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The International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, commonly known as the NATO phonetic alphabet, NATO spelling alphabet, ICAO phonetic alphabet or ICAO spelling alphabet, is the most widely used radiotelephone spelling alphabet. The ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code is a rarely used variant that differs in the code words for digits.

To create the code, a series of international agencies assigned 26 code words acrophonically to the letters of the English alphabet, so that the names for letters and numbers would be as distinct as possible so as to be easily understood by those who exchanged voice messages by radio or telephone, regardless of language differences or the quality of the connection. The specific code words varied, as some seemingly distinct words were found to be ineffective in real-life conditions. In 1956, NATO modified the then-current set of code words used by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO); this modification then became the international standard when it was accepted by the ICAO that year and by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) a few years later. The words were chosen to be accessible to speakers of French and Spanish in addition to English; the spellings of a couple of code words were changed to facilitate their use.

Spelling alphabets are often inaccurately called "phonetic alphabets", but they do not indicate phonetics and cannot function as phonetic transcription systems like the International Phonetic Alphabet.

The 26 code words are as follows: Alfa, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hotel, India, Juliett, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu. Numbers are read off as English digits, but the pronunciations of three, four, five, nine and thousand are modified.

Strict adherence to the prescribed spellings-including the apparently misspelled "Alfa" and "Juliett"-is required in order to avoid the problems of confusion that the code is designed to overcome. A 1955 NATO memo stated that:

It is known that [the spelling alphabet] has been prepared only after the most exhaustive tests on a scientific basis by several nations. One of the firmest conclusions reached was that it was not practical to make an isolated change to clear confusion between one pair of letters. To change one word involves reconsideration of the whole alphabet to ensure that the change proposed to clear one confusion does not itself introduce others.

After the phonetic alphabet was developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO) (see history below) it was adopted by many other international and national organizations, including the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United States Federal Government as Federal Standard 1037C: Glossary of Telecommunications Terms, and its successors ANSI T1.523-2001 and ATIS Telecom Glossary (ATIS-0100523.2019), (using the English spellings "Alpha" and "Juliet"), the United States Department of Defense (using standard spellings), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU), the American Radio Relay League (ARRL), the Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International (APCO); and by many military organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the now-defunct Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).

The same alphabetic code words are used by all agencies, but each agency chooses one of two different sets of numeric code words. NATO uses the regular English numeric words (Zero, One, with some alternative pronunciations), whereas the ITU (beginning on 1 April 1969) and the IMO define compound numeric words (Nadazero, Unaone, Bissotwo...). In practice these are used very rarely, as they frequently result in confusion between speakers of different languages.

A spelling alphabet is used to spell parts of a message containing letters and numbers to avoid confusion, because many letters sound similar, for instance "n" and "m" or "f" and "s"; the potential for confusion increases if static or other interference is present. For instance the message "proceed to map grid DH98" could be transmitted as "proceed to map grid Delta-Hotel-Niner-Ait". Using "Delta" instead of "D" avoids confusion between "DH98" and "BH98" or "TH98". The unusual pronunciation of certain numbers was designed to reduce confusion as well.

In addition to the traditional military usage, civilian industry uses the alphabet to avoid similar problems in the transmission of messages by telephone systems. For example, it is often used in the retail industry where customer or site details are spoken by telephone (to authorize a credit agreement or confirm stock codes), although ad-hoc coding is often used in that instance. It has been used often by information technology workers to communicate serial or reference codes (which are often very long) or other specialised information by voice. Most major airlines use the alphabet to communicate passenger name records (PNRs) internally, and in some cases, with customers. It is often used in a medical context as well, to avoid confusion when transmitting information.

Several letter codes and abbreviations using the spelling alphabet have become well-known, such as Bravo Zulu (letter code BZ) for "well done", Checkpoint Charlie (Checkpoint C) in Berlin, and Zulu Time for Greenwich Mean Time or Coordinated Universal Time. During the Vietnam War, the U.S. government referred to the Viet Cong guerrillas and the group itself as VC, or Victor Charlie; the name "Charlie" became synonymous with this force.

