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What primary anatomical structure(s) is/are involved depression.

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What primary anatomical structure(s) is/are involved depression.

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3 primary brain structures involved in depression would be the amygdala, hippocampus, and the prefrontal cortex

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1. Primary anatomical structures involved in depression: Amygdala

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1. Primary anatomical structures involved in depression: Amygdala

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Depression affects the amygdala by being extremely active and altering responses to emotional stimuli.

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2. Primary anatomical structure: Hippocampus. 

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2. Primary anatomical structure: Hippocampus. 

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Depression causes many serious things to the brain. Like the hippocampus, depression causes it to shrink which leads to volume loss.

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3. Primary anatomical structure involved with depression: Prefrontal cortex 

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3. Primary anatomical structure involved with depression: Prefrontal cortex 

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The most important structure is the prefrontal cortex because it controls the activity of the amygdala, which is involved in processing emotions like fear and anxiety, the PFC aids in the management of emotional reactions. The PFC frequently exhibits reduced activity in depression, which results in increased emotional reactivity and poor emotional regulation.

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What processes either cause or are affected by this condition? 

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What processes either cause or are affected by this condition? 

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1. Depression affects the parts of the brain, such as the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. People with depression often show signs of damage in these areas and often have problems with memory and learning.

2. Depression can affect lots of functions in the brain, such as emotion processing, attention span, and even learning ability.

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One symptom of depression is persistent sadness and emptiness. This can also cause a lack of interest in activities that were once enjoyable.

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Physiological processes that are  involved in Depression 

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Physiological processes that are  involved in Depression 

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The physiological processes involved in depression are the depletion of neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine in the CNS system, Hormonal changes, and an enzyme called monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). Other factors include environmental aspects such as stressful life events and trauma.

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Depression can also cause insomnia (trouble sleeping) or excessive sleeping because of stress and brain chemistry changes.

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Depression can lead to changes in appetite, either weight gain or weight loss. To some people with depression, eating may seem less appealing since there is a lack of energy. While some people may use food as a coping mechanism leading to weight gain.

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People with depression may suffer functioning in normal, daily life responsibilities. This may be work, school, hobbies, relationships, and personal hygiene. They are unable to go on with their lives and may have thoughts of self harm/suicide.

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To first diagnose depression, there is a physical exam to see if it may be depression or another condition with similar symptoms. This consists of blood or urine tests.

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There is an interview and a psychiatric evaluation where you are questioned and asked about your thoughts, behavior, feelings, and the time it began. Symptoms must be present every single day consistently for weeks to be diagnosed.

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One way to treat depression is with antidepressant medication. This works by increasing neurotransmitters in the brain like serotonin.

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Depression can be treated with psychotherapy. Talking about feelings and changing negative thoughts/behaviors may help treat it. Therapy also focuses on managing emotions and relationships.

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Symptoms of depression can include irritability, slowed thinking and/or speech, confusion, and even changes in appetite or weight. Diagnosis for depression can include clinical interviews, physical assessments, lab tests, and more. People who experience depression have a wide array of symptoms that span from mild to severe. Depression can be treated in several ways. Treatment can consist of therapy, medication, and even electroconvulsive therapy for severe cases of depression.

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People who have had depression have a higher chance of getting long-term illnesses like heart disease and diabetes. This is because it increases stress hormones, raising the risks for health problems.

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Week 10: In-Class Activity #3 "Lifestyle Changes/Padlet

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Week 10: In-Class Activity #3 "Lifestyle Changes/Padlet

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Regular physical activity, Study has demonstrated that exercise improves depression by raising serotonin and endorphin levels. Exercises like yoga, jogging, walking, or even just stretching can boost vitality and lessen depressive symptoms. Good Sleep Practices Depression frequently interferes with sleep, resulting in excessive sleeping or sleeplessness. Sleep quality and general mental health can be enhanced by establishing a regular sleep pattern, avoiding devices before bed, and developing a calming nightly habit. Regular physical activity would be a 7/10 due to lack of motivation making it difficult to continue an exercise routine. Healthy sleep would be a 6/10 due to oversleeping and isomnia. A physical therapist and a sleep specialist are 2 professionals to support this lifestyle change.

