses:

Digital Accessibility Foundations - Free Online Course - Introduces a self-paced course from W3C WAI for developers, designers, ux, writers, managers, advocates. Designed for technical and non-technical learners, including students, instructors, professionals, and people with disabilities. Course is free with optional certificate.

Course List of Digital Accessibility Education, Training, and Certification - Lists courses from different providers.

Related page: Get Resources for ... links to resources for designers, developers, testers, managers, and more.

Please share your ideas, suggestions, or comments via e-mail to the publicly-archived list wai@w3.org or via GitHub.

Back to Top

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Accessibility resources free online from the international standards organization: W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI).

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Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care

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Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care

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This OER helps ensure best practice and quality care based on the latest evidence. The checklist approach for clinical skills, in particular, is what has drawn my attention to this resource in the past. Each skill/procedure is covered in a chapter with a brief overview and the checklists of steps for procedures with the rationale behind each step of the process.

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Book Description

This open educational resource (OER) was developed to ensure best practice and quality care based on the latest evidence, and to address inconsistencies in how clinical health care skills are taught and practised in the clinical setting. The checklist approach, used in this textbook, aims to provide standardized processes for clinical skills and to help nursing schools and clinical practice partners keep procedural practice current. Each skill/procedure is covered in a chapter that has learning objectives, a brief overview of the relevant theory, checklists of steps for procedures with the rationale behind each step of the process, and a summary of key takeaways. Key terms are set in bold throughout the book and laid out again in a Glossary in the appendix. All 88 checklists are also summarized, and hyperlinked to the original checklist, in the appendix.

This book should be used in conjunction with existing courses in any health care program. This book is not intended to replace core resources in health care programs that provide comprehensive information concerning diseases and conditions. An understanding of medical terminology, human anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology is a required asset to use this book effectively. The development of technical skills is based on the knowledge of, practice to achieve proficiency in, and attitudes related to the skill, and an awareness of how our roles affect our patients and other health care professionals. This book contributes to enhancing safer care for patients by outlining evidence-based practices, and looking beyond just the technical skill to understanding the types of expertise and knowledge required to decrease adverse events.

Authors

Glynda Rees Doyle and Jodie Anita McCutcheon

Subject

Primary care medicine, primary health care

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Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care - Open Textbook

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This open educational resource (OER) was developed to ensure best practice and quality care based on the latest evidence, and to address inconsistencies in how clinical health care skills are taught and practised in the clinical setting.

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French Micro-OER to Introduce Western Philosophy

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French Micro-OER to Introduce Western Philosophy

# data[].attributes.body
This nano-book serves as an introduction to Western philosophy. This very short OER is useful for the first course in the first year of the undergraduate cycle. It should enable students to recognize the Eastern origins of Western philosophy and to identify the major areas of philosophy.

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This OER resource introduces you to the concept of Growth Mindset and helps learners understand how personal belief systems influence motivation, learning, and skill development in the face of hardships and step back. It supports personal development by encouraging learners to embrace challenges, learn from failures, mistakes, and see ability not as something fixed, but, as something that can improve over time.

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French ressource for beginnners found on ecampus open library

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French ressource for beginnners found on ecampus open library

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Reflective Practice in Early Years Education 

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Reflective Practice in Early Years Education 

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Resource Selection Rationale: Reflective Practice in Early Years Education by Sheryl Third

As an educator teaching Early Childhood Education (ECE) students, I selected this resource because reflective practice is a foundational component of professional growth in the field of early learning. Encouraging future educators to critically examine their beliefs, decisions, and interactions is essential to fostering responsive, inclusive, and developmentally appropriate environments for young children.

Sheryl Third’s Reflective Practice in Early Years Education, published through Fanshawe College on eCampusOntario Pressbooks, offers a practical and accessible introduction to the principles and applications of reflective practice specifically within early childhood settings. The text is rooted in Canadian context, making it particularly relevant for Ontario-based educators and students.

Key strengths of this OER include:

A focus on self-awareness, professional identity, and ongoing learning, all of which align with Ontario's pedagogical framework How Does Learning Happen?

Realistic scenarios, reflective prompts, and practitioner voices that help students connect theory to practice.

An open-access, Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-SA), which allows for adaptation and integration into course materials.

This resource supports my goal of helping students build the habits and mindset of reflective educators, those who are prepared to adapt, question, and grow throughout their careers. It is a useful teaching tool and also a model of how open, collaborative resources can elevate our profession.

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The PhET Diffusion Simulation is a valuable resource for instructors who want to make abstract concepts more tangible for their students. It provides an opportunity to demonstrate how molecules move and mix under different conditions by allowing users to adjust variables such as concentration, temperature, molecular mass, and particle size. Through these manipulations, students can observe in real time how these factors influence diffusion, which helps connect theoretical principles from the kinetic molecular theory to practical visualization.

From a teaching perspective, one of the most significant advantages of this tool is its accessibility. Because it runs in a web browser, it does not require specialized software and can be used on a wide range of devices. This makes it suitable for both classroom demonstrations and at home learning. It also includes features that support accessibility, ensuring that students with different learning needs are able to engage with the material.

Incorporating the PhET Diffusion Simulation into a lesson allows instructors to encourage active learning and experimentation. Rather than passively receiving information, students are able to test scenarios, interpret results, and draw conclusions that reinforce their understanding of diffusion. This approach supports deeper engagement and provides a strong foundation for discussions about how molecular properties influence movement and interactions in different environments.

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"Constant Acceleration, Same Physics" is a free online lesson about motion in physics. It explains how objects move when they have constant acceleration, like a car speeding up or a ball falling due to gravity. The lesson covers important ideas such as velocity, time, and the equations used to calculate motion.

This resource is made for students and teachers. It’s useful for high school or college-level physics classes. Since it’s an Open Educational Resource (OER), anyone can use, share, or even change the material for free. This makes learning more affordable and flexible.

The lesson helps make physics easier to understand. It breaks down tough concepts with clear explanations, examples, and possibly diagrams or practice problems. Teachers can use it in their classrooms, and students can study it on their own.

It’s designed to be open and accessible to everyone. OER Commons ensures the material is easy to access and use. If needed, teachers can adjust the lesson to fit different learning styles or add more real-life examples.

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So Important....

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Abstract

This assignment was inspired by a group discussion by faculty who teach the First Year Seminar in Business (BTF101) during the 2018-19Rebooting the FYS Seminar. BTF101 is a two-credit course that meets for a total of 3 hours. We were tasked with ways to improve course assignments aimed at strengthening students' Global Learning Competency and Digital Communication Ability. The topic of sweatshops abroad is a proven way to introduce a Global Learning assignment with a business related topic. In order to deepen the students' learning on the subject, the assignment tasks students with taking on the role of a Corporate Responsibility Officer (CRO) for Nike. In choosing to put students in this role, they are required to think of multiple perspectives as required by the Global Learning rubric.

The assignment includes several phases and culminates in a student-made video. The first phase of the assignment has students explore sweatshops through video, class discussion and a short writing assignment. The research material provided is intentionally focused on Nike's sweatshops so that students can narrow their focus to a particular instance of sweatshop usage in order to more readily formulate a company-specific response in their roles as CRO for Nike. Once the research phase is complete, students are asked to make a video explaining the issue to Nike in the role of a CRO. The students have to think about Nike's role as a business, the ethical issues of sweatshops and the ways in which they can address the issues. Students work on the assignment during the last third of the semester, and the assignment takes approximately 2 or 3 class hours. To make it manageable, I created an ePortfolio assignment template since students are required to post part of it on ePortfolio. The assignment is used as a final in my classes and worth 20 % of the overall grade. I grade it according to the College's Competency rubric, which is discussed earlier in the semester to ensure that students are familiar with the rubric. Finally, there are a variety of ways to use the existing materials. While the assignment is meant to address the Global Learning Competency and Digital Communication Ability, it also offers opportunities to support the Oral and Written Communication Abilities.

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Business Ethics: Perspectives on the Global Supply Chain

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This assignment was inspired by a group discussion by faculty who teach the First Year Seminar in Business (BTF101) during the 2018-19 Rebooting the FYS Seminar. BTF101 is a two-credit course that meets for a total of 3 hours. We were tasked with ways to improve course assignments aimed at strengthening students' Global Learning Competency and Digital Communication Ability.

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Humanizing Virtual Learning in Higher Education - OER Resource

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Humanizing Virtual Learning in Higher Education - OER Resource

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Humanizing Virtual Learning in Higher Education: A Guide to Creating Connection, Engagement, and Inclusivity by Kristin Wilsom, Jenny Stodola, Blair Niblett and Daniel Opperwall Feb 28, 2022

Interestingly, this OER resource is a certificate course designed for post-secondary educators, like those I support, who would like to foster authentic connection and engaging activities which are inclusive in both physical and virtual learning spaces. Because instructors have to teach across modalities – in person and virtual, the skills acquired through this OER will be beneficial. Another positive consideration for selecting this is that the course can be deployed in various LMS, can be used as a self-paced self study course and can also be facilitated using the cohort model.

The authors represent universities and colleges in Ontario – University of Water, Trent University and Conestoga College, and there were many more contributors from these institutions. So, I believe this resource will be quite representative of what would be supported in my College.