The final choice of code words for the letters of the alphabet and for the digits was made after hundreds of thousands of comprehension tests involving 31 nationalities. The qualifying feature was the likelihood of a code word being understood in the context of others. For example, football has a higher chance of being understood than foxtrot in isolation, but foxtrot is superior in extended communication.

The pronunciation of the code words varies according to the language habits of the speaker. To eliminate wide variations in pronunciation, recordings and posters illustrating the pronunciation desired by the ICAO are available. However, there are still differences in pronunciation between the ICAO and other agencies, and the ICAO has conflicting Latin-alphabet and International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) transcriptions. Also, although all codes for the letters of the alphabet are English words, they are not in general given English pronunciations.

Pronunciations are somewhat uncertain because the agencies, while ostensibly using the same pronunciations, give different transcriptions, which are often inconsistent from letter to letter. The ICAO gives a different pronunciation for IPA transcription and for respelling. The Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) gives English spellings, but does not give pronunciations or numbers. The ICAO, NATO, and FAA use modifications of English numerals, with stress on one syllable, while the ITU and IMO compound pseudo-Latinate numerals with a slightly different set of modified English numerals, and with stress on each syllable. Numbers 10-99 are spelled out (that is, 17 is spoken "one seven" and 60 is spoken "six zero"), while for hundreds and thousands the English words hundred and thousand are used.

The pronunciation of the digits 3, 4, 5, and 9 differs from standard English - being pronounced tree, fower, fife, and niner. The digit 3 is specified as tree so that it is not pronounced sri; the long pronunciation of 4 (still found in some English dialects) keeps it somewhat distinct from for; 5 is pronounced with a second "f" because the normal pronunciation with a "v" is easily confused with "fire" (a command to shoot); and 9 has an extra syllable to keep it distinct from German nein 'no'.

Only the ICAO prescribes pronunciation with the IPA, and then only for letters. Several of the pronunciations indicated are slightly modified from their normal English pronunciations, partially due to the substitution of final schwas with the vowel. Both the IPA and respelled pronunciations were developed by the ICAO before 1956 with advice from the governments of both the United States and United Kingdom.

In addition, the ITU and IMO specify a different set of numeral words than does the ICAO. The ITU/IMO words are compounds combining the English numeral with either a Spanish or Latin prefix. However, as of 2002, the IMO's GMDSS procedures permit the use of the ICAO numeral pronunciation.

Prior to World War I and the development and widespread adoption of two-way radio that supported voice, telephone spelling alphabets were developed to improve communication on low-quality and long-distance telephone circuits.

The first non-military internationally recognized spelling alphabet was adopted by the CCIR (predecessor of the ITU) during 1927. The experience gained with that alphabet resulted in several changes being made during 1932 by the ITU. The resulting alphabet was adopted by the International Commission for Air Navigation, the predecessor of the ICAO, and was used for civil aviation until World War II. It continued to be used by the IMO until 1965.

Throughout World War II, many nations used their own versions of a spelling alphabet. The U.S. adopted the Joint Army/Navy radiotelephony alphabet during 1941 to standardize systems among all branches of its armed forces. The U.S. alphabet became known as Able Baker after the words for A and B. The Royal Air Force adopted one similar to the United States one during World War II as well. Other British forces adopted the RAF radio alphabet, which is similar to the phonetic alphabet used by the Royal Navy during World War I. At least two of the terms are sometimes still used by UK civilians to spell words over the phone, namely F for Freddie and S for Sugar.

To enable the U.S., UK, and Australian armed forces to communicate during joint operations, in 1943 the CCB (Combined Communications Board; the combination of US and UK upper military commands) modified the U.S. military's Joint Army/Navy alphabet for use by all three nations, with the result being called the US-UK spelling alphabet. It was defined in one or more of CCBP-1: Combined Amphibious Communications Instructions, CCBP3: Combined Radiotelephone (R/T) Procedure, and CCBP-7: Combined Communication Instructions. The CCB alphabet itself was based on the U.S. Joint Army/Navy spelling alphabet. The CCBP (Combined Communications Board Publications) documents contain material formerly published in U.S. Army Field Manuals in the 24-series. Several of these documents had revisions, and were renamed. For instance, CCBP3-2 was the second edition of CCBP3.

