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The photo above displays a classroom of these students who were provided the opportunity of attending public school, showing how it began in the 1820’s.

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The education reform began as a way of advocating for public education in hopes of reducing crime rates, poverty, and social issues. A major leader of this reform was Horace Mann who secured the education of many children by using tax that was funded locally.

Social Lense: this reform was the first step towards creating accessible education for everyone by advocating for public schools and achieving overall more economically diverse classrooms.

Political Lense: the education reform provided space for the expansion of public education, promoting democracy, standardization and centralization of education. It opened many doors for more reforms to take place, especially education driven ones. They facilitated the establishment of common schools, allowing the state to exert more control over education content and quality. This whole reform helped promote economic and social mobility, helping spread the idea of equality.

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1859: Charles Darwin The Origin of Species published

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1859: Charles Darwin The Origin of Species published

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On November 24th, psychologist Charles Darwin published his book, The Origin of Species. The book introduced the idea of natural selection, which Darwin studied in South America and the Pacific Islands. The book explained the way life on earth became what it is today. Before this people were taught creationism, the theory that everything was created by supernatural acts of divine creation based on Christian beliefs. Though backed with evidence, many people didn’t believe in Darwins’ theory. This formed a huge problem in education. In schools most people were still taught creationism, many people opposed introducing natural selection. If schools taught natural selection it was taught along with creationism, and it was still frowned upon. Overtime natural selection became more and more accepted and taught in more and more schools. Currently in is the only theory taught in public schools.

Social Lense: Accepting Darwin’s theory into the curriculum had a huge social impact. It was the beginning of separating education from religion which was a very prominent aspect in society back then. Despite it being really controversial public schools in America currently don’t have any religious teachings.

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This picture was taken during this time, showing the Native American Children at the boarding school before being changed. 

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1870’s-1960’s: Native American Boarding schools

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1870’s-1960’s: Native American Boarding schools

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Native American children in the US were abducted from their homes and compelled to attend distant boarding schools for almost 150 years. Approximately 300 boarding schools, many of which were government-run, were in operation across the nation from the 1870s until the 1960s. Native American languages, faiths, and traditions were prohibited. The goal, to separate Indian children from their homes and strip away their indigenous cultures. They weren’t offered any sort of other education, only things that would get them to fit in with American standards and society, like the English language and American customs. Besides this, they would be focusing on teaching them manual labor and vocational training instead of proper academic education.

Social Lense: A large number of Native American children lost their culture as a result of this incident. For all Native Americans, parents and children, this caused great trauma and the division of many families. These children endured severe mistreatment, beatings, and neglect. They acquired severe PTSD and mental health problems as a result of this. These kids who did not have a proper education were doomed to a life of poverty and hardship as opposed to those kids in the United States who had greater opportunities for success.

Political Lense: The loss of their indigenous language and practices from the younger generation had an impact on the political cohesion and advocacy of native nations. Additionally, this encouraged people to speak out against these injustices and become advocates for civil rights through groups such as the American Indian Movement (AIM). The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which signaled a move toward greater self-governance in Native American communities, and the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978, which assisted in preventing children from being taken away from their families once more, were among the numerous laws enacted as a result of this incident. All of this ultimately resulted in increased public awareness of Native American conditions and treatment.

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1889: Jane Addams and her college friend Ellen Gates Starr found Hull House in a Chicago, Illinois

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1889: Jane Addams and her college friend Ellen Gates Starr found Hull House in a Chicago, Illinois

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Created by Jane Addams was built to educate those who didn't have the proper education and for those in need of help during the late 1800s. The house provided for many people but mostly immigrants from Europe who were struggling in their new lives.

Social Lense: This not only helped develop a strong community within the Chicago land area but also set the foundations for many modern communities within the Chicago community.

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1889 - Jane Addams and her college friend Ellen Gates Starr found Hull House in a Chicago, Illinois

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After the Brown v. Board case, segregated schools became illegal, but it still took a while for it to actually happen. In 1957, nine African American students known as the “Little Rock Nine” enrolled in Little Rock’s Central High School. This was very controversial and many people were upset about this. The night before they entered the school the states’ National Guard was ordered to block their entrance in order to “protect the nine students”. On September 4, a huge mob along with the National Guard blocked the students from the entrance. 16 days later a federal judge ordered for the National Guard to be removed, allowing the students to enter the school. This still wasn’t easy, they had to enter through a side door and were still met with an angry crowd. The teens were able to attend class for about 3 hours before being sent home for their own safety. Finally on September 25 President Dwight Eisenhower federalized the National Guard and sent U.S. Army Troops to protect the students. Yet the students were still harassed and threatened by the white students.

Social Lense: This event had a huge social impact on the United States of America. It showed that despite segregation was illegal there was still a long way before this could actually be accepted by society, since many, especially in the South still didn’t accept the desegregation. But, this was also a huge step towards actual desegregation. This showed that even though it will be very hard to do, there is hope.

Political Lense: This showed that the government has to intervene in order to make these huge social reforms. If it wasn’t for President Eisenhower sending the U.S. Army Troops the students would probably not be able to attend the school for a long time. This showed that in order to desegregate the nation the government has to actively work towards it.