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People who have had depression have a harder time building and maintaining relationships in their lives. This is because of mood swings, withdrawal, and other symptoms that may have come with depression.

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People who have had depression can have physical illnesses like not being able to sleep or having a broken sleep cycle and developed a eating disorder either bulimia or anorexia. This can happen because depression cause you to lose motivation to get out of bed and cause you to sleep irregular.

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People who have had depression can have a sense of loss of hope when seeking for help. Depression can cause those to find it difficult to seek out for help because they feel all alone. This can cause further complications because it can create their cycle of depression to worsen over time.

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One long term treatment is Cognitive behavioral therapy/ Psychotherapy. For this treatment it costs around $100-$250 per session. It is likely covered by insurance due to emergency mental attention. But if a person chooses not to seek therapy for depression it can lead to suicidal thought or suicide as well as issues in quality of life.

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Antidepressant medication is another long term treatment for depression. It costs about $20-$300 monthly depending on the pharmacy. Antidepressants are covered by insurance. Failure to receive treatment may result in increased anxiety, heart disease, and diabetes.

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Rehab treatment is another long term treatment for depression. The cost of rehab for depression can range from $15,000 to $60,000 for a standard 30-day program, depending on the facility, level of care provided, and location, with the average cost per day being between $500 and $2,000. The majority of health insurance plans will pay for some of the cost of depression treatment; the exact amount will depend on the plan. deteriorating symptoms of sadness, a lower quality of life, trouble sustaining relationships, decreased productivity at work, a higher risk of substance misuse, physical health issues, and even suicidal thoughts or actions

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1.) Psychosocial Rehabilitation treatment 

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1.) Psychosocial Rehabilitation treatment 

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One of the psychosocial rehabilitation for depression is Dialectical Behavioral Therapy. DBT is a form of therapy that focuses on teaching people how to deal with their emotions, improve relationships, etc. It is a concept that help in acceptance and what can you do to change and cope in a healthy way. One long term effect of DBT is a better quality of life. A professional that would deliver this type of treatment is licensed mental health practitioner.

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2. Psychsocial Rehabiliation treatment for depression

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2. Psychsocial Rehabiliation treatment for depression

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One psychosocial rehabilitation that can be used for depression is IPT, which is also known as interpersonal psychotherapy. This treatment is focused on helping with mental health issues by improving interpersonal relationships. Interpersonal relationships are defined as a connection between two or sometimes more people that are mutually fulfilling.  Interpersonal psychotherapy is considered a short-term treatment that helps by developing healthy coping skills and improving communication. Some professionals that might administer this IPT are psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, counselors, and nurses.

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Another psychosocial rehabilitation treatment is cognitive behavioral therapy. This helps people think positively and targets behaviors contributing to depression. It is based on the idea that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all connected, and that changing bad patterns will help individuals with depression. In the short term it helps reduce thinking and improve mood. In the Long term, it helps manage thought behaviors and prevents future relapses. A psychiatrist will provide medication and a therapist will provide counseling.

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Vocational Rehabilitation & Social Skills Training

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Vocational Rehabilitation & Social Skills Training

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Vocational rehabilitation helps people with depression go back to work or school by offering career counseling, employment training, and workplace assistance to boost productivity and confidence. Rebuilding interpersonal and communication skills is the main goal of social skills training in order to improve relationships, lessen social isolation, and boost self-esteem. The long-term effects of depression on employment and productivity, for vocational rehab. For short term social skills engaging in conversations, avoiding social situations, and feeling uncomfortable around others. Both treatment are helped by licensed therapist

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#1- Cognitive Rehabilitation Treatment: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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#1- Cognitive Rehabilitation Treatment: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a form of psychotherapy that helps individuals see and change negative thought patterns and behaviors. It develops problem solving skills and coping strategies to help improve emotions. It is designed to address both short term and long term cognitive impairments of depression, such as difficulty remembering, concentrating, and decision making. In the long term it can help people manage depression symptoms effectively. This treatment is delivered by a psychologist, psychiatrist, or therapist.

