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The fugitive slave act of 1850 required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state. A free state is a state where individuals are not legally considered property and slavery is prohibited.

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When and where did the Fugitive Slave Act take place?

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When and where did the Fugitive Slave Act take place?

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About 53 delegates/representatives from the United States, England, and Canada had gathered in what is now known as Toronto because it was said that it would be the safest spot to hold a meeting there. The main discussions were about the abolition of African American enslavement and improving the quality of life for Black people in North America. The convention was held by Henry Bibb, J. J. Fisher, Thomas Smallwood and Josiah Henson. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was enacted by the United States Congress on September 18th 1850.

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When did the British North American Act of 1867 come into effect?

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When did the British North American Act of 1867 come into effect?

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The act was created by the British Parliament and had come into effect on July 1st 1867, after receiving Royal Assent on March 29th 1867. The act had united the three separate territories of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick into the Dominion of Canada.

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The British North American Act of 1867 formally united the colonies entering Confederation and established federalism. Thus, uniting all British-owned colonies and impacting the allegiance of their inhabitants. This change was permanent, as it can be proved by Canada's existence as a single unified country today.

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When did the signing of the numbered treaties occur ?

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When did the signing of the numbered treaties occur ?

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The Numbered treaties were signed between the Canadian government and the Indigenous people. All 11 treaties were signed between 1871 and 1921. The treaties covered parts of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario. These treaties are permanent and still partially upheld by the Government of Canada today.

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The numbered treaties were used to Indigenous people adapt to Canadian society and become more like the settlers. The government wanted the Indigenous people to adopt the values and behaviours of the white settlers. However, the numbered treaties have had long-lasting legal, social, and economical impacts on Indigenous people throughout the years.

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The B.C. the Qualifications of Voters Act was first put into effect in 1872.

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The act was established by the Canadian government with the hostile intent to exclude traditionally minoritised communities, such as the Chinese, Indigenous Peoples, and women, from being properly represented in their province’s political settings. This law greatly prevented disadvantaged groups from participating in community affairs and cemented the belief that such individuals are undeserving of the right to vote in elections for centuries to come.

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”In 1871, the ethnic makeup of B.C. was estimated to be approximately 25,660 Indigenous, 8,500 white, 1,500 Chinese, and 500 Black residents.​” (Legislative Community of British Columbia, 1872 - Indigenous and Chinese Peoples Excluded from the Vote.)

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<img src="https://i.cbc.ca/1.6858438.1685391770!/fileImage/httpImage/winston-ma-family-montage-asian-heritage-month.jpeg" alt="I was ashamed of being Chinese until I learned about my ancestors' first  years in Canada | CBC Television">

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While Chinese, Indigenous, and female citizens were all subject to the B.C. Qualifications Act, the Chinese were targeted in particular due to the rising concern that they would disrupt the symmetry of the job market. Because they were willing to work under harsher conditions for lower wages, many officials were anxious that they would subvert Caucasian employees in work environments.

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<img src="https://cloudfront-us-east-1.images.arcpublishing.com/tgam/JODLQ2OP4BEBTCJYAKV2UP3USM" alt="A forgotten history: tracing the ties between B.C.'s First Nations and  Chinese workers - The Globe and Mail">

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The act was temporary and repealed on May 19, 1876, and the requirements extended to adult males that resided in the province for a year and in the electoral district for two months. (Read this page for further information: https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/hstats/hstats/2092837736.)

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The Indian Act first came into effect on April 12, 1876 by the federal government administration.

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The act consolidated the colonial beliefs of assimilation and European superiority onto Native American lands. It was related to Indian status, First Nations diplomacy, and the management of Indigenous reserves.

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Although there have been numerous attempts to reimburse Aboriginal communities for the mental, social, and physiological harm caused by the Indian Act, they’ve yet fully accounted for the damage enacted on the groups. The cultural genocide from the establishment of residential schools have resulted in irrepairable intergenerational trauma amongst Indigenous tribes that continue to persist today.

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The Indian Act of 1876 was temporary and officially ended in 1955. Prior to 1955, Indigenous Peoples, especially women, could lose status by behaving in certain ways and were regarded to possess less prestige than white Canadians. (E.g. During 1847, an Indigenous person could not legally have Canadian citizenship while having Indian status.)

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The National Policy was founded under John A. Macdonald’s Conservative Party on March 14, 1879. After Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie failed to increase tariffs in the 1876 budget, John A. Macdonald included higher tariffs in his 1879 budget.

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What did the policy intend to accomplish?

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What did the policy intend to accomplish?

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“High tariffs were intended to broaden the base of the Canadian economy and restore the confidence of Canadians in the development of their country.” (The Canadian Encyclopedia, National Policy.) The rise in tariffs protected Canadian manufacturers from U.S. competitors, promoted economic growth, and lowered costs of production.

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The policy was temporary and was gradually dismantled during the 1940s and 1950s owing to the Liberal Party. Canada and the U.S’s economies also integrated after WWII as a consequence of the Autopact in 1965 and the Free Trade Agreement in 1989.

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<img src="https://lemuso.com/mvc/images/affiche_politique_nationale-national_policy_poster.jpg" alt="Laws and Benefits | From One Continent to Another |  Salaberry-de-Valleyfield - At the Heart of Industrial History in Canada">

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The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 forced citizens to help in the recovery of escaped slaves, and if they were unwilling to help them, they would be punished. The act had also made the federal government responsible for finding and returning escaped slaves. However, the act was repealed on June 28, 1864, making it temporary.