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The first satellite ever to orbit the earth. First developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War this was one of the major developments in technology during the era. This not only was a big advantage for mankind and the Soviets but also a wake-up call for the United States as the Space Race had begun. The launch of satellites into orbit not only meant that the Soviets had the technology to send more things into space but now they could send Spyware and even nukes if they so pleased. So what does this have to do with Education well the U.S. had a very poor science program to begin with. The need for nuclear science was way more important than anything else so with resources going into building nuclear bombs there was nothing in place for better technology to get rockets into space. After the launch of Sputnik how however the Department of Education wanted to get more scientists in rockets, physics, chemistry, and other fields so that they had the power to match the Soviets. This was a race to get more people interested in Space so that we didn't fall behind the Soviets.
Social- The impact of Sputnik forced the U.S to create better programs in science and mathematics in order to match the Soviets in the space race and to even exceed them in knowledge and power

Social Lense: This event cause the lost of a lot of basic and key education that is needed to succeed as a person in the world. Science was the only thing that was focused on during this time at schools due to the U.S. government wanting to surpass the Soviet Union. Values were lost and society lost a part of itself.

Political Lense: The amount of funding needed to support each program would have to be increased to a large degree to match the Soviets as by the time Sputnik was launched the U.S. was nowhere close to launching a Satellite. But it was fairly easy to do as the U.S. did not want to be spied on.

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Act passed by congress on April 9th, 1965 as a part of President Lyndon B. Johnsons’ “War on Poverty”. As a former teacher he believed that equal access to education would make students productive citizens.
This authorized the federal government to help those in poverty by helping finance their education. This also created a federal role in directing public education dollars, towards policy goals like eliminating poverty. The state governments were in charge of administrating the funding to avoid criticism of federal control.

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President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the Bilingual Education Act

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This act was passed in 1968 and is known as the Title VII law that would later be replaced by NCLB. The Bilingual Education Act (BEA) provided a federal grant in order to create educational programs for students with limited English-speaking ability. This was the first time the government officially acknowledged that these students needed specialized education. This act was signed on January 2nd by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

Social Lense: This helped socially by giving immigrants help with the English language, improving their academic performance and giving them a chance for a better future, minimizing the divide in society.

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2001: No Child Left Behind Act was signed into law 

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2001: No Child Left Behind Act was signed into law 

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This act was promoted by former president George W. Bush and passed by congress, reassuring the Title I provisions for any student from kindergarten to 12th grade in the classroom. NCLB mainly focused on helping students in high poverty schools, improving teacher training, and providing necessary core subjects every year such as mathematics and reading.

Social Lense: NCLC provided various schools and classrooms assistance and support for their underprivileged and financially struggling students.

Political Lense: This act was also a priority for president Bush as he had been involved in the upbringing of this act and in making sure it was followed through. In the photo, president Bush is signing the NCLB into law.

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2004: The Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act

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2004: The Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act

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This act is a federal law that assures the public and free education of students with disabilities who range from 3 to 21 years old. In the photo above President George W. Bush is in the processing of signing the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement act.

Social lense: Social benefits of this act include a rise in inclusivity, widely spread education, and better training for special education teachers.

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2015: Congress passes the Every Student Succeeds act 

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2015: Congress passes the Every Student Succeeds act 

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This act was signed by President Obama on December 10th and aimed to reauthorize the No Child Left Behind Act and improve it by making the guidelines more flexible and ultimately focusing on preparing students for a brighter future.

Social Lense: This supported local leaders, educators, and grew teaching facilities. In the photo above President Obama is seen signing this act.

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Discussions of a possible education strike grew from the West in the beginning of 2018 as teachers began to do walk ins and protests at their schools. This spread to Arizona, North Carolina, Colorado and multiple other states. These strikes lead to an increase in funding for education in majority of the states they occurred in. The educators payroll increased from 10 to 20%.

Political Lense: These strikes were predominantly led by members of the Republican Party and they were referred to as the “Red State Revolt”. The entire movement also had an influence on the 2018 mid term elections regarding the Republican Politicians.

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As COVID 19 started arising in the United States, schools started to close down due to this deadly and very contagious disease. The Government’s solution to this was to make all school online for the next 2 years until the pandemic was over. This made education take a turn, since it was harder to get better feedback from teachers and learning through a screen was a lot more difficult and distracting then learning in person. Students weren’t as focused on school and lost those years of education.

Social Lense: This switch to the online world cause a lot of relationships to break and for social life to die out among students and everybody in general, due to being forced to stay inside their houses. A lot of academic education/information was not absorbed properly due to students not being able to focus on class as much as they would in person, creating a lost of knowledge.

Political Lense: A lot of people critiqued this solution due to the mistrust with the government. A lot of people thought that this was a strategy to keep people inside their house and for them to gain more control over the country, but others genuinely agreed with the services of online school and it’s benefits, with them thinking it was the only way to get their kids to still attend school.

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2023: Supreme Court rules using using race as a deciding factor in college admissions as a violation of the 14th amendment

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2023: Supreme Court rules using using race as a deciding factor in college admissions as a violation of the 14th amendment

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The Supreme Court has ruled that colleges and universities cannot use race as a specific basis for admission, a decision that has been criticized by civil rights leaders and education advocates. The ruling, written by Chief Justice John Roberts for the conservative majority, ruled that the Harvard and University of North Carolina admissions programs violated the Equal Protection Clause by failing to offer "measurable" objectives to justify the use of race. The decision has been met with mixed reactions from GOP officials and Democrats, with some calling it a "great day for all Americans" and others calling it a "giant roadblock in our country's march toward racial justice."

Social Lense: This will cause a lot of division and controversy among people, especially students that are attending to these colleges. It will also affect the life at campus, expanding the variety of races in the college/university.

Political Lense: This will cause some controversy between the public since some people will agree with this and some may not, making people question the choices the government and Supreme Court are making. This reinforcement of the 14th amendment was set due to the violation of the amendment in the first place.