Authors: Kristin Wilson, Jenny Stodola, Blair Niblett and Daniel Opperwall

Licence: CC BY-NC-SA

Retrieved from: https://openlibrary.ecampusontario.ca/item-details/#/50901ba4-33e1-419e-9d05-d6605948bef0?k=Pedagogy&itemTypes=6&itemTypes=12&sortCol=2&increasePopularSearch=true

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Kristin Wilson, Jenny Stodola, Blair Niblett and Daniel Opperwall

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Humanizing Virtual Learning in Higher Education : A Guide to Creating Connection, Engagement, and Inclusivity

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OER commons resource that is a biochemistry manual that can be incorporated into courses.

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This resource focuses on medicinal chemistry, exploring how organic chemistry and the chemistry of specific drugs influence their design, metabolism, and therapeutic use. Positioned at the intersection of synthetic chemistry and human biology, it offers a framework for drug and small molecule design, including properties of hit and lead compounds. Key topics include pharmacokinetics, with emphasis on chemical features affecting absorption and metabolic stability. Learners will be able to: i) recognize the chemical basis of drug structures, ii) identify protein–drug binding interactions, iii) assess metabolic liabilities, and iv) suggest structural modifications to improve interactions and stability—enabling rapid analysis of unfamiliar drug structures and their therapeutic potential.

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Elvin D. de Araujo, Timothy B. Wright, Bilal Saqib, Jeffrey W. Keillor and Patrick T. Gunning

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An introduction to medicinal chemistry & molecular recognition

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PPT with 80+ ideas to use as students arrive to class to support engagement & interaction. Licence is CC-BY, from eCampusOntario Open Library. Original title: "Arrival Activities : Increasing Student Connection and Engagement at the Start of Classes" by Liu, S., Crupi, L., and King, E.

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I came a cross an ethics course in using AI in Engineering that I believe worth taking. What I really like about this OER is that it's available for download as a Brightspace course. So you can simple export it into you own Brightspace and take it as the learners or export a part of it to your own course. The course is intended to teach students that ethical issues in Artificial Intelligence (AI) are not clearly black and white. It aims to teach students how to be critical thinkers in how they design, survey how their design or product will push the boundaries on ethical issues in AI and identify how to mitigate harm. This course details are Ethics Module for Artificial Intelligence Engineering. By

Thomas Dean, Jianbing Ni and Rohan Khan

https://openlibrary.ecampusontario.ca/item-details/#/50fd116a-c61f-4e00-95ff-5c7d0c6fca3a?k=ethics%20artificial&itemTypes=6&itemTypes=12&sortCol=1

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Firefly_Ethics for using Artificial intelligence in engineering  765678

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I found this resource from LibreTexts. It has a CC BY 4.0 License.

I chose this resource because we focus a lot on equity and diversity in my courses, and I'm always interested in learning new approaches and different perspectives on the subject. As this is a textbook, I have not had the chance to read all of it, but it looks promising so far.

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This is a very good resource about big data in remote sensing context n it is an OER

Big Data Remote Sensing

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Introduction to computer programming with Python

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Introduction to computer programming with Python

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https://www.aupress.ca/books/oer-202301-introduction-to-computer-programming-with-python/

This is an OER published on Aug 31, 2023 with License: CC BY-NC-SA in which introduction to computer programming with Python begins with some of the basics of computing and programming before diving into the fundamental elements and building blocks of computer programs in Python language. From the installation of Python, Python interactive programming, and integrated development environments, to raising and handling exceptions, using compound data types to solve problems, and implementing divide-and-conquer processes using functions, classes, and modules, this textbook will set students up for success in programming and computing study and practice. The included exercises and projects are designed to hone students’ skills.

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Virtual Simulation for De-Escalation in Addiction & Mental Health

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Virtual Simulation for De-Escalation in Addiction & Mental Health

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The 3rd OER is a virtual simulation with 360-degree video, which focuses on de-escalation skills.  This could be useful in an addiction and mental health course, especially given that it is often difficult to read and understand the complex scenarios we encounter in the field from a text book or simple video.

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Sarah Mackie, Lisa Fenn, Sandra Giles, Natasha Annett-Lawrence, Alana Callan and Melissa Sherrer

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De-Escalation & Situational Awareness in a Home Setting (Virtual Simulation with 360-Degree Video) (v. 1.0 - February 24, 2023)

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the importance of public speaking in business

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the importance of public speaking in business

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Founder,

Innovation Women, connecting event managers with female experts & speakers. I also own Lioness Magazine for female entrepreneurs.
I was on a panel at a conference a couple of years ago. A young woman in the audience stood up and asked a question: "What's the best thing I can do for my career?" Before I could say a word, one of the other panelists leaned forward and said, "You can get comfortable with public speaking." Everyone on the panel nodded. It was sage advice that cannot be shared frequently enough.
Career Growth And Visibility
You might be thinking, "I'm just getting started in my career. Can public speaking help me get a promotion? A raise? A new job?"

Let's talk about that. My company helps connect event managers with experts and speakers. While many of the speakers I work with are seasoned entrepreneurs, senior executives and professional speakers, I also encounter a number of speakers who are just starting out, work for someone else and are seeking speaking opportunities. Through this experience, I've seen public speaking has the potential to open up a number of opportunities for professionals, such as:
Improved Industry Standing And Reputation
I've found public speaking to be a well-trodden path to a promotion. From my perspective, public speaking helps you demonstrate your competence and your confidence, both things employers like to see in their employees. People who take on public speaking opportunities can also gain added credibility. Furthermore, when you speak, you are demonstrating leadership characteristics. You are going above and beyond, exceeding expectations.

You can gain visibility inside your company as well, which is something that can put you in line for new assignments and promotions. Many HR departments offer public speaking as part of employee talent development. Take advantage of these offerings and let it be known that you are interested in practicing your skills.
Travel And Extended Networks
Public speaking does more than just elevate you in the eyes of your manager and senior executives. Your presence on stage at conferences and events can also affect your industry reputation. When you speak, you position yourself as an expert, which gives your words additional credence.

When you participate in a panel, you can also gain standing akin to or above other participating experts (and you get to shake hands with them and make important connections). In some industries, you could even become the go-to speaker on particular topics. I've found "speaking begets more speaking," and each individual speaking assignment leads to more (and often better) speaking engagements. And let's not forget that being seen on stage may make you a potential candidate for roles outside of your current one, as well as open you up to awards and other recognition.

Of course, speaking is time-consuming and could take you out of the office and away from home for days or even weeks at a time. On top of that, you still have your "regular" work to do when you get back to the office.

But there are rewards beyond the career benefits, such as travel. Maybe you've never been to Paris, London or Miami, for example, but the biggest tradeshows in your industry are there and you'll be able to visit since you'll be speaking at the event. In these instances, make sure you firm up your understanding of your company's travel policy before you commit to a conference. Maybe you can stay an extra day or two as a reward for you. Some companies pay for an extra hotel night for traveling employees if weekend airfares are lower, for example.
You can start small with public speaking.
Public speaking can also add to your store of expertise. Going to conferences allows you to soak up additional knowledge and have conversations with other thought leaders. You may come back home with new and innovative ideas you can share with your department or your company.

Here's a pro tip: Arrange to do a follow-up presentation about what you learned for your co-workers when you get home. This will provide you with more public speaking practice.

I believe professionals shouldn't wait to become comfortable with speaking publicly. Start working on gaining that experience now. There are speaking opportunities at all levels. One of the first panels I helped get speakers for when I started my speaker bureau was a group of millennials talking about how they got their first jobs (and some of them were still in their first jobs).

Speaking opportunities aren't as hard to come by as you might think, either. To get started, you can search online using the words "Call for Speaker" and your chosen topic. This will likely net you lots of opportunities to speak at industry conferences or events.

And if the idea of speaking makes you nervous, start small. Look inside your company for opportunities. Consider the small group presentations you currently do as practice. Look for local meetups. Offer to give a talk at your alma mater or another local school. There are many options, and the more practice you get, the less nervous you will become.

Bottom line? Public speaking can be great for your career. Do what you can to up your game in that department and reap the benefits. These benefits may include career growth, travel and greater access to industry information and knowledge.

Forbes Business Council is the foremost growth and networking organization for business owners and leaders. Do I qualify?

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Why Professionals Should Embrace Public Speaking (And How You Can Get Started)

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Public speaking does more than just elevate you in the eyes of your manager and senior executives. Your presence on stage at conferences and events can also affect your industry reputation.

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I like this book for introducing students to the basic principles of digital printing, shown in Chapter 6. It also gives the students an introduction into the concept of variable data printing.

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Contents

Show All Contents Hide All Contents

Book Contents Navigation

1. Chapter 3. Design Elements, Design Principles, and Compositional Organization

2. Chapter 4. Colour Management in the Graphic Technologies

Book Information

Book Description

This textbook is written by a group of select experts with a focus on different aspects of the design process, from creation to production. Traditionally referred to as graphic design, communication design is the process by which messages and images are used to convey information to a targeted audience. It is within this spectrum that this textbook addresses the many steps of creating and then producing physical, printed, or other imaged products that people interact with on a daily basis. Design itself is only the first step. It is important when conceiving of a new design that the entire workflow through to production is taken into consideration. And while most modern graphic design is created on computers, using design software such as the Adobe suite of products, the ideas and concepts don't stay on the computer. To create in-store signage, for instance, the ideas need to be completed in the computer software, then progress to an imaging (traditionally referred to as printing) process. This is a very wide-reaching and varied group of disciplines.

