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1. The Athens government began around 700 to 800 years before the common era B.C.E. and reached its most successful point in the fourth century B.C.E.

2. This government overthrew the typical monarchy and created the concept of democracy, which is a government ruled by the people. One of the most important features of the Athens direct democracy was the Assembly, which was made up of male citizens at least 18 years old. The Assembly made public decisions and laws. All people were represented in this type of government because individuals were not required to meet certain criteria to be a member of the government.

3. This government operated by using a "majority of rules" for voting in the Assembly, and the Assembly's agenda was set by a body of 500 randomly chosen citizens who served one-year terms. The Athenian government was very successful because it attempted to represent all people equally through a direct democracy.

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1. The Roman Republic was created when monarchical rule was overthrown in 509 B.C.  It would last around 400 years until it became the Roman Empire near the end of the first century B.C.

2. This type of government did not represent women, the enslaved, and foreign-born people. It mainly consisted of two social classes; the patricians (wealthy) and the plebeians (common folk). Even though the Roman Republic did not equally represent the whole population, it created the overall idea of representation, especially during the struggle between the patricians and the plebeians.

3. This government was operated by being centered in the Senate, which consisted of 300 members, two of them being chosen as consuls by the Senate itself. In turn, Senators were elected by citizens. At first, the patricians dominated the Senate, but over time, an increasing amount of plebeians were elected to the Senate. The consuls directed the army and handled foreign affairs. The Roman Republic succeeded for as long as it did because it had structure and valid methods of governing, however, it failed at equally representing all citizens.

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1. The idea of Feudalism was born when the Roman Empire fell in the fifth century A.D. It became more popular during the Middle Ages up until the 16th century. It dominated Europe from the 9th to the 12th centuries.

2. Feudalism basically consisted of powerful lords dividing their land among lesser lords. The powerful lords gave land and protection to the lesser lords in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and the sharing of their crops. The powerful lords also had manors, which served as an economical unit that contained all of the lord's land holdings.

3. Feudalism was operated by powerful lords that gave their land to lesser lords in exchange for certain services (as described in #2). This type of government/economy was not very ethical, however, it was dominant for multiple centuries. Since people were still recovering from the chaos and fall of the Roman Empire, they did what they could with the resources they had. Feudalism operated like a chain system, with a powerful lord (monarch) holding the most prestigious title, then vassals (servants of the lord), then serfs (peasants). The majority of the population were serfs, and the only protection they had was from their vassals, which wasn't much. Many serfs were prohibited from ever leaving the lord's manor.

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1. The Roman Catholic Church is nearly 2,000 years old, with the first traces of its origin dating back to A.D. 33. Catholicism survived three centuries of violent persecution. In A.D. 380, the Roman Catholic Church became the official church of the Roman Empire.

2. The Roman Catholic Church drew its teachings from Biblical texts and implemented them among the European population, as many citizens were converting to Christianity. This government consisted of prestigious individuals who ruled/guided their followers.

3. The Roman Catholic Church was ruled by the pope and his bishops, which ruled vast land holdings and frequently connected with monarchs and lords for political and religious influence over the common folk's lives. This system succeeded because the majority of the European population were Catholics, which gave the church even more power.

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1. Monarchies arose around the late 1400s in nations such as Spain, France, and England as a result of feudalism slowly becoming less popular. Monarchies still exist to this day.

2. This type of government consists of an absolute ruler, the monarch, and the national governments, legal systems, identities, and taxes created by that monarch. The monarch had power over the people, and the citizens were forced to follow their rule.

3. A monarchy is almost completely governed by the monarchs themselves. They can make laws and regulations for the entire area in which they oversee. Sometimes, monarchs will hire loyal civil servants to help manage the national government. Everyone, including nobles, had to obey the monarch (absolute monarchy). This government succeeds because the monarch is such a trusted figure amongst civilians, and they know that they will always be protected by their supreme. They trust in the monarch's decisions.

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1. Colonialism began in the late 1400s and early 1500s.

2. This type of government involved monarchs who tried to make citizens all around the world follow their beliefs and rules. These monarchies would try to control a nation over lands abroad.

3. Colonialism revolved around monarchies. Once people started leaving countries like England in order to travel to other places like America, monarchs would try to have complete control over them even if they resided overseas. As many different European settlers, laws, and religious beliefs entered new parts of the world, monarchies were still focused on having everyone believe in the same thing and follow the same set of rules.

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1. Mercantilism developed alongside Colonialism in the late 1400s to the early 1500s, when Europeans were making their way to the new land called America.

2. Mercantilism is an economic system that revolves around economic/political theory that emphasizes money as the main form of wealth in order to increase the absolute power of the monarchy and the nation. Basically, the monarchs told everybody under their control to gather precious medals and  other items in order to trade them with other countries for profit. All in all, the monarchies were still in absolute control and the people had no choice but to obey them.

3. This economy is operated by the monarchies dictating what colonies/colonists need to do in order to make a profit (for the monarch). Monarchs placed high taxes on imports and required foreigners to buy licenses from the state in order to trade with other merchants. The purpose in doing so was so that the monarch could make a huge profit while enhancing their own power over the nation/s.

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1. John Locke (1632-1704) was an English political theorist who believed that men were born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property. This idea would later be adopted into the Declaration of Independence.

2. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an Englishman who agreed with Locke about natural rights and took it a step further when he said that a social contract would help define the rights of the people and their rulers. This would help prevent another monarchy/dictatorship, and it helped America become the country that we know and love today.

3. Adam Smith (1723-1790) and David Ricardo (1772-1823) criticized their monarch's economic ways and realized that the old economic system was built to help the monarch succeed, not the people. They acknowledged that the monarchs would grow wealthier while the people would get poorer and have less freedom.

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The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy that selects its rulers based on heredity. While other monarchies give full power to their monarch, the Parliament of the United Kingdom places restrictions on how much power the monarch can have. Laws and other decisions have to pass through other powerful bodies before they get approved. The monarch has little direct part in government.

The Vatican City is ruled by the Pope who has absolute control over the area in which he governs and its people. In this absolute monarchy, the Pope doesn't need to get approval from any type of government before making a decision, unlike the United Kingdom. Everything about the Vatican City is individualized to their belief system placed by their monarch, such as anthems, currency, and passports.