During World War II, the U.S. military conducted significant research into spelling alphabets. Major F. D. Handy, directorate of Communications in the Army Air Force (and a member of the working committee of the Combined Communications Board), enlisted the help of Harvard University's Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory, asking them to determine the most successful word for each letter when using "military interphones in the intense noise encountered in modern warfare.". He included lists from the US, Royal Air Force, Royal Navy, British Army, AT&T, Western Union, RCA Communications, and that of the International Telecommunications Convention. According to a report on the subject:

The results showed that many of the words in the military lists had a low level of intelligibility, but that most of the deficiencies could be remedied by the judicious selection of words from the commercial codes and those tested by the laboratory. In a few instances where none of the 250 words could be regarded as especially satisfactory, it was believed possible to discover suitable replacements. Other words were tested and the most intelligible ones were compared with the more desirable lists. A final NDRC list was assembled and recommended to the CCB.

After World War II, with many aircraft and ground personnel from the allied armed forces, "Able Baker" was officially adopted for use in international aviation. During the 1946 Second Session of the ICAO Communications Division, the organization adopted the so-called "Able Baker" alphabet that was the 1943 US-UK spelling alphabet. But many sounds were unique to English, so an alternative "Ana Brazil" alphabet was used in Latin America. But the International Air Transport Association (IATA), recognizing the need for a single universal alphabet, presented a draft alphabet to the ICAO during 1947 that had sounds common to English, French, Spanish and Portuguese.

From 1948 to 1949, Jean-Paul Vinay, a professor of linguistics at the Université de Montréal worked closely with the ICAO to research and develop a new spelling alphabet. ICAO's directions to him were that "To be considered, a word must:

1. Be a live word in each of the three working languages.

2. Be easily pronounced and recognized by airmen of all languages.

3. Have good radio transmission and readability characteristics.

4. Have a similar spelling in at least English, French, and Spanish, and the initial letter must be the letter the word identifies.

5. Be free from any association with objectionable meanings."

After further study and modification by each approving body, the revised alphabet was adopted on 1 November 1951, to become effective on 1 April 1952 for civil aviation (but it may not have been adopted by any military).

Problems were soon found with this list. Some users believed that they were so severe that they reverted to the old "Able Baker" alphabet. Confusion among words like Delta and Extra, and between Nectar and Victor, or the unintelligibility of other words during poor receiving conditions were the main problems. Later in 1952, ICAO decided to revisit the alphabet and their research. To identify the deficiencies of the new alphabet, testing was conducted among speakers from 31 nations, principally by the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States. In the United States, the research was conducted by the USAF-directed Operational Applications Laboratory (AFCRC, ARDC), to monitor a project with the Research Foundation of Ohio State University. Among the more interesting of the research findings was that "higher noise levels do not create confusion, but do intensify those confusions already inherent between the words in question".

By early 1956 the ICAO was nearly complete with this research, and published the new official phonetic alphabet in order to account for discrepancies that might arise in communications as a result of multiple alphabet naming systems coexisting in different places and organizations. NATO was in the process of adopting the ICAO spelling alphabet, and apparently felt enough urgency that it adopted the proposed new alphabet with changes based on NATO's own research, to become effective on 1 January 1956, but quickly issued a new directive on 1 March 1956 adopting the now official ICAO spelling alphabet, which had changed by one word (November) from NATO's earlier request to ICAO to modify a few words based on U.S. Air Force research.

After all of the above study, only the five words representing the letters C, M, N, U, and X were replaced. The ICAO sent a recording of the new Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet to all member states in November 1955. The final version given in the table above was implemented by the ICAO on 1 March 1956, and the ITU adopted it no later than 1959 when they mandated its usage via their official publication, Radio Regulations. Because the ITU governs all international radio communications, it was also adopted by most radio operators, whether military, civilian, or amateur. It was finally adopted by the IMO in 1965.