Each chapter begins with a list of Learning Objectives, and concludes with Exercises and a list of Suggested Readings on the Summary page. Throughout, key terms are noted in bold and listed again in a Glossary at the end of the book.

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Graphic Design and Print Production Fundamentals - Simple Book Production

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Show All Contents Hide All Contents Book Contents Navigation Chapter 3. Design Elements, Design Principles, and Compositional Organization Chapter 4. Colour Management in the Graphic Technologies This textbook is written by a group of select experts with a focus on different aspects of the design process, from creation to production.

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Nycole H's submission for the Padlet activity - a cool activity

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1.        Open Library – searched in various mediums

a.        Cost accounting – search various mediums  - Provided me with an e text on Accounting principles that you can download - that would be helpful for background information on my course. Accounting Principles : A Business Perspective

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James Don Edwards, Roger H. Hermanson and Susan D. Ivancevich

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Accounting Principles : A Business Perspective

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This OER is really fantastic to understand the root of our teaching methodology and philosophy through influences of thinkers from different backgrounds and disciplines. It helps us to understand how education was and how it tends to evolve thanks to social and historical analysis. Very important to discover in order to realize that nothing is immobile. Bonne lecture !

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Introduction - Intellectual Influences in Contemporary Curriculum Study

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This is an excellent textbook resource with Canadian content covering core MIS topics like business strategy and infrastructure. It is complete with instructor PowerPoints, assignment options, and H5P review activities.  It also includes links to videos that provide additional explanation of technical topics. It's also current, with a 2023 revision available. If you're currently using the Pearson Laudon and Laudon MIS textbook, this might be a great OER to replace it. It does not have case studies, but it does talk about Canadian issues and statistics.

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It might be a bit cheeky including this in the Humanities category when I would be using it in a geography course, but I am very interested in how maps can be turned to uses they were never intended for, becoming rich sources of information for historians. I would likely assign this as a reading for students, to broaden their perspective on what GIS and maps can do.

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From Fire Hazards to Family Trees: The Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps

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Created for US insurance firms during a period of devastating fires across the 19th and 20th centuries, the Sanborn maps blaze with detail — shops, homes, churches, brothels, and opium dens were equally noted by the company’s cartographers. Tobiah Black explores the history and afterlife of these maps, which have been reclaimed by historians and genealogists seeking proof of the vanished past.

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Jill Jones --- Activities for Business Communications Class

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Jill Jones --- Activities for Business Communications Class

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If you're looking for refreshing ideas to keep students engaged in class, check out this pressbook from BCcampus. The ideas are great as is and easily adaptable for your needs.

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Authors: Melissa Ashman; Arley Cruthers; Sarah Duncan; Karen Inkster Vance; and Panteli Tritchew

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Student Engagement Activities for Business Communications – Open Textbook

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Student Engagement Activities for Business Communications is a compilation resource for instructors of workplace writing and oral presentations. The activities in this book can add value and energy to the classroom by engaging students in activities that support their learning. Handouts, links, activity variations, and debrief questions are included.

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I have always wondered what unique circumstances and challenges make teaching children or students with a refugee experience different. This OER from TED Talks has been eye-opening.

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Re-imagining education for refugee children using emerging technologies

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Uganda is home to 600′000 South Sudanese child refugees, 56% of which do not attend school due to insufficient English skills. Matthew co-founded an initiative to tackle this: taking advantage of world leading educational techniques to create a technology enhanced English learning program to help South Sudanese refugees re-enter the school system. In his talk, Matthew will discuss the approach he has taken, lessons he learnt on the ground in Uganda and why others should begin to re-imagine education to utilise modern technological advances.

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This textbook is a really valuable resource for helping students learn about the history of psychotherapy, and then explore the key tenets of many different models, exploring the advantages and disadvantages of each.

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Hannah Boettcher, Stefan G. Hofmann, and Q. Jade Wu
Boston University

In the past century, a number of psychotherapeutic orientations have gained popularity for treating mental illnesses. This module outlines some of the best-known therapeutic approaches and explains the history, techniques, advantages, and disadvantages associated with each. The most effective modern approach is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). We also discuss psychoanalytic therapy, person-centered therapy, and mindfulness-based approaches. Drug therapy and emerging new treatment strategies will also be briefly explored.

Learning Objectives

Become familiar with the most widely practiced approaches to psychotherapy.

For each therapeutic approach, consider: history, goals, key techniques, and empirical support.

Consider the impact of emerging treatment strategies in mental health.

The history of mental illness can be traced as far back as 1500 BCE, when the ancient Egyptians noted cases of "distorted concentration" and "emotional distress in the heart or mind" ( Nasser, 1987). Today, nearly half of all Americans will experience mental illness at some point in their lives, and mental health problems affect more than one-quarter of the population in any given year ( Kessler et al., 2005). Fortunately, a range of psychotherapies exist to treat mental illnesses. This module provides an overview of some of the best-known schools of thought in psychotherapy. Currently, the most effective approach is called Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT); however, other approaches, such as psychoanalytic therapy, person-centered therapy, and mindfulness-based therapies are also used-though the effectiveness of these treatments aren't as clear as they are for CBT. Throughout this module, note the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, paying special attention to their support by empirical research.

CBT is an approach to treating mental illness that involves work with a therapist as well as homework assignments between sessions. It has proven to be very effective for virtually all psychiatric illnesses. [Image: DFAT, https://goo.gl/bWmzaa, CC BY 2.0, https://goo.gl/BRvSA7]

The earliest organized therapy for mental disorders was psychoanalysis. Made famous in the early 20th century by one of the best-known clinicians of all time, Sigmund Freud, this approach stresses that mental health problems are rooted in unconscious conflicts and desires. In order to resolve the mental illness, then, these unconscious struggles must be identified and addressed. Psychoanalysis often does this through exploring one's early childhood experiences that may have continuing repercussions on one's mental health in the present and later in life. Psychoanalysis is an intensive, long-term approach in which patients and therapists may meet multiple times per week, often for many years.

History of Psychoanalytic Therapy

Freud initially suggested that mental health problems arise from efforts to push inappropriate sexual urges out of conscious awareness ( Freud, 1895/1955). Later, Freud suggested more generally that psychiatric problems are the result of tension between different parts of the mind: the id, the superego, and the ego. In Freud's structural model, the id represents pleasure-driven unconscious urges (e.g., our animalistic desires for sex and aggression), while the superego is the semi-conscious part of the mind where morals and societal judgment are internalized (e.g., the part of you that automatically knows how society expects you to behave). The ego-also partly conscious-mediates between the id and superego. Freud believed that bringing unconscious struggles like these (where the id demands one thing and the superego another) into conscious awareness would relieve the stress of the conflict ( Freud, 1920/1955)-which became the goal of psychoanalytic therapy.

Although psychoanalysis is still practiced today, it has largely been replaced by the more broadly defined psychodynamic therapy. This latter approach has the same basic tenets as psychoanalysis, but is briefer, makes more of an effort to put clients in their social and interpersonal context, and focuses more on relieving psychological distress than on changing the person.

Techniques in Psychoanalysis

Building on the work of Josef Breuer and others, Sigmund Freud developed psychotherapeutic theories and techniques that became widely known as psychoanalysis or psychoanalytic therapy. [Image: CC0 Public Domain, https://goo.gl/m25gce]

Psychoanalysts and psychodynamic therapists employ several techniques to explore patients' unconscious mind. One common technique is called free association. Here, the patient shares any and all thoughts that come to mind, without attempting to organize or censor them in any way. For example, if you took a pen and paper and just wrote down whatever came into your head, letting one thought lead to the next without allowing conscious criticism to shape what you were writing, you would be doing free association. The analyst then uses his or her expertise to discern patterns or underlying meaning in the patient's thoughts.

Sometimes, free association exercises are applied specifically to childhood recollections. That is, psychoanalysts believe a person's childhood relationships with caregivers often determine the way that person relates to others, and predicts later psychiatric difficulties. Thus, exploring these childhood memories, through free association or otherwise, can provide therapists with insights into a patient's psychological makeup.

Because we don't always have the ability to consciously recall these deep memories, psychoanalysts also discuss their patients' dreams. In Freudian theory, dreams contain not only manifest (or literal) content, but also latent (or symbolic) content ( Freud, 1900; 1955). For example, someone may have a dream that his/her teeth are falling out-the manifest or actual content of the dream. However, dreaming that one's teeth are falling out could be a reflection of the person's unconscious concern about losing his or her physical attractiveness-the latent or metaphorical content of the dream. It is the therapist's job to help discover the latent content underlying one's manifest content through dream analysis.

In psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapy, the therapist plays a receptive role-interpreting the patient's thoughts and behavior based on clinical experience and psychoanalytic theory. For example, if during therapy a patient begins to express unjustified anger toward the therapist, the therapist may recognize this as an act of transference. That is, the patient may be displacing feelings for people in his or her life (e.g., anger toward a parent) onto the therapist. At the same time, though, the therapist has to be aware of his or her own thoughts and emotions, for, in a related process, called countertransference, the therapist may displace his/her own emotions onto the patient.

