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讓學生在網絡上尋找關於網絡成癮的定義，並與全班分享發現。這有助於建立對話基礎，讓學生理解成癮的一般定義。

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Abstract

Internet addiction is characterized by excessive or poorly controlled preoccupations, urges or behaviours regarding computer use and internet access that lead to impairment or distress. The condition has attracted increasing attention in the popular media and among researchers, and this attention has paralleled the growth in computer (and Internet) access. Prevalence estimates vary widely, although a recent random telephone survey of the general US population reported an estimate of 0.3-0.7%. The disorder occurs worldwide, but mainly in countries where computer access and technology are widespread. Clinical samples and a majority of relevant surveys report a male preponderance. Onset is reported to occur in the late 20s or early 30s age group, and there is often a lag of a decade or more from initial to problematic computer usage. Internet addiction has been associated with dimensionally measured depression and indicators of social isolation. Psychiatric co-morbidity is common, particularly mood, anxiety, impulse control and substance use disorders. Aetiology is unknown, but probably involves psychological, neurobiological and cultural factors. There are no evidence-based treatments for internet addiction. Cognitive behavioural approaches may be helpful. There is no proven role for psychotropic medication. Marital and family therapy may help in selected cases, and online self-help books and tapes are available. Lastly, a self-imposed ban on computer use and Internet access may be necessary in some cases.

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Internet addiction is associated with social anxiety in young adults.

Weinstein A, Dorani D, Elhadif R, Bukovza Y, Yarmulnik A, Dannon P. Weinstein A, et al. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;27(1):4-9. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2015. PMID: 25696775

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學生分小組討論最新的網絡成癮統計數據，梳理數據背後的意義並與全班分享心得。

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引導學生進行小組活動，探索網絡成癮可能的成因。每組找出兩到三個主要成因，並進行分析討論。

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從網絡中選擇一些網絡成癮的個案，讓學生閱讀並討論這些個案的處理方法。鼓勵學生提出自己的見解。

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A case study of Internet Game Addiction : Journal of Addictions Nursing

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安排一個「數碼排毒」活動，讓學生體驗一段時間不使用電子設備的生活，之後讓學生分享體驗心得。

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介紹不同治療網絡成癮的方法，包括心理諮詢和行為療法等。邀請學生探討這些方法的有效性。

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Internet addiction, also known as problematic internet use, is becoming increasingly recognized as a mental health concern. An internet addiction is typically characterized by a level of internet use that impairs relationships; brings about family, work, or interpersonal difficulties; and impacts daily function in a negative way.

A qualified therapist or other mental health professional can often help those seeking treatment address and resolve this concern.

Understanding Internet Addiction

Internet addiction first began to be studied in the United States in the mid-1990s, and more recent studies have documented Internet addiction in numerous countries, such as Italy, Pakistan, and the Czech Republic. In China, Korea, and Taiwan, internet addiction is considered to be a growing health concern: Studies indicate that up to 30% of the population in these countries may experience problematic internet use. One in eight American adults are believed to experience internet addiction. Approximately 70% of those addicted to the internet are reported to also experience some other form of addiction.

The actual cause of Internet addiction is not known, but potential factors are varied. Some researchers have compared it to other conditions involving addiction, such as compulsive buying. Those who experience Internet addiction may experience a "high" when using their computers that is similar to the high those who shop compulsively experience when making a purchase. A genetic component may also make it more likely that some who use the internet in a problematic way will become addicted to it. Familial and social factors may also play a role, as a person might turn to virtual reality more and more often in order to escape negative situations in everyday life. As one uses the internet more frequently and experiences positive feelings and sensations as a result of Internet usage, one may come to depend on the internet in order to feel good or even normal.

Types of internet addiction may include sexting or cybersex addiction, online gaming addiction, addiction to chat rooms or blog sites, and others. Some individuals may spend all of their time online surfing websites or reading blog entries. Others may use the internet to shop compulsively or participate in online gambling, though these, along with sex addiction, are recognized as separate addictions.

In some cases, gender may play a role in the type of addiction one experiences. Research has shown that men may be more likely to become addicted to online games, cybersex or porn, and gambling online, while women may be more likely to use social media, test or quiz websites, and online stores in a problematic manner.