During 1947 the ITU adopted the compound Latinate prefix-number words ( Nadazero, Unaone, etc.), later adopted by the IMO during 1965.[citation needed ]

Nadazero - from Spanish or Portuguese nada + NATO/ICAO zero

Unaone - generic Romance una, from Latin ūna + NATO/ICAO one

Bissotwo - from Latin bis + NATO/ICAO two. (1959 ITU proposals bis and too)

Terrathree - from Italian terzo + NATO/ICAO three ("tree") (1959 ITU proposals ter and tree)

Kartefour - from French quatre (Latin quartus) + NATO/ICAO four ("fow-er") (1959 ITU proposals quarto and fow-er)

Pantafive - from French penta- + NATO/ICAO five ("fife") (From 1959 ITU proposals penta and fife)

Soxisix - from French soix + NATO/ICAO six (1959 ITU proposals were saxo and six)

Setteseven - from Italian sette + NATO/ICAO seven (1959 ITU proposals sette and sev-en)

Oktoeight - generic Romance octo-, from Latin octō + NATO/ICAO eight (1959 ITU proposals octo and ait)

Novenine - from Italian nove + NATO/ICAO nine ("niner") (1959 ITU proposals were nona and niner)

In the official version of the alphabet, the non-English spellings Alfa and Juliett are used. Alfa is spelled with an f as it is in most European languages because the English and French spelling alpha would not be pronounced properly by native speakers of some other languages - who may not know that ph should be pronounced as f. Juliett is spelled with a tt for French speakers, because they may otherwise treat a single final t as silent. Some published versions use the English spellings "Alpha" and "Juliet" - presumably because of the use of spell checker software.

Defined by various international conventions on radio, including:

Universal Electrical Communications Union (UECU), Washington, D.C., December 1920

International Radiotelegraph Convention, Washington, 1927 (which created the CCIR)

General Radiocommunication and Additional Regulations (Madrid, 1932)

Instructions for the International Telephone Service, 1932 (ITU-T E.141; withdrawn in 1993)

General Radiocommunication Regulations and Additional Radiocommunication Regulations (Cairo, 1938)

Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations (Atlantic City, 1947), where "it was decided that the International Civil Aviation Organization and other international aeronautical organizations would assume the responsibility for procedures and regulations related to aeronautical communication. However, ITU would continue to maintain general procedures regarding distress signals."

1959 Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1959)

International Telecommunication Union, Radio

Final Acts of WARC-79 (Geneva, 1979). Here the alphabet was formally named "Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code".

International Code of Signals for Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications, United States Edition, 1969 (Revised 2003)

For the 1938 and 1947 phonetics, each transmission of figures is preceded and followed by the words "as a number" spoken twice.

The ITU adopted the International Maritime Organization's phonetic spelling alphabet in 1959, and in 1969 specified that it be "for application in the maritime mobile service only".

Pronunciation was not defined prior to 1959. For the 1959 - present phonetics, the underlined syllable of each letter word should be emphasized, and each syllable of the code words for the figures (1969 - present) should be equally emphasized.

The Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet is used by the International Civil Aviation Organization for international aircraft communications.

The ITU-R Radiotelephony Alphabet is used by the International Maritime Organization for international marine communications.

"Delta" is sometimes replaced by "Data", "Dixie", or "David" at airports that have a majority of Delta Air Lines flights in order to avoid confusion because "Delta" is also Delta's callsign. At Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, the automated people mover known as The Plane Train uses the NATO phonetic alphabet to identify all stops except the stop for Concourse D, which is announced as "D, as in David"; historically, air traffic control communications referred to Taxiway D at the same airport as "Taxiway Dixie", though this practice was officially discontinued on 18 August 2020.

"Lima" is replaced by the old RAF word "London" in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore because "lima" means "five" in Indonesian, Malay and a number of other Austronesian languages in those countries. Thus, confusion could occur if a string of mixed numerals and letters were being given.

In Muslim countries, where alcohol is banned, the original ITU "Washington" or "White" replaces "Whiskey" for "W".

In Pakistan, "Indigo" or "Italy" replaces "India" because of ongoing conflicts with India.