The key to psychoanalytic theory is to have patients uncover the buried, conflicting content of their mind, and therapists use various tactics-such as seating patients to face away from them-to promote a freer self-disclosure. And, as a therapist spends more time with a patient, the therapist can come to view his or her relationship with the patient as another reflection of the patient's mind.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Psychoanalytic Therapy

Psychoanalysis was once the only type of psychotherapy available, but presently the number of therapists practicing this approach is decreasing around the world. Psychoanalysis is not appropriate for some types of patients, including those with severe psychopathology or intellectual disability. Further, psychoanalysis is often expensive because treatment usually lasts many years. Still, some patients and therapists find the prolonged and detailed analysis very rewarding.

Perhaps the greatest disadvantage of psychoanalysis and related approaches is the lack of empirical support for their effectiveness. The limited research that has been conducted on these treatments suggests that they do not reliably lead to better mental health outcomes (e.g., Driessen et al., 2010). And, although there are some reviews that seem to indicate that long-term psychodynamic therapies might be beneficial (e.g., Leichsenring & Rabung, 2008), other researchers have questioned the validity of these reviews. Nevertheless, psychoanalytic theory was history's first attempt at formal treatment of mental illness, setting the stage for the more modern approaches used today.

One of the next developments in therapy for mental illness, which arrived in the mid-20th century, is called humanistic or person-centered therapy (PCT). Here, the belief is that mental health problems result from an inconsistency between patients' behavior and their true personal identity. Thus, the goal of PCT is to create conditions under which patients can discover their self-worth, feel comfortable exploring their own identity, and alter their behavior to better reflect this identity.

History of Person-Centered Therapy

The quality of the relationship between therapist and patient is of great importance in person-centered therapy. [Image: CC0 Public Domain, https://goo.gl/m25gce]

PCT was developed by a psychologist named Carl Rogers, during a time of significant growth in the movements of humanistic theory and human potential. These perspectives were based on the idea that humans have an inherent drive to realize and express their own capabilities and creativity. Rogers, in particular, believed that all people have the potential to change and improve, and that the role of therapists is to foster self-understanding in an environment where adaptive change is most likely to occur ( Rogers, 1951). Rogers suggested that the therapist and patient must engage in a genuine, egalitarian relationship in which the therapist is nonjudgmental and empathetic. In PCT, the patient should experience both a vulnerability to anxiety, which motivates the desire to change, and an appreciation for the therapist's support.

Techniques in Person-Centered Therapy

Humanistic and person-centered therapy, like psychoanalysis, involves a largely unstructured conversation between the therapist and the patient. Unlike psychoanalysis, though, a therapist using PCT takes a passive role, guiding the patient toward his or her own self-discovery. Rogers's original name for PCT was non-directive therapy, and this notion is reflected in the flexibility found in PCT. Therapists do not try to change patients' thoughts or behaviors directly. Rather, their role is to provide the therapeutic relationship as a platform for personal growth. In these kinds of sessions, the therapist tends only to ask questions and doesn't provide any judgment or interpretation of what the patient says. Instead, the therapist is present to provide a safe and encouraging environment for the person to explore these issues for him- or herself.

An important aspect of the PCT relationship is the therapist's unconditional positive regard for the patient's feelings and behaviors. That is, the therapist is never to condemn or criticize the patient for what s/he has done or thought; the therapist is only to express warmth and empathy. This creates an environment free of approval or disapproval, where patients come to appreciate their value and to behave in ways that are congruent with their own identity.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Person-Centered Therapy

One key advantage of person-centered therapy is that it is highly acceptable to patients. In other words, people tend to find the supportive, flexible environment of this approach very rewarding. Furthermore, some of the themes of PCT translate well to other therapeutic approaches. For example, most therapists of any orientation find that clients respond well to being treated with nonjudgmental empathy. The main disadvantage to PCT, however, is that findings about its effectiveness are mixed. One possibility for this could be that the treatment is primarily based on unspecific treatment factors. That is, rather than using therapeutic techniques that are specific to the patient and the mental problem (i.e., specific treatment factors), the therapy focuses on techniques that can be applied to anyone (e.g., establishing a good relationship with the patient) ( Cuijpers et al., 2012; Friedli, King, Lloyd, & Horder, 1997). Similar to how "one-size-fits-all" doesn't really fit every person, PCT uses the same practices for everyone, which may work for some people but not others. Further research is necessary to evaluate its utility as a therapeutic approach.

Although both psychoanalysis and PCT are still used today, another therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), has gained more widespread support and practice. CBT refers to a family of therapeutic approaches whose goal is to alleviate psychological symptoms by changing their underlying cognitions and behaviors. The premise of CBT is that thoughts, behaviors, and emotions interact and contribute to various mental disorders. For example, let's consider how a CBT therapist would view a patient who compulsively washes her hands for hours every day. First, the therapist would identify the patient's maladaptive thought: "If I don't wash my hands like this, I will get a disease and die." The therapist then identifies how this maladaptive thought leads to a maladaptive emotion: the feeling of anxiety when her hands aren't being washed. And finally, this maladaptive emotion leads to the maladaptive behavior: the patient washing her hands for hours every day.

CBT is a present-focused therapy (i.e., focused on the "now" rather than causes from the past, such as childhood relationships) that uses behavioral goals to improve one's mental illness. Often, these behavioral goals involve between-session homework assignments. For example, the therapist may give the hand-washing patient a worksheet to take home; on this worksheet, the woman is to write down every time she feels the urge to wash her hands, how she deals with the urge, and what behavior she replaces that urge with. When the patient has her next therapy session, she and the therapist review her "homework" together. CBT is a relatively brief intervention of 12 to 16 weekly sessions, closely tailored to the nature of the psychopathology and treatment of the specific mental disorder. And, as the empirical data shows, CBT has proven to be highly efficacious for virtually all psychiatric illnesses ( Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012).

Pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors addressed through cognitive-behavioral therapy.

History of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

CBT developed from clinical work conducted in the mid-20th century by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and Albert Ellis, a psychologist. Beck used the term automatic thoughts to refer to the thoughts depressed patients report experiencing spontaneously. He observed that these thoughts arise from three belief systems, or schemas: beliefs about the self, beliefs about the world, and beliefs about the future. In treatment, therapy initially focuses on identifying automatic thoughts (e.g., "If I don't wash my hands constantly, I'll get a disease"), testing their validity, and replacing maladaptive thoughts with more adaptive thoughts (e.g., "Washing my hands three times a day is sufficient to prevent a disease"). In later stages of treatment, the patient's maladaptive schemas are examined and modified. Ellis ( 1957) took a comparable approach, in what he called rational-emotive-behavioral therapy (REBT), which also encourages patients to evaluate their own thoughts about situations.

Techniques in CBT

Beck and Ellis strove to help patients identify maladaptive appraisals, or the untrue judgments and evaluations of certain thoughts. For example, if it's your first time meeting new people, you may have the automatic thought, "These people won't like me because I have nothing interesting to share." That thought itself is not what's troublesome; the appraisal (or evaluation) that it might have merit is what's troublesome. The goal of CBT is to help people make adaptive, instead of maladaptive, appraisals (e.g., "I do know interesting things!"). This technique of reappraisal, or cognitive restructuring, is a fundamental aspect of CBT. With cognitive restructuring, it is the therapist's job to help point out when a person has an inaccurate or maladaptive thought, so that the patient can either eliminate it or modify it to be more adaptive.

In addition to thoughts, though, another important treatment target of CBT is maladaptive behavior. Every time a person engages in maladaptive behavior (e.g., never speaking to someone in new situations), he or she reinforces the validity of the maladaptive thought, thus maintaining or perpetuating the psychological illness. In treatment, the therapist and patient work together to develop healthy behavioral habits (often tracked with worksheet-like homework), so that the patient can break this cycle of maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.

For many mental health problems, especially anxiety disorders, CBT incorporates what is known as exposure therapy. During exposure therapy, a patient confronts a problematic situation and fully engages in the experience instead of avoiding it. For example, imagine a man who is terrified of spiders. Whenever he encounters one, he immediately screams and panics. In exposure therapy, the man would be forced to confront and interact with spiders, rather than simply avoiding them as he usually does. The goal is to reduce the fear associated with the situation through extinction learning, a neurobiological and cognitive process by which the patient "unlearns" the irrational fear. For example, exposure therapy for someone terrified of spiders might begin with him looking at a cartoon of a spider, followed by him looking at pictures of real spiders, and later, him handling a plastic spider. After weeks of this incremental exposure, the patient may even be able to hold a live spider. After repeated exposure (starting small and building one's way up), the patient experiences less physiological fear and maladaptive thoughts about spiders, breaking his tendency for anxiety and subsequent avoidance.

Advantages and Disadvantages of CBT

CBT interventions tend to be relatively brief, making them cost-effective for the average consumer. In addition, CBT is an intuitive treatment that makes logical sense to patients. It can also be adapted to suit the needs of many different populations. One disadvantage, however, is that CBT does involve significant effort on the patient's part, because the patient is an active participant in treatment. Therapists often assign "homework" (e.g., worksheets for recording one's thoughts and behaviors) between sessions to maintain the cognitive and behavioral habits the patient is working on. The greatest strength of CBT is the abundance of empirical support for its effectiveness. Studies have consistently found CBT to be equally or more effective than other forms of treatment, including medication and other therapies ( Butler, Chapman, Forman, & Beck, 2006; Hofmann et al., 2012). For this reason, CBT is considered a first-line treatment for many mental disorders.