Identifying Internet Addiction

A person who is experiencing internet addiction may:

Exhibit a preoccupation with the internet, even when not using it

Use the internet more and more frequently

Be unable to stop or cut back on internet use (in spite of attempts to do so)

Feel moody, irritable, low, or restless as a result of attempts to cut back on Internet use

Use the internet to regulate mood or gain relief from the negative effects of problems

Risk losing employment, romantic relationships, friendships, or academic standing in order to spend more time online

Lose sleep, experience fatigue, feel apathetic

Lie to family members, friends, or mental health professionals about internet use or time spent online

Though one of the characteristics of Internet addiction is the amount of time spent online, what truly factors in the condition is the way the internet is used and the affect it has on one's life. A person may spend 40 hours a week using the internet for work and then come home and spend an additional 2-3 hours using the internet each day. This practice, however, would not be considered to be addiction unless it had a negative or harmful impact on the individual's life. Further, in the case of problematic internet use, the amount of time spent online generally increases over time .

The Effects of Problematic Internet Use

Problematic internet use can be harmful because it often has a significant impact on one's daily life. A person's employment performance or academic standing may fall, and relationships with family members, friends, and romantic partners may be impacted negatively. A person might experience health concerns such as fatigue, headaches, backaches, or carpal tunnel syndrome. Mental health concerns such as eating and food issues, depression, stress, and anxiety may also be associated with Internet addiction. Late-night log-ins are likely to disrupt sleep patterns and may lead to fatigue, and long-term sleep deprivation is likely to have a negative effect on health. Additionally, those addicted to the internet may become isolated as a result of the experienced addiction, though some may have turned to the internet in order to combat isolation in daily life.

Therapy for Internet Addiction

Currently, internet addiction is not a diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. However, it is believed to share similarities with impulse control disorders and gambling addiction.

Though one of the characteristics of Internet addiction is the amount of time spent online, what truly factors in the condition is the way the Internet is used and the affect it has on one's life. Internet addiction is believed to be a largely treatable condition. When the addiction is acknowledged, a therapist or other mental health professional can help an individual take steps to address the behavior and regain the ability to use the Internet in a healthy way. Internet addiction differs from some other types of addiction in that some level of Internet use is generally necessary for function in society. Thus, the goal of treatment is usually not complete abstinence. However, when a person is addicted to online porn, for example, treatment goals may involve using the internet without attempting to seek out pornography.

Cognitive behavioral therapy, self-help treatment groups, group therapy, and family therapy have all been shown to be effective methods for the treatment of Internet addiction. Dr. Kimberly Young, who founded The Center for Internet Addiction in 1995, developed a specialized form of cognitive behavioral therapy to treat Internet addiction, CBT-IA.

Twelve-step programs and social skills training may also be treatment options for some individuals. When a mental health concern such as stress, depression, or anxiety has led a person to turn to the internet for support, a therapist may work to treat the addiction by first addressing this mental health condition. Similarly, any other underlying conditions are often exposed through work in therapy, and treating these concerns can often help facilitate recovery from the addiction.

In China, a number of "addiction boot camps" have been developed to treat internet addiction in Chinese youth. However, some young people have died while in these camps , which operate under strict rules and military-style discipline, and a number o f these camps have been featured in news stories that have exposed their harmful practices . In order to help reduce the high number of individuals experiencing Internet addiction, China has developed laws regulating adolescent use of internet cafes, and the government has made attempts to regulate the number of hours that young people can use the internet. An inpatient treatment center has also recently been opened in Beijing.

Case Example

Therapy to address teen's Internet use: Momo, 16, comes to therapy with her parents, somewhat reluctantly. She at first resists the therapist's attempts to draw her out while her parents tell the therapist, "All she does is sit in front of the computer and talk to strangers." They tell the therapist Momo hardly eats, sleeps irregularly, has lost weight, and displays no interest in the outside world. They also express concern for her safety. Momo displays signs of irritation, and the therapist asks her parents to step out of the room. Though still resistant, Momo begins to open up slightly in the absence of her parents. The therapist asks her about her life: school. friends, and relationships with family members. After some time, Momo admits that she has been having a difficult time at school. Her best friend recently became friends with a group of girls who Momo does not find it easy to get along with. The rest of her classmates already belong to close-knit friend groups, and it is difficult for her to join in. She reports small instances of bullying, but tells the therapist she's "lucky" and "others have it worse." The therapist tells her that no one is "lucky" to be bullied in any amount. Momo eventually reveals to the therapist that she has a number of friends online who are experiencing a situation similar to hers, and she feels as if they are the only ones who understand her. Thus, when she is away from them, she feels lonely and isolated, and so she desires to spend more and more time online. The therapist normalizes Momo's desire to spend time, virtual or otherwise, with people who understand what she is going through, but helps Momo see it may not be healthy for her to spend quite so much time online. They attempt to work out a balance between her time online and her time engaging in activities necessary for her life: homework, regular meals, sleep, and other forms of self-care. In therapy, Momo also begins to address her feelings of isolation and loneliness, and after several weeks, her mood begins to improve, and she finds that she is able to spend time talking to her friends without her internet time affecting her life. With the help of her parents, she also begins to schedule safe meetings with some of the people she chats to, and spending time "in the real world" with these friends also has a positive effect on her mood.
References:

1. Carnes, P., Delmonico, D., & Griffin, E. (2007). In the Shadows of the Net: Breaking Free of Compulsive Online Sexual Behavior (2nd ed.). Center City, Minnesota: Hazelden Foundation.