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The International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, commonly known as the NATO phonetic alphabet, NATO spelling alphabet, ICAO phonetic alphabet or ICAO spelling alphabet, is the most widely used radiotelephone spelling alphabet. The ITU phonetic alphabet and figure code is a rarely used variant that differs in the code words for digits.

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How Are British English and American English Different?

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How Are British English and American English Different?

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How Are British English and American English Different?

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The Color Vowel Chart is a pronunciation tool for teaching and learning English. This tool enables teachers and learners to talk easily and accurately about the key sounds of English without the use of phonetic symbols. Instead of phonetic symbols, the Chart uses colors and key words to represent the vowel sounds of English.

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A Fonética estuda os sons produzidos em uma língua

A linguagem é estudada por meio de diversas áreas e, entre elas, encontra-se a Fonética, que se preocupa em analisar de forma detalhada os sons produzidos por uma língua. Essa área de estudo é subdivida em duas: a Fonética Articulatória e a Fonética Acústica.Vamos analisar o objeto de cada uma dela.

Essa ramificação da Fonética preocupa-se com os aspectos fisiológicos e articulatórios da produção dos sons de uma língua, ou seja, estuda o local em que os sons são produzidos no aparelho fonador.

Veja nas imagens a seguir as regiões do aparelho fonador que são analisadas pela Fonética Articulatória durante a produção da fala:

Dessa forma, ao descrever um som, por exemplo, o [ p ] que aparece em pato, dizemos que é uma consoante oclusiva bilabial desvozeada. Isso significa que, durante sua produção, não ocorre vibração das cordas vocais (não-vozeada) e que a corrente de ar passa pela cavidade oral, e não nasal, caracterizando-a como uma consoante oral. Além disso, seu tipo de obstrução é total (oclusão), sendo produzida pelo lábios superior e inferior (bilabial).

Assim, de acordo com a fisiologia do aparelho fonador, os fonemas são classificados pela Fonética Acústica segundo alguns critérios específicos:

a) Consoantes: sons que possuem alguma obstrução na passagem de ar e são classificados conforme:
- Modo de articulação; - Lugar de articulação; - Vozeamento; - Nasalidade/ oralidade.
Exemplo:

[ d ] - oclusiva alveolar vozeada ou oclusiva dental vozeada.

b) Vogais: são sons que não possuem obstrução na passagem de ar e são classificados de acordo com:
- Altura da língua; - Anterioridade/ posterioridade da língua; - Arredondamento dos lábios; - Nasalidade/oralidade.
Exemplo:

[ e ] (d edo) - média-alta anterior não-arredondada.

Esse ramo da Fonética preocupa-se com a acústica dos sons da fala, ou seja, seus aspectos físicos como a amplitude, a duração, a frequência fundamental e o espectro da onda sonora. Esse estudo é realizado por meio de espectrogramas, gráficos da forma de onda, trajetórias de formantes e da frequência fundamental, etc.

Não pare agora... Tem mais depois da publicidade ;)

Veja a seguir uma análise, realizada por Cândida M. B. Leite, do fonema /R/ por meio de um espectograma:

No espectrograma 1 acima, o F3 apresenta valores de 2074 Hz na porção medial e 2177 Hz na porção final. Trata-se de um exemplo claro de retroflexão, tanto auditiva quanto acusticamente. Esse correlato reflete o padrão acústico da sequência VR, quando /R/ é antecedido pelas vogais posteriores /?/ e /u/.

O trato vocal feminino, por ser menor do que o trato vocal masculino, produz formantes com altas frequências. Sendo assim, uma vez que se assume que os formantes da fala feminina são mais altos se comparados com aqueles da fala masculina, assume-se, também, que o F3 de um /R/ produzido por uma mulher não deve estar situado abaixo de 2000 Hz, mas que esse F3 apresentaria um abaixamento proporcional, conforme afirma Hagiwara (1995). O exemplo acima, que sintetiza o padrão encontrado nos dados da informante PC, se enquadra nos resultados encontrados pelo referido autor para o /R/ retroflexo pós-vocálico do inglês, a partir de dados de fala feminina.