Unlike the preceding therapies, which were developed in the 20th century, this next one was born out of age-old Buddhist and yoga practices. Mindfulness, or a process that tries to cultivate a nonjudgmental, yet attentive, mental state, is a therapy that focuses on one's awareness of bodily sensations, thoughts, and the outside environment. Whereas other therapies work to modify or eliminate these sensations and thoughts, mindfulness focuses on nonjudgmentally accepting them ( Kabat-Zinn, 2003; Baer, 2003). For example, whereas CBT may actively confront and work to change a maladaptive thought, mindfulness therapy works to acknowledge and accept the thought, understanding that the thought is spontaneous and not what the person truly believes. There are two important components of mindfulness: (1) self-regulation of attention, and (2) orientation toward the present moment ( Bishop et al., 2004). Mindfulness is thought to improve mental health because it draws attention away from past and future stressors, encourages acceptance of troubling thoughts and feelings, and promotes physical relaxation.

Techniques in Mindfulness-Based Therapy

Psychologists have adapted the practice of mindfulness as a form of psychotherapy, generally called mindfulness-based therapy (MBT). Several types of MBT have become popular in recent years, including mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) (e.g., Kabat-Zinn, 1982) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) (e.g., Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002).

One of the most important advantages of mindfulness based therapy is its level of accessibility to patients. [Image: Wayne MacPhail, https://goo.gl/aSZanf, CC BY-NC SA 2.0, https://goo.gl/Toc0ZF]

MBSR uses meditation, yoga, and attention to physical experiences to reduce stress. The hope is that reducing a person's overall stress will allow that person to more objectively evaluate his or her thoughts. In MBCT, rather than reducing one's general stress to address a specific problem, attention is focused on one's thoughts and their associated emotions. For example, MBCT helps prevent relapses in depression by encouraging patients to evaluate their own thoughts objectively and without value judgment ( Baer, 2003). Although cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may seem similar to this, it focuses on "pushing out" the maladaptive thought, whereas mindfulness-based cognitive therapy focuses on "not getting caught up" in it. The treatments used in MBCT have been used to address a wide range of illnesses, including depression, anxiety, chronic pain, coronary artery disease, and fibromyalgia ( Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt & Oh, 2010).

Mindfulness and acceptance-in addition to being therapies in their own right-have also been used as "tools" in other cognitive-behavioral therapies, particularly in dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) (e.g., Linehan, Amstrong, Suarez, Allmon, & Heard, 1991). DBT, often used in the treatment of borderline personality disorder, focuses on skills training. That is, it often employs mindfulness and cognitive behavioral therapy practices, but it also works to teach its patients "skills" they can use to correct maladaptive tendencies. For example, one skill DBT teaches patients is called distress tolerance -or, ways to cope with maladaptive thoughts and emotions in the moment. For example, people who feel an urge to cut themselves may be taught to snap their arm with a rubber band instead. The primary difference between DBT and CBT is that DBT employs techniques that address the symptoms of the problem (e.g., cutting oneself) rather than the problem itself (e.g., understanding the psychological motivation to cut oneself). CBT does not teach such skills training because of the concern that the skills-even though they may help in the short-term-may be harmful in the long-term, by maintaining maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.

DBT is founded on the perspective of a dialectical worldview. That is, rather than thinking of the world as "black and white," or "only good and only bad," it focuses on accepting that some things can have characteristics of both "good" and "bad." So, in a case involving maladaptive thoughts, instead of teaching that a thought is entirely bad, DBT tries to help patients be less judgmental of their thoughts (as with mindfulness-based therapy) and encourages change through therapeutic progress, using cognitive-behavioral techniques as well as mindfulness exercises.

Another form of treatment that also uses mindfulness techniques is acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) ( Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999). In this treatment, patients are taught to observe their thoughts from a detached perspective ( Hayes et al., 1999). ACT encourages patients not to attempt to change or avoid thoughts and emotions they observe in themselves, but to recognize which are beneficial and which are harmful. However, the differences among ACT, CBT, and other mindfulness-based treatments are a topic of controversy in the current literature.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Mindfulness-Based Therapy

Two key advantages of mindfulness-based therapies are their acceptability and accessibility to patients. Because yoga and meditation are already widely known in popular culture, consumers of mental healthcare are often interested in trying related psychological therapies. Currently, psychologists have not come to a consensus on the efficacy of MBT, though growing evidence supports its effectiveness for treating mood and anxiety disorders. For example, one review of MBT studies for anxiety and depression found that mindfulness-based interventions generally led to moderate symptom improvement ( Hofmann et al., 2010).

Recent improvements in video chat technology along with the proliferation of mobile devices like smartphones and tablets has made online delivery of therapy more commonplace. [Image: Noba, CC BY 2.0, https://goo.gl/BRvSA7]

With growth in research and technology, psychologists have been able to develop new treatment strategies in recent years. Often, these approaches focus on enhancing existing treatments, such as cognitive-behavioral therapies, through the use of technological advances. For example, internet- and mobile-delivered therapies make psychological treatments more available, through smartphones and online access. Clinician-supervised online CBT modules allow patients to access treatment from home on their own schedule-an opportunity particularly important for patients with less geographic or socioeconomic access to traditional treatments. Furthermore, smartphones help extend therapy to patients' daily lives, allowing for symptom tracking, homework reminders, and more frequent therapist contact.

Another benefit of technology is cognitive bias modification. Here, patients are given exercises, often through the use of video games, aimed at changing their problematic thought processes. For example, researchers might use a mobile app to train alcohol abusers to avoid stimuli related to alcohol. One version of this game flashes four pictures on the screen-three alcohol cues (e.g., a can of beer, the front of a bar) and one health-related image (e.g., someone drinking water). The goal is for the patient to tap the healthy picture as fast as s/he can. Games like these aim to target patients' automatic, subconscious thoughts that may be difficult to direct through conscious effort. That is, by repeatedly tapping the healthy image, the patient learns to "ignore" the alcohol cues, so when those cues are encountered in the environment, they will be less likely to trigger the urge to drink. Approaches like these are promising because of their accessibility, however they require further research to establish their effectiveness.

Yet another emerging treatment employs CBT-enhancing pharmaceutical agents. These are drugs used to improve the effects of therapeutic interventions. Based on research from animal experiments, researchers have found that certain drugs influence the biological processes known to be involved in learning. Thus, if people take these drugs while going through psychotherapy, they are better able to "learn" the techniques for improvement. For example, the antibiotic d-cycloserine improves treatment for anxiety disorders by facilitating the learning processes that occur during exposure therapy. Ongoing research in this exciting area may prove to be quite fruitful.

Up until this point, all the therapies we have discussed have been talk-based or meditative practices. However, psychiatric medications are also frequently used to treat mental disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety disorders. Psychiatric drugs are commonly used, in part, because they can be prescribed by general medical practitioners, whereas only trained psychologists are qualified to deliver effective psychotherapy. While drugs and CBT therapies tend to be almost equally effective, choosing the best intervention depends on the disorder and individual being treated, as well as other factors-such as treatment availability and comorbidity (i.e., having multiple mental or physical disorders at once). Although many new drugs have been introduced in recent decades, there is still much we do not understand about their mechanism in the brain. Further research is needed to refine our understanding of both pharmacological and behavioral treatments before we can make firm claims about their effectiveness.

In discussing therapeutic orientations, it is important to note that some clinicians incorporate techniques from multiple approaches, a practice known as integrative or eclectic psychotherapy. For example, a therapist may employ distress tolerance skills from DBT (to resolve short-term problems), cognitive reappraisal from CBT (to address long-standing issues), and mindfulness-based meditation from MBCT (to reduce overall stress). And, in fact, between 13% and 42% of therapists have identified their own approaches as integrative or eclectic ( Norcross & Goldfried, 2005).

Throughout human history we have had to deal with mental illness in one form or another. Over time, several schools of thought have emerged for treating these problems. Although various therapies have been shown to work for specific individuals, cognitive behavioral therapy is currently the treatment most widely supported by empirical research. Still, practices like psychodynamic therapies, person-centered therapy, mindfulness-based treatments, and acceptance and commitment therapy have also shown success. And, with recent advances in research and technology, clinicians are able to enhance these and other therapies to treat more patients more effectively than ever before. However, what is important in the end is that people actually seek out mental health specialists to help them with their problems. One of the biggest deterrents to doing so is that people don't understand what psychotherapy really entails. Through understanding how current practices work, not only can we better educate people about how to get the help they need, but we can continue to advance our treatments to be more effective in the future.

Outside Resources

Article: A personal account of the benefits of mindfulness-based therapy

https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/jan/11/julie-myerson-mindfulness-based-cognitive-therapy

Article: The Effect of Mindfulness-Based Therapy on Anxiety and Depression: A Meta-Analytic Review

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848393/

Video: An example of a person-centered therapy session.

Video: Carl Rogers, the founder of the humanistic, person-centered approach to psychology, discusses the position of the therapist in PCT.

Video: CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) is one of the most common treatments for a range of mental health problems, from anxiety, depression, bipolar, OCD or schizophrenia. This animation explains the basics and how you can decide whether it's best for you or not.