2. Internet addiction disorder. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.minddisorders.com/Flu-Inv/Internet-addiction-disorder.html

3. Stewart, C. (2010, January 13). Obsessed With the Internet: A Tale From China. Retrieved from http://www.wired.com/2010/01/ff_internetaddiction/

4. Young, K. S. (1998) Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology and Behavior 1: 237-244.

5. Young, K. (n.d.). Center for Internet Addiction - Education and Treatment. Retrieved from http://netaddiction.com

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Though not recognized in the DSM, internet addiction is becoming increasingly recognized as a legitimate mental health concern that can be addressed in ...

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組織一場辯論會，讓學生分為正反兩方，圍繞「網絡成癮治療是否有必要」進行討論。

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讓學生討論和制定自己的螢幕時間管理計劃，並分享有效的時間管理技巧。

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社交媒體對網絡成癮的影響

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社交媒體對網絡成癮的影響

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透過個案分析，讓學生探討社交媒體對網絡成癮的影響。將討論焦點放在社交媒體如何影響個人使用網路的行為。

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Abstract

This research examined the relations of social media addiction to college students' mental health and academic performance, investigated the role of self-esteem as a mediator for the relations, and further tested the effectiveness of an intervention in reducing social media addiction and its potential adverse outcomes. In Study 1, we used a survey method with a sample of college students (N = 232) and found that social media addiction was negatively associated with the students' mental health and academic performance and that the relation between social media addiction and mental health was mediated by self-esteem. In Study 2, we developed and tested a two-stage self-help intervention program. We recruited a sample of college students (N = 38) who met criteria for social media addiction to receive the intervention. Results showed that the intervention was effective in reducing the students' social media addiction and improving their mental health and academic efficiency. The current studies yielded original findings that contribute to the empirical database on social media addiction and that have important theoretical and practical implications.

Bibliographic citation

Hou, Y., Xiong, D., Jiang, T., Song, L., & Wang, Q. (2019). Social media addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 13(1), Article 4. doi: https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2019-1-4

Keywords

Social media addiction; mental health; academic performance; self-esteem; intervention

https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2019-1-4

Crossref Cited-by (24)
The listed references are provided by Cited-by (Crossref service) and thus do not represent the full list of sources citing the article.

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social media addiction; mental health; academic performance; self-esteem; intervention

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Social media addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention | Hou | Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace

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Abstract This research examined the relations of social media addiction to college students' mental health and academic performance, investigated the role of self-esteem as a mediator for the relations, and further tested the effectiveness of an intervention in reducing social media addiction and its potential adverse outcomes.

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介紹家長控制軟件的運作原理和效果，讓學生討論這類軟件在預防和處理網絡成癮中的作用。

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Parenting in the Digital Age

Modern kids have never known a time when they couldn't connect to the entire world via the internet. In fact, they probably spend more time online than anyone else-certainly more than their parents. If you are a parent, this presents a problem, as there are explicit, disturbing, and illegal websites and apps that you don't want your kids to encounter. Parental control services can help you manage the ever-increasing number of devices that your kids use.

These software and hardware solutions let you block unwanted web content, limit screen time, restrict the use of risky applications, and more. Basically, they are a way to help keep your kids safer on their computers and mobile devices. Communicate with your kids before implementing any of these options, as it is important that they feel that you respect their privacy. Otherwise, they'll make sure to find a way around any protections, even if you had your kids' best interests at mind. Also, as tech addiction increasingly becomes a problem, it's important that children learn the value of good device habits for themselves.

Monitor Your Child's Devices

Long gone are the days when a single parental control utility on the family PC was sufficient for keeping your kids safe and productive. Modern kids use all kinds of internet-connected devices, and parental control systems must keep up.

Before settling on a particular parental control utility, you need to make sure that it supports all the device types in your household. While all the products in the chart above support Windows and Android, compatibility with macOS and iOS varies. Apple's Screen Time and Restrictions features for iOS are quite capable on their own and come with the added benefit of first-party support. You might consider using these tools over a third-party solution.

