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1. Language-based approach

Explanation: This approach uses literary texts primarily to enhance language skills, such as vocabulary, grammar, and comprehension, often focusing on linguistic analysis.

Example: Analyzing Shakespeare's plays to understand Elizabethan English vocabulary and grammar structures, thereby improving language proficiency.

Pros:

o   Study language of literary text

o   Detailed analysis of literary text  to improve interpretation skills

o   Enhance language skills: knowledge of grammatical, lexical/ discoursal categories

o   Literary texts regarded as great sources for language activities

o   A wide range of styles and registers

o   Open to multiple interpretations along with the classroom discussions

o   Focus on interesting and motivating topic

o   Excellent opportunities for classroom discussion

Cons

o  May prioritize language mechanics over content and meaning.

2. Literature as content

Explanation: Treats literature as a means to explore cultural, historical, and societal contexts, emphasizing themes, symbols, and broader implications beyond language skills.

Pros:

o   Reading texts along with literary criticism helps learners acquire English.

o   The teacher can also ask students to translate these texts into their mother tongue.

o   Meaning emerges in literary and historical context.

Cons:

o   If the literary text is difficult linguistically, students may depend on the teacher’s ready-made interpretations.

3. Literature for self-enrichment

Explanation: Views literature as a source of personal growth, emotional connection, and lifelong learning, encouraging readers to engage with texts for introspection and creativity.

Example: Reading "Harry Potter" series not only for entertainment but also for its themes of friendship, courage, and personal growth that resonate with readers on a personal level.

Pros:

o   Literature as a tool for encouraging students to express their feelings and verbalize their ideas

o   It involves learner as a whole person.

Cons:

o   Some texts may be so remote from the students’ own experiences.

o   Some students may not find pleasure in discussing about their own feelings/ emotions or reactions.

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*Language-Based Approach

Advantages:

1. Help to improve students' language skills such as vocabulary, grammar, and syntax.

2. Encourages the integration of reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills.

3. Helps students apply language skills in analyzing and understanding texts, enhancing their overall linguistic competence.

Disadvantages:

1. May not fully address emotional aspects of literature, focusing more on linguistic elements.

2. Less Engagement: Students might find this approach less engaging if it focus mainly on linguistics elements

*Literature as Content

Advantages:

1. Enhance students' Cultural Awareness by introducing students to various cultural values, historical contexts through literary works.

2. Broaden Knowledge Base: Expands students' knowledge of different genres, authors, and literary traditions.

3. Helps students understand the context in which texts were written, enriching their interpretation and appreciation.

Disadvantages:

1. Risk of focusing too much on content and context without delving deeply into the language and literary techniques.

2. Sts may find it overwhelmed. The vast amount of content and context might overwhelm some students, making it difficult to focus on the core literary aspects.

*Literature for Self-Enrichment

Advantages:

1. Encourages personal reflection, emotional growth, and empathy through engagement with literature.

2. Create a love of reading and literature by focusing on enjoyment and personal connection to the text.

3. Promotes lifelong reading habits and an appreciation for literature outside the classroom.

4. enhance students’ critical thinking and linguistic skills

Disadvantages:

1. May lack the structured focus on language skills and analytical techniques that other approaches provide.

2. Highly subjective interpretations may not always align with academic or critical standards.

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Advantages:

1. Language-based approach:

Help students integrate the language and literature syllabuses closely

Help students reach their interpretations, this approach provides useful exposure to grammar, and vocabulary in an interesting new context

2. Literature as content:

By analysing the text, students can deeply understand the literary and historical context

Students can be exposed to wide authentic materials.

3. Literature for personal enrichment:

Encouraging students to draw on their own personal experiences, feelings, and opinions

Help students to be more actively involved both intellectually and emotionally

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A language- based approach:

PROS:

By analyzing and interpreting the text in term of language, students could improve.

Vocab: enrich vocab.

Comprehension ability: understand complex language structures.