Web: An overview of the purpose and practice of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

http://psychcentral.com/lib/in-depth-cognitive-behavioral-therapy/

Web: The history and development of psychoanalysis

http://www.freudfile.org/psychoanalysis/history.html

Discussion Questions

1. Psychoanalytic theory is no longer the dominant therapeutic approach, because it lacks empirical support. Yet many consumers continue to seek psychoanalytic or psychodynamic treatments. Do you think psychoanalysis still has a place in mental health treatment? If so, why?

2. What might be some advantages and disadvantages of technological advances in psychological treatment? What will psychotherapy look like 100 years from now?

3. Some people have argued that all therapies are about equally effective, and that they all affect change through common factors such as the involvement of a supportive therapist. Does this claim sound reasonable to you? Why or why not?

4. When choosing a psychological treatment for a specific patient, what factors besides the treatment's demonstrated efficacy should be taken into account?

Vocabulary

Acceptance and commitment therapy

A therapeutic approach designed to foster nonjudgmental observation of one's own mental processes.

Automatic thoughts

Thoughts that occur spontaneously; often used to describe problematic thoughts that maintain mental disorders.

Cognitive bias modification

Using exercises (e.g., computer games) to change problematic thinking habits.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

A family of approaches with the goal of changing the thoughts and behaviors that influence psychopathology.

Comorbidity

Describes a state of having more than one psychological or physical disorder at a given time.

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

A treatment often used for borderline personality disorder that incorporates both cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness elements.

Dialectical worldview

A perspective in DBT that emphasizes the joint importance of change and acceptance.

Exposure therapy

A form of intervention in which the patient engages with a problematic (usually feared) situation without avoidance or escape.

Free association

In psychodynamic therapy, a process in which the patient reports all thoughts that come to mind without censorship, and these thoughts are interpreted by the therapist.

Integrative ​or eclectic psychotherapy​

Also called integrative psychotherapy, this term refers to approaches combining multiple orientations (e.g., CBT with psychoanalytic elements).

Integrative or ​eclectic psychotherapy

Also called integrative psychotherapy, this term refers to approaches combining multiple orientations (e.g., CBT with psychoanalytic elements).

Mindfulness

A process that reflects a nonjudgmental, yet attentive, mental state.

Mindfulness-based therapy

A form of psychotherapy grounded in mindfulness theory and practice, often involving meditation, yoga, body scan, and other features of mindfulness exercises.

Person-centered therapy

A therapeutic approach focused on creating a supportive environment for self-discovery.

Psychoanalytic therapy

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic approach focusing on resolving unconscious conflicts.

Psychodynamic therapy

Treatment applying psychoanalytic principles in a briefer, more individualized format.

Reappraisal, or ​Cognitive restructuring

The process of identifying, evaluating, and changing maladaptive thoughts in psychotherapy.

Schema

A mental representation or set of beliefs about something.

Unconditional positive regard

In person-centered therapy, an attitude of warmth, empathy and acceptance adopted by the therapist in order to foster feelings of inherent worth in the patient.

References

Baer, R. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 125-143.

Beck, A. T. (1979). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York, NY: New American Library/Meridian.

Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230-241.

Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006). The empirical status of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 17-31.

Cuijpers, P., Driessen, E., Hollon, S.D., van Oppen, P., Barth, J., & Andersson, G. (2012). The efficacy of non-directive supportive therapy for adult depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 280-291.

Driessen, E., Cuijpers, P., de Maat, S. C. M., Abbass, A. A., de Jonghe, F., & Dekker, J. J. M. (2010). The efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 25-36.

Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. New York, NY: Lyle Stuart.

Ellis, A. (1957). Rational psychotherapy and individual psychology. Journal of Individual Psychology, 13, 38-44.

Freud, S. (1955). The interpretation of dreams. London, UK: Hogarth Press (Original work published 1900).

Freud, S. (1955). Studies on hysteria. London, UK: Hogarth Press (Original work published 1895).

Freud. S. (1955). Beyond the pleasure principle. H London, UK: Hogarth Press (Original work published 1920).

Friedli, K., King, M. B., Lloyd, M., & Horder, J. (1997). Randomized controlled assessment of non-directive psychotherapy versus routine general-practitioner care. Lancet, 350,\\n1662-1665.

Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. New\\nYork, NY: Guilford Press.

Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, J. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36, 427-440.

Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 169-183

Kabat-Zinn J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144-156.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients\\nbased on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4, 33-47.

Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age of onset distribution of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593-602.

Leichsenring, F., & Rabung, S. (2008). Effectiveness of long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 300,1551-1565.

Linehan, M. M., Amstrong, H.-E., Suarez, A., Allmon, D., & Heard, H. L. (1991). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronically suicidal borderline patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 1060-1064.

Nasser, M. (1987). Psychiatry in ancient Egypt. Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 11, 420-422.

Norcross, J. C. & Goldfried, M. R. (2005). Handbook of Psychotherapy Integration. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Rogers, C. (1951). Client-Centered Therapy. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press.

Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy\\nfor Depression: A New Approach to Preventing Relapse. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Authors

Creative Commons License
Therapeutic Orientations by Hannah Boettcher, Stefan G. Hofmann, and Q. Jade Wu is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available in our Licensing Agreement.

How to cite this Noba module using APA Style
Boettcher, H., Hofmann, S. G., & Wu, Q. J. (2021). Therapeutic orientations. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers. Retrieved from http://noba.to/fjtnpwsk

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In the past century, a number of psychotherapeutic orientations have gained popularity for treating mental illnesses. This module outlines some of the best-known therapeutic approaches and explains the history, techniques, advantages, and disadvantages associated with each. The most effective modern approach is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

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This book is a great resource for nursing students learning how to conduct health assessment. It is divided into sections for easier reader "digestion" and understanding of information. I hope you will enjoy reading this book!

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NURS142: Health Assessment in Nursing (Bugosh, McAlicher, and Zaharchuk)

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This Health Assessment in Nursing textbook is an open educational resource developed for entry-level undergraduate nursing students. It is aligned with the Harrisburg Area Community College’s nursing …

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Great Leadership starts with Self- Leadership 

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Great Leadership starts with Self- Leadership 

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Great leadership starts with self-leadership | Lars Sudmann | TEDxUCLouvain

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"How does artificial intelligence learn?" CRAAP Assessment

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"How does artificial intelligence learn?" CRAAP Assessment

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This resource passed the CRAAP test and would be a useful introduction to how AI "learns".

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Interactive H5P activities from eCampusOntario H5P Studio are currently not searchable on the Open Library website while we complete some updates. Please visit eCampusOntario H5P Studio to search for interactive H5P directly.

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Building a Medical Terminology Foundation 2e

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Building a Medical Terminology Foundation 2e - Simple Book Publishing

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Introduction – A Digital Workbook for Beginning ESOL

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Every kid needs a champion | Rita Pierson | TED

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Interactive H5P activities from eCampusOntario H5P Studio are currently not searchable on the Open Library website while we complete some updates. Please visit eCampusOntario H5P Studio to search for interactive H5P directly.

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High-Performance Teams : Stages of Team Development

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Item Details – Open Library – eCampusOntario

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How miscommunication happens (and how to avoid it)

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Have you ever talked with a friend about a problem, only to realize that he just doesn’t seem to grasp why the issue is so important to you? Have you ever presented an idea to a group, and it’s met with utter confusion? What’s going on here? Katherine Hampsten describes why miscommunication occurs so frequently, and how we can minimize frustration while expressing ourselves better. [Directed by Andrew Foerster, narrated by Addison Anderson].

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For my Childhood Mental Health class, I came across a fascinating article on epigenetics that explores how gene expression may influence the development of mental health disorders. The research offers compelling insights into potential pathways linking early-life experiences to long-term psychological outcomes.

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Can epigenetics shine a light on the biological pathways underlying major mental disorders? | Psychological Medicine | Cambridge Core

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Can epigenetics shine a light on the biological pathways underlying major mental disorders? - Volume 52 Issue 9

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A topic that has been recently researched in forensic psychology is interpreter-mediated interviews with child witnesses.

A search through the Mason metafinder revealed several book chapters and peer-reviewed articles relevant to this topic.

Mason OER Metafinder (MOM) Results

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I found "Skilled Trades Ontario Resource Hub at https://www.skilledtradesontario.ca/resource-hub/ ". Users will find information on skilled trades, including research, legislation, policies, and apprenticeship details. It's text-based and provides an understanding of the framework and opportunities within Ontario's skilled trades sector.

This resource will help both students and professionals interested in Ontario skilled. It supports diverse learning needs through its accessible design.

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Welcome to Skilled Trades Ontario’s Resource Hub. Skilled Trades Ontario is committed to making it easier for skilled trades professionals, industry partners and apprentices to access services and information about the skilled trades. Explore our resource hub to find research, legislation, policies and other helpful skilled trades and apprenticeship related information.

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Child Protection in the Church is based on Jesus' call to welcome children and to bless them, since they are near to God ... This can help in initiating the reasons for Church's involvement in Child protection or safeguarding of the vulnerable persons

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The real life stories in this powerful film illuminate how the local church is helping to rescue and restore children in the name of Jesus.

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This PDF, although geared towards the K-12 sector, is a great framework for inclusive education and highlights socio-cultural

consciousness and culturally responsive

teaching practices. It's a good conversation starter for approaching the topic of equity in education.