Note that some parental control utilities often leverage VPN technology, running internet connections through a local app to enable content filtering. You'll see the VPN icon when such a utility is active, but it doesn't mean the child's connection is secured by a full-scale virtual private network, nor that the device's IP address is masked.

Check, too, that any limits on the number of child profiles or devices won't be a problem. Large families, for example, will appreciate that Norton Family and Kaspersky Safe Kids work on an unlimited number of devices. Most parental control software operates as a subscription service, so pricing tiers tend to align with device limits, though some offer free versions for basic protection on a limited number of devices. If your kids are strictly smartphone users, take a look at our roundup of mobile parental control apps.

If getting parental control coverage installed on each of your family's devices starts to seem too difficult, consider a whole-network solution, such as Circle Home Plus or Open DNS. These systems perform content filtering at the router level, so your settings affect every device on the network. Naturally, you don't get the same fine level of control and detailed monitoring that you get with a local agent on each device, but this is a much broader solution.

Web Filters, Time Limits, and Apps

At the very least, a good parental control tool features content filtering-the ability to block access to websites matching categories such as hate, violence, and porn. This type of filtering only really works if it's browser-independent and works with secure (HTTPS) sites. With no HTTPS filtering, a smart teen could bypass the system using a secure anonymizing proxy website or even a different web browser in some cases. Using a VPN or the Tor browser often breaks even the strongest protections, too. Most also have the option to permanently enable SafeSearch, though those settings are often limited to Google, Bing, and sometimes YouTube. Privacy-focused DuckDuckGo is usually enough to thwart SafeSearch settings. Of course, the most capable solutions also keep a detailed log of your child's web activity.

Access scheduling is another very common feature. Some services let parents set a daily or weekly schedule for device usage. Others specifically restrict the amount of time your kid spends on the internet. Qustodio lets you set time restrictions on individual mobile and desktop apps. This is particularly useful for children who have a habit of playing games or using social media apps when they should be doing homework. The most helpful time-based settings apply to all your kids' devices, so they just can't switch between them to evade limits.

As kids get older, content filtering may start to seem pointless. Hey, you let them watch The Witcher, right? At some point, you start to worry more about their interaction with the wider world. Sure, if their friends come over in person, you can at least meet them, but what about friends on social media and other contacts your child never mentions? Who are they, really, and what are your kids discussing with them? Although some supervision is acceptable, you still need to respect your child's basic right to privacy and encourage open discussion, rather than using parental control software as spyware.

Many services let you monitor contacts and messages and keep an eye out for potentially dangerous or unsanctioned situations. You can even block new contacts or view message content with some parental control software. Keep in mind that this primarily applies to SMS texts; messaging apps such as WhatsApp, Snapchat, and Signal do not fall under the same scope. Social media tracking can also provide a glimpse into your child's social life, though many services now only monitor Facebook. This kind of oversight usually requires that you either know your child's login credentials or convince them to log in and install the tracker's app. Disabling this kind of data collection is a snap for the child, so here, more than ever, you need to be on the same page.

Remote Notification and Management

Most kids are on mobile devices at least some of the time, and many are almost exclusively accessing the internet on their phones. Fortunately, many parental control services offer a companion app that lets you view your child's activity, set basic rules, and view notifications as they arrive. This kind of companion app is particularly useful for responding to access or time-extension requests on the go. Otherwise, you manage everything online, where you have fine control over activity reports and restrictions. Any changes you make should propagate to your children's devices when they connect to the internet.

When your child tries to visit a blocked site, makes a post using iffy language, or otherwise bends the rules, the best parental control services sends you a notification to your preferred channel, such as via the app, web, email, text, or some combination of those options.

Advanced Features

When you get beyond the basics, parental control systems start to diverge, with many advanced features to help them stand out from the crowd. Among these standout features are YouTube monitoring, geofencing, and remote device locking. You'll also find advanced versions of standard features. For example, the best content filters don't just use a database of categories. They analyze page content, filter profanity, and allow you to add custom keywords and categories you want to block. We also like those services that support two-factor authentication for account logins.

In order to make an informed choice for your own family, check out our full reviews of these parental control solutions. Several offer free trials, which are worth checking out before committing your time and money.

Where To Buy

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The Best Parental Control Software for 2020

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Modern kids have never known a time when they couldn't connect to the entire world via the internet. In fact, they probably spend more time online than anyone else-certainly more than their parents. If you are a parent, this presents a problem, as there are explicit, disturbing, and illegal websites and apps that you don't want your kids to encounter.