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Occupational therapy is considered to help people engage in occupations that are important to them, like self-care. Some examples are improving social skills and developing routines. The long-term effect is developing daily life in a healthy structure. Some professionals who can administer this are psychologists, doctors, and therapists.

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Week 8 #2 - Speech Rehabilitation Treatment for Depression 

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Week 8 #2 - Speech Rehabilitation Treatment for Depression 

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Speech-language therapy is a type of therapy that helps individuals overcome challenges with speech, language, and communication. It can improve communication skills and help people feel less alone and combat negative thoughts by knowing how to express oneself.

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Regular exercise can help improve mood and brain function by lowering stress hormones and generating endorphins. This can include easy exercises such as stretching and walking. The difficulty level may be 7/10 because people with depression may have a hard time finding motivation. A psychiatrist, therapist, or even physical trainer can help with this routine.

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Exercise-Based Physical Therapy: This type of care uses structured workouts, including muscle conditioning and aerobic exercise, to increase mood-enhancing neurotransmitters like endorphins and serotonin, which in turn helps alleviate depressed symptoms. Physical therapists provide customized fitness regimens to enhance vitality, movement, and general physical health—all of which can be adversely affected by depression-related lethargy and inactivity. The goal of this treatment is to deal with depression's immediate as well as future effects. By promoting the synthesis of endorphins and serotonin, it helps fight off fatigue, low energy, and diminished motivation in the short term, a certified exercise physiologist or physical therapist (PT) administers this treatment.

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Week 10; Lifestyle changes: Prioritizing sleep 

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Week 10; Lifestyle changes: Prioritizing sleep 

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Prioritizing sleep can improve your mood and not becoming sleep deprived. Becoming sleep deprived can cause you to worsen your symptoms of depression. You should be getting at least 7-9 hours of sleep each night. the difficulty level may be an 8/10 because people may find it hard to sleep. A psychiatrist can help with this routine

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Week #10 lifesylte changes for depression: Diet 

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Week #10 lifesylte changes for depression: Diet 

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A healthy diet can help ease depression symptoms and reduce the risk of depression. For a patient, this lifestyle on a scale could range from 7-9 on the difficulty scale. One professional who can help administer a diet plan to help with depression. This can help reduce inflammation and alter neurotransmitters.

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Week 11: Populations with Greater Risk of Depression

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Week 11: Populations with Greater Risk of Depression

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Veterans are a very common population that experience depression and can have very serious symptoms including PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), behavioral problems, and even physical symptoms of depression. This population can often become isolated and become socially outcast. Reassumulating into society can become a very hard challenge that Veterans face with depression. Another group that often faces depression is college students, with 10-30 % of students facing depressive tendencies. While some cases can be mild, it is important to acknowledge students with depression. Whether it comes from being homesick or having an unhealthy workload, some students are pushed to their absolute limit and can often have episodes that come from their unbalanced lives.

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Week 11: Populations with Greater Risk of Depression

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Week 11: Populations with Greater Risk of Depression

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Teenagers are a special population at a greater risk for suffering with depression. This is because they are at a significant point in life, going through emotional and social changes. Teenagers may face the challenge of asking for help. Another special population is older adults/seniors. This is because they deal with loneliness and/or illness. Seniors may face the challenge of mistaking depression for aging.

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Week 11: In-Class Activity #3 "Veterans and TBI/Padlet"

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Week 11: In-Class Activity #3 "Veterans and TBI/Padlet"

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Teens are particularly susceptible to depression because they frequently experience major emotional, social, and environmental changes. Mental health concerns in this group can be caused by a variety of factors, including peer connections, body image problems, academic stress, and hormonal changes. Older folks may be more susceptible to depression, particularly if they are dealing with health issues, the death of a loved one, or loneliness. Depressive and gloomy feelings can be exacerbated by the difficulties of aging, including physical disease, cognitive decline, and loss of independence. Teenagers may find it difficult to identify the symptoms of depression or may be reluctant to get treatment because mental health is stigmatized or they are afraid of being judged. Social media and peer pressure can also intensify feelings of inferiority or loneliness, which makes prevention initiatives more difficult to carry out. Seniors who perceive depression as a "normal" aspect of aging or who experience the generational stigma associated with mental illness may be less inclined to seek preventive care for mental health. Furthermore, they might not be aware of or have access to contemporary mental health resources.

