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Formulas in an Excel spreadsheet provide calculations of/to the data entered. They make your sheets powerful and enable time-saving information analysis.

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Functions are pre-defined formulas in Excel that use formulas to provide various and specific data results within spreadsheets.

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Operators specify the type of calculation that you want to perform on the elements of a formula. Excel follows general mathematical rules for calculations, which is Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, and Addition and Subtraction, or the acronym PEMDAS (Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally). Using parentheses allows you to change that calculation order.

Types of operators. There are four different types of calculation operators: arithmetic, comparison, text concatenation, and reference.

Arithmetic operators

To perform basic mathematical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division; combine numbers; and produce numeric results, use the following arithmetic operators.

Comparison operators

You can compare two values with the following operators. When two values are compared by using these operators, the result is a logical value-either TRUE or FALSE.

Text concatenation operator

Use the ampersand (&) to concatenate (join) one or more text strings to produce a single piece of text.

Reference operators

Combine ranges of cells for calculations with the following operators.

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Using calculation operators in Excel formulas

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Operators specify the type of calculation that you want to perform on the elements of a formula. Excel follows general mathematical rules for calculations, which is Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, and Addition and Subtraction, or the acronym PEMDAS (Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally). Using parentheses allows you to change that calculation order.

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Excel Cell References Relative vs. Absolute

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Excel Cell References Relative vs. Absolute

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Click HERE to get a basic understanding of cell references in Excel

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Excel: Relative and Absolute Cell References

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Formulas can be added/entered into spreadsheet cells in various ways!

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You can create a simple formula to add, subtract, multiply or divide values in your worksheet. Simple formulas always start with an equal sign (=), followed by constants that are numeric values and calculation operators such as plus (+), minus (-), asterisk(*), or forward slash (/) signs.

Let's take an example of a simple formula.

1. On the worksheet, click the cell in which you want to enter the formula.

2. Type the = (equal sign) followed by the constants and operators (up to 8192 characters) that you want to use in the calculation.

For our example, type =1+1.

Notes:

Instead of typing the constants into your formula, you can select the cells that contain the values that you want to use and enter the operators in between selecting cells.

Following the standard order of mathematical operations, multiplication and division is performed before addition and subtraction.

Let's take another variation of a simple formula. Type =5+2*3 in another cell and press Enter or Return. Excel multiplies the last two numbers and adds the first number to the result.

Use AutoSum

You can use AutoSum to quickly sum a column or row or numbers. Select a cell next to the numbers you want to sum, click AutoSum on the Home tab, press Enter (Windows) or Return (Mac), and that's it!

When you click AutoSum, Excel automatically enters a formula (that uses the SUM function) to sum the numbers.

Note: You can also type ALT+= (Windows) or ALT+ += (Mac) into a cell, and Excel automatically inserts the SUM function.

Here's an example. To add the January numbers in this Entertainment budget, select cell B7, the cell immediately below the column of numbers. Then click AutoSum. A formula appears in cell B7, and Excel highlights the cells you're totaling.

Press Enter to display the result (95.94) in cell B7. You can also see the formula in the formula bar at the top of the Excel window.

Notes:

To sum a column of numbers, select the cell immediately below the last number in the column. To sum a row of numbers, select the cell immediately to the right.

Once you create a formula, you can copy it to other cells instead of typing it over and over. For example, if you copy the formula in cell B7 to cell C7, the formula in C7 automatically adjusts to the new location, and calculates the numbers in C3:C6.

You can also use AutoSum on more than one cell at a time. For example, you could highlight both cell B7 and C7, click AutoSum, and total both columns at the same time.

Need more help?

You can always ask an expert in the Excel Tech Community or get support in the Answers community.

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You can create a simple formula to add, subtract, multiply or divide values in your worksheet. Simple formulas always start with an equal sign (=), followed by constants that are numeric values and calculation operators such as plus (+), minus (-), asterisk(*), or forward slash (/) signs.

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This interactive video shows the Ecel function wizard process.

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Insert a Function in Excel | CustomGuide

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Simplifies/suggests entering formulas manually.