LEITE, C. M. B. Um estudo fonético-acústico do /R/ vocalizado em posição de coda silábica. Delta. Vol. 28 no.2 São Paulo, 2012. Disponível em: < http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-44502012000200002>. Acesso em: 12 set.2017.

Assim, o som é analisado pela Fonética Acústica a partir dos seguintes critérios:
- Amplitude, comprimento de onda, período e frequência; - Velocidade do som; - Intensidade e amplitude; - Frequência e pitch (altura); - Timbre.

Por Mariana Rigonatto
Graduada em Letras

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A linguagem é estudada por meio de diversas áreas e, entre elas, encontra-se a Fonética, que se preocupa em analisar de forma detalhada os sons produzidos por uma língua. Essa área de estudo é subdivida em duas: a Fonética Articulatória e a Fonética Acústica.Vamos analisar o objeto de cada uma dela.

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Journal of the International Phonetic Association

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Journal of the International Phonetic Association

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TITLE HISTORY A title history is the publication history of a journal and includes a listing of the family of related journals. The most common relationship is to a previous and/or continuing title, where a journal continues publishing with a change to its official title. Other common relationships include a journal that is a supplement to another journal, a journal that is absorbed into another journal, a journal that splits into two or more new journals, or two or more journals that merge to form a new journal. For each of these related journals, the title history lists the dates published.

The Journal of the International Phonetic Association ( JIPA) is a forum for original research in the fields of phonetic theory and description and their phonological, typological and broader implications. JIPA encourages submissions in both well-known and un(der)documented linguistic varieties, including minority and endangered languages. JIPA also publishes review papers on current topics in phonetic theory, analysis and instrumentation, and invites proposals for special issues on topics related to its subject matter. As well as publishing research on phonetics, laboratory phonology and related topics, the journal welcomes submissions on practical applications of phonetics to areas such as phonetics teaching, speech therapy, and computer speech processing, provided the focus of such submissions is primarily linguistic in nature. JIPA is especially concerned with the theory behind the International Phonetic Alphabet and publishes papers, known as Illustrations of the IPA, that use the alphabet for the analysis and description of the sound structures of a wide variety of languages. JIPA publishes online audio files to supplement the text of the Illustrations and encourages the submission of such supplementary materials for all contributions, including the submission of manuscripts with embedded audio files. JIPA is indexed in a number of leading databases, including Web of Science (AHCI & SSCI) and Scopus.

Journal Information

MOVING WALL The "moving wall" represents the time period between the last issue available in JSTOR and the most recently published issue of a journal. Moving walls are generally represented in years. In calculating the moving wall, the current year is not counted. For example, if the current year is 2008 and a journal has a 5 year moving wall, articles from the year 2002 are available. Learn more

Linguistics, Social Sciences

Arts & Sciences XV Collection, JSTOR Archival Journal & Primary Source Collection

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Journal of the International Phonetic Association | JSTOR

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The Journal of the International Phonetic Association (JIPA) is a forum for original research in the fields of phonetic theory and description and their phonolo...

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BASIC Phonetics | Understanding The International Phonetic Alphabet

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A Fonética e a Fonologia são uma das partes da Gramática e tratam dos aspectos fônicos, físicos e fisiológicos de uma língua.

A Fonética e a Fonologia tratam dos aspectos fônicos, físicos e fisiológicos de uma língua

A Gramática registra e descreve todos os aspectos das línguas. Como sabemos, esses aspectos são diversos e seu estudo é organizados em partes: Fonética e Fonologia, Morfologia e Sintaxe (morfossintaxe), Semântica e Estilística.

Neste texto vamos refletir a respeito da primeira parte dos estudos da Gramática Descritiva, a Fonética e Fonologia, que tratam dos aspectos fônicos, físicos e fisiológicos da nossa língua.

A Fonética é o estudo dos aspectos acústicos e fisiológicos dos sons efetivos (reais) dos atos de fala no que se refere à produção, articulação e variedades. Em outras palavras, a Fonética preocupa-se com os sons da fala em sua realização concreta. Quando um falante pronuncia a palavra 'dia', à Fonética interessa de que forma a consoante /d/ é pronunciada: /d/ /i/ /a/ ou /dj/ /i/ /a/.