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This succinct PowerPoint Poster presents the feasibility of conducting a randomized trial of a community-based exercise program incorporating a healthcare-recreation partnership called Together in Movement and Exercise (TIMETM) to improve function post-stroke. The authors present barriers and approaches to improve the feasibility of using randomized control studies in program evaluation within a community setting.

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This link was pull was from OASIS after looking for the term Poetry. I also found another video entitled: "Why people need poetry" https://www.ted.com/talks/

Paired, these videos pull together two seemingly disparate threads machines writing poetry and humans needing poetry. What connects these two is the fact that human language is a uniquely human process that can only be passed down so far to human-programmed machines, while the second video reinforces how poetry can be helpful for people as therapy, or perhaps even a characteristic that makes us human.

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If you read a poem and feel moved by it, but then find out it was actually written by a computer, would you feel differently about the experience? Would you think that the computer had expressed itself and been creative, or would you feel like you had fallen for a cheap trick? In this talk, writer Oscar Schwartz examines why we react so strongly to the idea of a computer writing poetry -- and how this reaction helps us understand what it means to be human.

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Open Educational Resources (OERs) for Essay Writing

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Open Educational Resources (OERs) for Essay Writing

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2. Video Resource: Writing and Reading the Essay (MIT OpenCourseWare)

Accessible at https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/21w-735-writing-and-reading-the-essay-fall-2005/

This MIT course provides video lectures on essay writing and analysis, making it a great resource for those who learn best through audiovisual content. Visual and auditory learners can benefit from structured instruction, watching an expert explain essay techniques rather than just reading about them.

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This online resource is a valuable tool for art teachers seeking a comprehensive Art History survey course. It covers key periods from prehistoric art to the Renaissance, providing a solid foundation for teaching. A second volume (Part II) is also available for continued learning.

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Book Description: History of Art Survey course covering from prehistoric art to the Italian Renaissance. Cover image Lascaux Cave_France

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I found this Open Educational Resource (OER) while searching for cybersecurity teaching materials through the eCampusOntario Open Textbook Library. This resource offers interactive content, lesson plans, and structured guides to support educators in teaching online safety. It covers a wide range of digital literacy and cybersecurity topics, providing engaging activities for students.

The resource is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, allowing for adaptation and reuse in educational settings.

You can access it here: eSafety Educator Resources.

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Classroom resources | eSafety Commissioner

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Discover resources designed to help schools and other educators teach online safety lessons.

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I see this being really useful for class discussions, group exercises, or even personal reflection on how we interact in teams. With its mix of readings and videos, it makes learning about group behavior and collaboration more engaging and practical. It’s a great way to apply group dynamics theories to real-world situations and build stronger team skills.

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The H5P OER has some great resources for developing neat exercises to help learners in statistics courses understand and practice concepts, and just have some fun! So far, I have created a find-a-word for basic statistics terms (e.g., standard deviation, permutation) that will help students get familiar with the terminology, a drag-and-drop exercise for a hypothesis testing truth table that will help students grasp the concepts associated with hypotheses, and a multiple hotspot exercise of a painting that contains visual and textual references to numerous statistical concepts such as statistical process control and confidence intervals.

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Hypothesis Truth Table Drag and Drop.JPG

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This link was pulled from OASIS after searching ‘Microsoft’ and covers the basics of MS Office. What I like about this OER is that it goes further by providing details in the healthcare setting (my typical student is enrolled in Office Administration – Health Services). There is also a section on file maintenance which is a key component in admin. Being organized = how quick can you retrieve the information you need. This OER provides videos, checkpoints, and images to help understand a process. This OER also includes closed captioning on its videos.

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Introduction – Using Computers in Healthcare

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This Using Computers in Healthcare textbook is an open educational resource with CC-BY 4.0 licensing developed for medical assistants and other healthcare professionals. Content is based on the Wisconsin Technical College System (WTCS) statewide curriculum for the Digital Literacy for Healthcare course.

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The Open Educational Resource (OER) MATH 1420: Geometry Concepts for Teachers is a course designed for teachers. It consists of eight units: algebra review, function exploration, graphing figures, geometry basics, geometric figures, dimensional geometry, probability, and statistics. This resource can help math teachers by providing a structured review of geometry concepts, along with supplementary materials and activities, to enhance their teaching skills and knowledge in these areas.

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Tablet medication spilled on a black surface with empty packaging. Jane Tyerman, Lillian Chumbley, Marian Luctkar-Flude, Leslie Graham, Shelley Clarke, Danica McRae and Mario Jara

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Medication Administration Interactive Puzzle Escape Room

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Medication Administration Interactive Puzzle Escape Room

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Virtual Interactive Puzzle Escape Room (VIPER) with medication administration is an excellent OER for learners to engage with and determine what the proper protocol is for administering medication. They must complete the steps in order to successfully move on to the next task. Escape rooms are trendy and can bring a refreshed

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This is a collection of short videos that explain concepts of Sociology in simple terms.

Sociology Vibes - YouTube

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✨Welcome✨Subscribe and be a part of this Sociology Vibes community🌞Sociology is relatable, revealing, and rewarding.🎓Videos are for educational purposes.💡Playlists focus on concepts found in typical sociology introductory courses.🎥 👥Send an email if you have a question or suggestions for video topics. 🔍Stay curious! 📸@sociologyvibes 📈Check out the Sociology Vibes website below!

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Chapter 16: Managing Your Mental Health and Physical Health

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Chapter 16: Managing Your Mental Health and Physical Health

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Resource Title:
Chapter 16: Managing your mental and physical health
Resource URL:
https://oercommons.org/courseware/lesson/96421
Currency: The timeliness of the information:
When was the resource published or posted?
Has the resource been revised or updated?
Does your topic require current information?
Are the links functional?
Published 08/15/2022
Topic does require current info
Links are functional
Relevance:&nbsp;The importance of the information for your needs
Does the resource relate to your needs?
Who is the intended audience?
Is the information in the resource at an appropriate level for your learners?
It relates to personal stress management
Intended audience is for adult learners, college level
Resources can be applied to personal well-bring in areas of stress, stress management, diet, exercise

Authority: The source of the information
Who is the creator?&nbsp;
What are their credentials or organizational affiliations?
Are they qualified to write on this topic?
Creator/author is Courtney Jauregui
An educator in the field

Accuracy:&nbsp;The reliability and truthfulness of the information
Is the information supported by evidence?
Has the resource been reviewed or refereed?
Are there spelling, grammar, or typographical errors?
information provided is supported by reliable resources
There is no information if it is peer reviewed
Spelling, grammar is correct

Purpose:&nbsp;The reason the information exists
Why does this resource exist? (to inform, teach, sell, entertain, or persuade?)
Is the information fact, opinion, or propaganda?
Are there political, ideological, cultural, religious, institutional, or personal biases?
Resource is for students wanting to pursue a career in mental health

Notes:&nbsp;Are there additional questions or observations you have about this material that affect your decision to use it? (i.e. this is an opinion piece that I will use to demonstrate one side of an argument).
Final Recommendation:&nbsp;Will you use this resource? Why or why not?
I would use it for a mental health related topics on discussion for stress

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Chapter 16: Managing Your Mental and Physical Health

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DISCLAIMER: This chapter addresses mental health concerns and is intended for educational purposes. It is not intended to diagnose or treat any mental illness. Collin students in need of mental health services can request an appointment with a Mental Health Counselor. If you or someone you know is in crisis or struggling with suicidal thoughts, call 988 (National Suicide and Crisis Lifeline), chat 988lifeline.org, or text “HELLO” to the Crisis Text Line (741741).

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For my forensic science class, we have a lecture on Forensic Toxicology.

I was able to find a virtual tour of a lab that would cover many aspects! It covers different classes of drugs, goes into the practical aspect of analyzes including sample collection, storage, data interpretation.

I think this is a great activity to be able to demonstrate the actual steps of what would happen in a real lab, rather than just discussing the topics in class. I will definitely try to incorporate this into my lecture in the future.

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Item Details – Open Library – eCampusOntario

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Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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How to provide care to a client who has COPD and multiple co-morbidities

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How to provide care to a client who has COPD and multiple co-morbidities

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I always strive to find an innovative way to deliver content to my students that will help learning stick. This OER is actually a virtual gaming simulation. This virtual simulation game is designed to evaluate nursing interventions, such as administering medication, for a patient hospitalized due to a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation. In the game, the learner takes on the role of the nurse and responds to questions by selecting the most appropriate nursing actions. If they make the correct choice, the scenario will progress to the next decision point. If they choose incorrectly, they'll receive feedback prompting them to reconsider their decision and will be given another opportunity to choose the right answer.

Kateryna Metersky

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Skip to content

Contents

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Book Contents Navigation

1. Client with COPD and Complex Medication Profile

2. COPD ja monilääkitys - Asiakkaan hoidon suunnittelu ja toteutus

Book Information

Authors

Kateryna Metersky; Michelle Hughes; Caitlin Cosgrove; Outi Lastumäki; Sanna Sandström; Essi Varkki; Alison Smart; Kylie Way; Esther Bodach; Starr Ferguson; Sherry Espin; and Susana Neves-Silva

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Client with COPD and Complex Medication Profile – Open Textbook

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This is a fascinating and accessible video on the significance of sex education to limit discrimination.

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Get a daily email featuring the latest talk, plus a quick mix of trending content.