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To make it easier to create and edit formulas and minimize typing and syntax errors, use Formula AutoComplete. After you type an = (equal sign) and beginning letters or a display trigger, Microsoft Excel displays below the cell a dynamic drop-down list of valid functions, names, and text strings that match the letters or trigger. You can then insert an item in the drop-down list into the formula by using an insert trigger.

1. Type the = (equal sign) and beginning letters or a display trigger to start Formula AutoComplete.

2. As you type, a scrollable list of valid items is displayed with the closest match highlighted.

3. Icons represent the type of entry, such as a function or table reference.

4. Detailed ScreenTips help you make the best choice.

Control the drop-down list by using display triggers

The following table summarizes how to dynamically control the display of items in the Formula AutoComplete drop-down list.

To display

Type this

Excel and user-defined function names

A letter or beginning letters anywhere a function can be entered.

Example: Su

Function arguments

(No display trigger).

Type the argument, such as a number or cell reference, or use a display trigger, such as beginning letters or an [ (opening bracket).

Example: SUM( 5, A2, [

For each subsequent argument, type a comma and then the argument or another display trigger.

Note: The following functions have arguments with enumerated constants that automatically display in the drop-down list: CELL, FV, HLOOKUP, MATCH, PMT, PV, RANK, SUBTOTAL, and VLOOKUP.

Defined names and table names

A letter or beginning letters where that name can be entered.

Example: Ann

Table column specifiers and special item specifiers ([#All], [#Data], [#Headers], [#Totals], [#ThisRow])

One or more of the following:

Note: If the cell is in a table, the table name is optional. For example, the following formulas would be the same:

=[Sales]/[Costs]

=AnnualSummary[Sales]/AnnualSummary[Costs]

Connection names in Cube functions

" (opening quotation mark) immediately after the opening parenthesis of a Cube function name.

Example: CUBEMEMBER("

Note: Only OLAP connections stored in the current workbook are listed.

Multidimensional expressions (MDX) text strings in Cube functions

One or more of the following:

. (period) immediately after a closing bracket.

Example: CUBEMEMBER("SalesCubeData","[Customers].

Example: CUBEMEMBER("SalesCubeData","[Customers].[Mexico].

{ (opening brace) immediately after an opening quotation mark for an MDX text string to indicate the beginning of a set expression.

Example: CUBEVALUE("SalesCubeData","{

Notes:

You must be connected to an OLAP data source to enter an MDX text string using Formula AutoComplete.

If a caption is defined, it is displayed in a ScreenTip to help confirm the choice.

If an MDX text string is ambiguous, then a unique member name is still entered but you must decide if the correct one was entered. For example, if there are two values for the following MDX text string:

CUBEMEMBER("SalesCubeData","[Customers].[Mexico].[Hidalgo].[Dora N. Boots]

One of the following values would be entered:

[Customers].[Name].&[54342]

[Customers].[Name].&[34297]

If the one entered is not what you want, you would delete it, and then select the other one.

Microsoft SQL Server Analysis Services function names, such as "Children", "Parent", or "Crossjoin" are not displayed in the drop-down list, but you can still type them.

Notes:

Navigate the Formula AutoComplete drop-down list by using keys

The following table summarizes the keys that you can use to navigate the Formula AutoComplete drop-down list.

Enter an item from the drop-down list by using an insert trigger

Turn Formula AutoComplete on or off

1. Click File > Options > Formulas.

In Excel 2007: Click the Microsoft Office Button , click Excel Options, and then click the Formulas category.

2. Under Working with formulas, select or clear Formula AutoComplete.

Need more help?

You can always ask an expert in the Excel Tech Community or get support in the Answers community.

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To make it easier to create and edit formulas and minimize typing and syntax errors, use Formula AutoComplete. After you type an = (equal sign) and beginning letters or a display trigger, Microsoft Excel displays below the cell a dynamic drop-down list of valid functions, names, and text strings that match the letters or trigger.

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Let's look at our list for today's  session.

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See the posts below for helpful basics information

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Use these to make navigating and working in Excel easier

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By using names, you can make your formulas much easier to understand and maintain. You can define a name for a cell range, function, constant, or table. Once you adopt the practice of using names in your workbook, you can easily update, audit, and manage these names.

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Click HERE to watch video