A Fonologia é o estudo dos Fonemas (os sons) de uma língua. Para a Fonologia, o fonema é uma unidade acústica que não é dotada de significado. Isso significa que os fonemas são os diferentes sons que produzimos para exprimir nossas ideias, sentimentos e emoções a partir da junção de unidades distintas. Essas unidades, juntas, formam as sílabas e as palavras.

A palavra 'Fonema' tem origem grega ( fono = som + emas = unidades distintas) e representa as menores unidades sonoras que formam as palavras. As palavras são a unidade básica da interação verbal e são criadas pela junção de unidades menores: as sílabas e os sons, na fala, ou as sílabas e letras, na escrita.

Os fonemas são classificados em vogais, semivogais e consoantes. Essa classificação existe em virtude dos diferentes tipos de sons produzidos pela corrente de ar que sai dos nossos pulmões e é liberada, com ou sem obstáculos, pela boca e/ou pelo nariz.

Por Ma. Luciana Kuchenbecker Araújo

Aproveite para conferir nossa videoaula relacionada ao assunto:

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A Fonética e a Fonologia são uma das partes da Gramática e tratam dos aspectos fônicos, físicos e fisiológicos de uma língua. A Gramática registra e descreve todos os aspectos das línguas. Como sabemos, esses aspectos são diversos e seu estudo é organizados em partes: Fonética e Fonologia, Morfologia e Sintaxe (morfossintaxe), Semântica e Estilística .

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Pronunciation of 'th' - English In A Minute

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American English Vowels | IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) vowel chart FREE DOWNLOAD

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How to learn phonetic transcription (with practice! ✏️)

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Gabarito - Exercicios de fonetica - transcricao

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Correct

Incorrect. The English rhotic approximant is represented by turned r.

Incorrect. In IPA, any sequence of vowels indicates a diphthong.

Incorrect. That is crab not grab.

Incorrect. That transcription gives you "pluke"

Incorrect. In English, schwa doesn't occur in stressed syllables

Correct

Incorrect. There is no IPA [c] in English.

Incorrect. The English rhotic approximant is represented by turned r.

Incorrect. This transcription lacks a stress mark.

Incorrect. This word would rhyme with swim.

Correct

Incorrect. This would rhyme with runt.

Correct

Correct. This speaker demonstrates a phenomenon called 'nasal raising' where vowels raise before a nasal sound. However, many Americans pronounce this word with the vowel [ɛ]

.

Incorrect. This would rhyme with , paint.

Incorrect. IPA [j] indicates a palatal approximant written in English as y.

Incorrect. The English rhotic approximant is represented by turned r.

Incorrect. There are never silent letters in IPA.

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Phonetic Transcription Exercise: Practice 1

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Correct Incorrect. The English rhotic approximant is represented by turned r. Incorrect. In IPA, any sequence of vowels indicates a diphthong. Incorrect. That is crab not grab. Incorrect. That transcription gives you "pluke" Incorrect. In English, schwa doesn't occur in stressed syllables Correct Incorrect. There is no IPA [c] in English.

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Page 1

Below, you can find exercises relating to English pronunciation.

Many of these exercises relate to phonetics. It's a good idea to learn the Phonetic Alphabet first before doing these quizzes.

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Pronunciation Exercises, Page One | esl-lounge Student

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Page 1 Below, you can find exercises relating to English pronunciation. Many of these exercises relate to phonetics. It's a good idea to learn the Phonetic Alphabet first before doing these quizzes.

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Phonetic transcription exercises. Phonetic symbols - international phonetic alphabet. Intermediate level esl.

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LEITURA EM INGLÊS: TÉCNICAS E EXEMPLOS 📚

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O segredo da pronúncia perfeita em inglês!

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O segredo da pronúncia perfeita em inglês!

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O segredo da pronúncia perfeita em inglês!

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Exercício de Fonética em Inglês | Melhorar Pronúncia e Entonação em Inglês

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Interact with our Color Vowel chart, a collection of brain-based strategies for discovering, practicing, and mastering the rhythm and sound of English.