By subscribing, you understand and agree that we will store, process and manage your personal information according to our Privacy Policy

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Lindsay Amer: Why kids need to learn about gender and sexuality

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Lindsay Amer is the creator of "Queer Kid Stuff," an educational video series that breaks down complex ideas around gender and sexuality through songs and metaphors. By giving kids and their families a vocabulary to express themselves, Amer is helping to create more empathetic adults -- and spreading a message of radical acceptance in a world where it's sometimes dangerous to just be yourself.

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This resource is current and offers several articles pertaining to diabetic foot complications. As this field is constantly changing, this is a great resource for students to stay updated with what is occurring in this field.

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José Luis Lázaro-Martínez, Luigi Uccioli

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Diabetic Foot Complications: Current Challenges and Future Prospects—Part II

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Diabetic foot is a growing complication due to the global increase in diabetes mellitus prevalence; this disease affects 9.1 to 26.1 million people annually, and between 19% and 34% of people develop diabetes at least once in their life. Diabetic foot is sometimes associated with lower limb amputations and higher rates of mortality than certain types of cancer, such as breast or prostate cancer. In recent years, research has focused on managing the main complications that lead to limb loss, such as diabetic foot infections or peripheral vascular disease. The majority of studies have investigated the outcomes in the acute phase when the patient has a complicated diabetic foot ulcer. However, long-term studies, randomized control trials, and studies on prevention, both primary and secondary, are still scarce in the literature. In addition, the benefits of multidisciplinary teams on patient outcomes, health care system organization, the competences of different specialities and health care professionals, and the impact of different organizational and structural approaches are not yet well studied. This Special Issue discusses the current state of the art, addresses ongoing knowledge gaps, and focuses on ongoing controversies related to diabetic foot complications.

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This OER would be a great resource for anyone who teaches concepts of interpersonal skills and or working effectively in teams. The ER is a course containing two parts all focused on the development of teamwork skills as well as interpersonal skills, project management skills, and communication skills. The course is divided into two parts and contains videos, presentation slides, case studies, branching scenarios by using H5P Interactive booklets that can all be embedded into LMS. This makes it very engaging meeting the needs of diverse learners, and it includes an accessibility statement and detailed instructions on how to navigate the H5P course pack. It is meant to be delivered in an asynchronous format with students simultaneously working on a course project as a team.

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Item Details – Open Library – eCampusOntario

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Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

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This link connects to eCampus Ontario's H5P Studio. H5P is a great tool for creating interactive content which can be easily embedded into a learning management system. Using a tool like H5P gives learners the opportunity to engage and interact with the content in a different way which aligns nicely with the UDL framework. (C. Costa)

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Catalogue of H5P Content | eCampusOntario H5P Studio

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This OER contains a vast number of readings and course material that can be extracted and applied to my course. These readings range from religion, gender, orientation, family, movements, etc. This OER is greatly beneficial to Sociology as it brings insight from all sectors of society and can give students an accurate and engaging course material, they can use to enhance their knowledge of course concepts and apply to their assessments.

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Bill Pelz, Herkimer County Community College

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Introductory Sociology | Simple Book Production

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This introductory course provides a comprehensive coverage of core concepts in Sociology grounded in both classic studies and current and emerging research. A heutagogical instructional design requires that students in the course provide much of the substantive content and teaching presence. Student led discussions provide the opportunity for an engaging and personally relevant exploration of the discipline.

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This free course from https://www.coursera.org/learn/python#modules

Programming for Everybody (Getting Started with Python)

By : Charles Russell Severance

includes short videos that are practical for students to review specific concepts.

The videos have transcripts in several languages which increases their accessibility.

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Programming for Everybody (Getting Started with Python)

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Offered by University of Michigan. This course aims to teach everyone the basics of programming computers using Python. We cover the basics ... Enroll for free.

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Getting Ready for Work-Integrated Learning

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Getting Ready for Work-Integrated Learning

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Curation Creation: Getting Ready for Work-Integrated Learning (BCcampus)

This resource was developed for all post-secondary students preparing for or wanting to learn more about work readiness for work-integrated learning (WIL) and entering the workforce. It covers topics including Indigenous Peoples, communities, and cultural safety; self-management; career goals; workplace essential skills; interpersonal and communication skills; workplace safety; and more. In addition, each chapter includes interactive H5P student activities for you to reinforce and self-assess your learning.

This is a great resource that focuses on more than just what WIL is, but on how to cultivate it safely and effectively in the workplace. It starts off more self-reflective as the student determines what career aspirations they have and how to achieve them, then ventures into such areas how to be culturally respectful and be an ally in the workplace, to awareness of workplace safety, to developing essential workplace skills like time management and writing skills. I also like that it includes H5P activities to further reinforce what is being learned.

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Getting Ready for Work-Integrated Learning (BCcampus)

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This resource was developed for all post-secondary students preparing for or wanting to learn more about work readiness for work-integrated learning (WIL) and entering the workforce. It covers topics including Indigenous Peoples, communities, and cultural safety; self-management; career goals; workplace essential skills; interpersonal and communication skills; workplace safety; and more. In addition, each chapter includes interactive H5P student activities for you to reinforce and self-assess your learning.

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Cases on Social Issues: For Class Discussion - 2nd Edition

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Cases on Social Issues: For Class Discussion - 2nd Edition

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This OER is highlights societal issues that exist for marginalized groups such as women, immigrants, LGBTQ+ groups, and indigenous communities. This resource is excellent for incorporating new material in lectures and contains a wide range of case studies students can use for a better understanding of materials. These cases are applicable to modern-day education and will provide students with accurate information they can use for their assignments and presentations. Updated case studies and social issues is great for student engagement as learning about old and irrelevant social issues will only hinder their participation. The integration of this new textbook will allow students to apply their knowledge in real-world scenarios and interactions.

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Cases on Social Issues: For Class Discussion - 2nd Edition - Open Textbook Library

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This Open Education resource, “Cases on Social Issues: For Class Discussion – 2nd Edition”, includes valuable cases for student use on issues of discrimination, diversity, equity, inclusion and general social issues in the workplace. Included are cases for discussion on workplace scenarios as follows: homophobia; working with Indigenous communities; oil and gas pipelines and the family ranch; invisible disabilities; employee anxiety; safety for women, transgender women and non-binary people; and the bullying of new immigrants and refugees. The critical events portrayed in the cases are realistic and emotional, and most feature the experiences of under-represented and marginalized people. These thoughtful, contemporary cases pose ethical dilemmas about social issues that encourage post-secondary students and instructors to have stimulating, inclusive, and compassionate discussions. Inspired by input from post-secondary students and authored by students and people who are usually under-represented in education material, this resource is designed for upper-level undergraduate or graduate students in the humanities, social sciences, business, healthcare, science, agriculture, environmental studies, Indigenous studies, land use studies, law and more. Each case is supplemented with modifiable discussion prompts, notes for teaching strategies, and a short reading list.

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How miscommunication happens (and how to avoid it)

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How miscommunication happens (and how to avoid it)

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I chose the TED-Ed video "How Miscommunication Happens (And How to Avoid It)" because it directly addresses a critical issue my students face when working in group projects. (Miscommunication). Group projects often require clear communication to coordinate tasks, and share ideas. However, many projects fail or face obstacles due to poor communication, leading to confusion, missed deadlines, and unmet expectations.

By choosing this video, I aim to equip my students with the tools to communicate more effectively in their group projects. Clear and open communication is essential to any successful collaboration, and this video provides a simple yet insightful explanation of how to avoid common mistakes. Ultimately, it will help students enhance their teamwork skills, avoid unnecessary conflicts, and improve the overall quality of their projects.

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Katherine Hampsten: How miscommunication happens (and how to avoid it) | TED Talk

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Have you ever talked with a friend about a problem, only to realize that he just doesn’t seem to grasp why the issue is so important to you? Have you ever presented an idea to a group, and it’s met with utter confusion? What’s going on here? Katherine Hampsten describes why miscommunication occurs so frequently, and how we can minimize frustration while expressing ourselves better. [Directed by Andrew Foerster, narrated by Addison Anderson].

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Introduction to Human Sexuality by Emerson Wolfe and Ericka Goerling

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Introduction to Human Sexuality by Emerson Wolfe and Ericka Goerling

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This OER acknowledges that human sexuality is a richly diverse, engaging, sometimes challenging, and ultimately critical area of psychological inquiry. Emerson and Ericka respectfully strive to introduce this textbook as an inclusive and intersectional resource for learning about human sexuality.

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Human Resources - Recruitment and Selection by Melanie Hapke

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Human Resources - Recruitment and Selection by Melanie Hapke

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One course I teach is an overview to business and highlights various aspects to set up your own business. One area I have found it to be weak on is recruitment and selection as part of the HR role. This text gives the detail and resources required and presents them in colourful ways using charts and other formats to meet the needs of a variety of learning styles.

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Recruitment and Selection – Simple Book Publishing

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Book Description: The difference between a good organization and a great one often comes down to its people. This textbook provides students with a clear and concise roadmap through every step of the recruitment and selection process, from identifying staffing needs and writing job descriptions to sourcing candidates, conducting interviews, and making the final hiring decision.

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This report examines the changing roles of teachers and learners while providing insight in to future scenarios that could occur. This is very helpful for teachers to become prepared for how these upcoming changes and emerging trends can impact their teaching role and the position of their learners.

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Item Details – Open Library – eCampusOntario

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Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.