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Week 12: #1 preventive measures to reduce depression 

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Week 12: #1 preventive measures to reduce depression 

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One of the preventive measures for depression is talking to people and making social connections. This helps those with the depression to feel not alone and that they have a support system around them knowing they can reach out for help. But some challenges they might face with this is social anxiety, introverted, distances, and etc.

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Technologies that can be used for depression is a smartwatch or an app like a mental health app:

The mental healths apps is an app that can help in providing you with guidances and support through your depression. This type of technology helps in preventions and treatment of depression

Smartwatches is a device that can track you health and mood. Knowing if there is a change in sleep pattern, calories lost, and etc. This type of devices helps in an early intervention to prevent and maybe help in diagnosis.

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Week 12: #2 preventive measures to reduce depression

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Week 12: #2 preventive measures to reduce depression

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Another preventive measure that can reduce the risk for depression is exercise such as walking or jogging. Regular activity helps boost endorphins and reduce stress. However, people may have a hard time finding time or motivation, especially if they are already feeling down.

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1. Teletherapy platforms connect people with therapists through video or phone calls. This makes it easier for users to get mental health treatment. These platforms are used for treatment and diagnosis for depression. Possible negative aspects may be a lack of personal connection and face-to-face talks. Internet access is also required.

2. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is another technology for depression. This is a non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic pulses to activate brain regions related to mood control; this is mostly used when drugs are ineffective and is a form of treatment for depression. Some possible negative aspects may be money, time, and may cause pain (headaches).

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Week 12: In-Class Activity #3 "Athletes and TBI/Padlet

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Week 12: In-Class Activity #3 "Athletes and TBI/Padlet

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Engaging in consistent exercise helps release endorphins and reduce stress, which can improve mood and lower the risk of depression. Maintaining healthy relationships with family, friends, or support groups provides emotional support and helps reduce feelings of loneliness or isolation. Limited time due to busy schedules, lack of motivation, physical health issues or disabilities, or insufficient access to safe outdoor spaces or gyms may make it difficult for individuals to engage in regular exercise. Social isolation, difficulty making or maintaining relationships, lack of access to supportive communities, or experiencing social anxiety can prevent individuals from developing and maintaining the social connections necessary for emotional support.

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Week 13: In-Class Activity #3 "Technology and Safety/Padlet

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Week 13: In-Class Activity #3 "Technology and Safety/Padlet

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Apps like Headspace and Calm provide guided meditations, mood tracking, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) exercises to support emotional well-being and manage early signs of depression. Services such as BetterHelp and Talkspace connect individuals with licensed therapists via video, chat, or phone, allowing for accessible, remote treatment and support for depression. Smartwatches and fitness trackers like Fitbit and Apple Watch track physical activity, sleep patterns, and heart rate, providing valuable data to monitor mental health and alert users to potential changes in mood or well-being. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): TMS is a non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate brain regions involved in mood regulation, typically used for individuals with treatment-resistant depression.

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Week 14: In-Class Activity #3 "Public Health and Education/Padlet"

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Week 14: In-Class Activity #3 "Public Health and Education/Padlet"

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A organized, brief therapy called cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) assists people in recognizing and altering the harmful thought processes that underlie depression. The primary goal of this intervention is to change the individual's cognitive and behavior patterns. The stigma associated with mental health, the lack of access to qualified therapists, and obstacles related to insurance or cost to treatment are obstacles, nevertheless. With an emphasis on spotting early indicators of depression in students and providing assistance, these programs offer mental health education and counseling in schools. The environment, particularly educational environments, is the focus of the intervention. Implementation obstacles include a lack of funds, a shortage of certified counselors in schools, and opposition from communities or parents who do not place a high priority on mental health education.