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All atoms are electrically neutral due to the equal number of protons and electrons. However, when an atom loses or gains an electron, the number of protons does not match the number of electrons, so the atom will no longer be electrically neutral. When the atom is no longer electrically neutral it is known as an Ion.

There are two types of ions, positive ions, and negative ions. An Atom will become a positive Ion if it loses an electron, but the atom will become a negative Ion if it gains an electron.

In the formation of an Ion, the proton and mass numbers are not affected. Electrons are responsible for the chemical properties of an Atom, which is why the process of forming an Ion only involves electrons. In the formation of Ions, metals lose electrons, and non-metals gain electrons.

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An element is a substance containing one type of atom only. It cannot be broken down chemically into simpler substances. Atoms may differ in size, and it is the smallest particle of a substance. It has a nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons. An Atom also has electrons which move around the electron shell, otherwise known as orbit.

The three sub-particles of the atom each have a relative mass, relative charge, and a location. The electron has a relative mass of 1/1840, which is too small to make an impact. It has a relative charge of -1, and its location is in the electron shell. The proton has a relative mass of 1, a relative charge of +1, and it is located inside the nucleus. The neutron has a relative mass of 1, it has a neutral charge, and is also located inside the nucleus.

An atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons, the positive charge from the protons is neutralized by the negative charge from the electrons, meaning the atom is electrically neutral.

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Example of Proton Numbers and Mass Numbers

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The Proton Number, also known as the atomic number, Z, is the total number of protons in the atom. The proton number also tells you the number of electrons in the atom, as an atom has the same number of protons and electrons.

The Mass Number, A, is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an Atom.

Using these, we can find the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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Isotopes are atoms that have different number of neutrons from the original. Due to the difference of neutrons, Isotopes will have different mass numbers.

For example, the number of protons in an original element could be 13 protons and neutrons, but an Isotope of that element could have 13 protons, and 15 neutrons.

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Molecules are two or more atoms chemically combined together. This can be two of the same element or different elements. A molecule which contains two atoms chemically joined together is called a diatomic molecule.

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A molecule of an element is a substance containing two or more of the same type of atom chemically joined together.

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This is a substance containing two or more different types of atoms chemically combined together.

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The symbol for a postivie icon has:

-A positive sign indicating the loss of electrons

-A numerical number indicating how many electrons were lost

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The symbol for a negative Ion has the following:

-A negative sign indicating the gain of electrons

-A numerical number indicating the number of electrons gained

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A chemical formula indicates important information about the substance, the type of element, and the total number of each type of atom.

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B

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A, and C

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A)i) Krypton

A)ii) Sodium and magnesium

B)i) 12

B)ii) 10

B)iii) It is an ion as atoms are electrically neutral, while this one has less electrons than protons, so it is not electrically neutral.

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C) 1,1,1,2,1

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A)i) B

A)ii) D

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i) W

ii) X

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i)A,B

ii)C,D

iii)C,G

ii)