Writing: provide well written text models >> improve writing skills.

CONS

It is challenging to find suitable material which support your teaching.

Require teachers ability to adapt the material.

Some works are incomprehensible for students due to their cognitive ability.

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A language-based approach:

Advantages: Enhances grammar and vocabulary through literature analysis.

Disadvantages: Can be mechanical and ignore cultural context, reducing engagement.

Literature as content

Advantages: Deepens understanding by placing texts in historical and literary contexts.

Disadvantages: Students may struggle with complex texts and personal responses.

Literature for personal enrichment

Advantages: Motivates students by involving them fully and comparing literature with non-literary texts.

Disadvantages: Best for 'literary-minded' students, may be too hard for others, and can limit student participation.

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Literature for self-enrichment

Pros:

Flexibility in learning

Regular exposure

Personal growth: emotional intelligent + creativity and imagination

Engagement and motivation

Cons:

Lack of instructions

Costly and resource-intensive

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Disadvantages:

1. Language-based approach:

Students have little chance for personal interpretation

This approach can be mechanical and demotivation; and may not pay sufficient attention to the text's historical, social or political background

2. Literary as content:

It may rely heavily on the teacher's interpretation, therefore students have little participants

3. Literary for personal enrichment:

Some students have trouble in sharing their ideas and discussing

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1. Language-Based Approach

Advantages:

Emphasizes linguistic features (grammar, vocabulary, syntax) within a literary context, helping students enhance their overall language proficiency.

Develops multiple language skills simultaneously, including reading, writing, speaking, and listening.

Disadvantages:

Literary texts can be linguistically and conceptually challenging, which might be overwhelming for learners with lower proficiency levels.

Heavy focus on language elements might detract from the appreciation of literary themes, characters, and narratives.

2. Literature as Content

Advantages:

Genuinely educational approach in that understanding of texts is
enhanced by situating them within their literary and historical contexts. Students are exposed to a wide range of authentic materials.

Disadvantages:

Some literary texts might be too difficult or culturally distant for students to fully understand and appreciate.

Not all literary texts might be relevant or interesting to all students, potentially leading to disengagement.

3. Literature for Self-Enrichment

Advantages:

Involves learner as whole person, and so is potentially highly motivating. Demystifies literature by placing it alongside non-literary
texts.

Disadvantages:

Not all students might be intrinsically motivated to read literature for self-enrichment, limiting its benefits.

Finding time for self-enrichment reading can be difficult, especially for students with heavy academic or personal commitments.

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1. Language-Based Approach

Advantages:

Enhances all language skills (reading, writing, listening, speaking) through authentic texts.

Help students to make meaningful interpretations or informed evaluations of it

Can increase student interest and motivation through the use of engaging and relevant texts.

Increase their general awareness and understanding of English.

Disadvantages:

Literary texts can be linguistically complex, making them challenging for some learners.

Analyzing literature in depth can be time-consuming, potentially leaving less time for other aspects of language learning.

2. Literature as Content

Advantages:

Literature can be more engaging and enjoyable for students compared to traditional textbooks.

Students gain cultural knowledge and awareness through exposure to various literary works.

Promotes higher-order thinking skills as students analyze and interpret literary texts.

Exposure to diverse vocabulary and stylistic elements within literary works.

Disadvantages:

Literary texts can be difficult for students, especially those with lower language proficiency because the contents usually focus on areas such as history, social and political ones, rhetorical devices,...

Focusing primarily on literature may limit the exposure to other types of texts and language uses.

Interpretation of literature can be highly subjective, potentially leading to varied understanding among students.

Ensuring a balance between language instruction and literary analysis can be challenging.

3. Literature for Self-Enrichment

Advantages:

draw on their own personal experiences, feelings and opinions.

help students to become more actively involved both intellectually and emotionally

stimulate group work.

Disadvantages:

Not all students may be equally interested or motivated to read literature for self-enrichment.