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•Robespierre, viewed the actions of the sans-culottes as a form of ‘direct democracy’

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Paris mob to legslative assembly journe 20th june 1792

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Paris mob to legslative assembly journe 20th june 1792

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Who then, can stop us in our course? Since the cause is a common one action should be universal; if the first defenders of liberty had thus temporised (delayed), would you be sitting in this august (grand) chamber today?

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Minister for the Interior, Roland, warned the monarch’s delay ‘creates distrust’

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“To your pikes good sans culottes! Use them to exterminate aristocrats!

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• in response as intended according to Danton to ‘replace the supreme tribunal of the people’s vengeance’

•The ideology behind the Terror was summarised by Danton ‘Let us [the Convention] be terrible, in order that the people are not so’

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•“They threaten you with kings” roared Danton. “You have thrown down your gauntlet to them, and this gauntlet is a king’s head, the signal of their coming death.”

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•“in the name of the French Nation that it will accord fraternity and help to all peoples who wish to recover their liberty”

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•“ The nation can never give back its confidence to a man who, false to his trust, perjured to his oath,… directs his course towards a frontier covered with traitors and deserters, and evidently meditates a return to our country, with a force capable of imposing his own despotic laws.”

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Constitution assembly on louis flight to varnes

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Constitution assembly on louis flight to varnes

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“the Constitution completed, the entire constitutional act has been presented to the King”

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Crowd on louis bringing himself and bread to paris

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Crowd on louis bringing himself and bread to paris

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‘Long live the baker! Long live the baker’s wife and son!’

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Crowd distrubance at versailles late at night

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Crowd distrubance at versailles late at night

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•‘Death to the Austrian! Where is she? Where is the whore? We’ll wring her neck! We’ll tear her heart out! We’ll fry her liver!’

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Recollection of protesters entering national constituioent assembly

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Recollection of protesters entering national constituioent assembly

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‘The women began entering the hall, muddy and bedraggled, wedging themselves onto benches between the deputies, shouting for bread.”

Timothy Tackett

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Arthur Young in his diary 27 June wrote “The whole revolution now seems over and the business complete.”

‘Oh my fellow-citizens, keep close watch on the conduct of the King’s ministers… their aim is to dissolve our National Assembly, and the only means whereby they can do so is civil war. In private, Ministers are talking of sending against you a formidable force of soldiers and bayonets!’

A Parisian Doctor

¡“A large number of troops already surround us. More are arriving each day....These preparations for war are obvious and fill every heart with indignation.”

Brave Gardes-Françaises. Can’t you hear the cannon? That villain de Launay is murdering our brothers, our parents our wives and children who are gathered unarmed around the Bastille. Will you allow them to be massacred? Parisians are being slaughtered like sheep. Will you not march on the Bastille?’

Pierre Hulin

14th July

‘It is a revolt’ (Louis)

‘No sire, it is a revolution’ (Grand Master of the Wardrobe)

Barnave said “What, then, is their blood so pure?”

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•They mean to stay!? Well, then, let them stay!

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‘Go and tell all those who have sent you that we are here by the will of the nation, and we will go only if we are driven out by bayonets.’ -Mirabeau

‘The assembled nation cannot be given orders’-bailly

•Bailly

•‘We too are citizens.’

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•Danton ‘Let us [the Convention] be terrible, in order that the people are not so’

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•The blade rushed down between the upright posts. Louis was heard to scream for “his head did not fall at the first stroke, his neck being so fat”.

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•“They threaten you with kings” roared Danton. “You have thrown down your gauntlet to them, and this gauntlet is a king’s head, the signal of their coming death.”

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¡It had taken less than four months for war to produce the collapse of the monarchy, and it ‘required less than a month more for that fall to become massacre’ (Andress)

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Goethe wrote  “a new epoch in the history of the world has begun”

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-All in Paris were to submit to the King, all were to be held responsible for his safety and promised “an exemplary and ever-memorable vengeance... by delivering the city of Paris to military punishment and total destruction” should the Royal Family be harmed.

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Who then, can stop us in our course? Since the cause is a common one action should be universal; if the first defenders of liberty had thus temporised (delayed), would you be sitting in this august (grand) chamber today?

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Marat opinion

¡The ‘blistering malcontent’ (Maza) Marat’s L’Ami du Peuple accused the royal Court of sabotaging the war

used ¡Le Pere Duchesne (Old Man Duchesne)  to call on sans culottes:

“To your pikes good sans culottes! Use them to exterminate aristocrats!

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‘Peace will set us back…we can be regenerated by blood alone.’

¨- Madame Roland

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¨

‘We cannot be calm until Europe, all Europe, is in flames”

‘ Do you wish at one blow to destroy the aristocracy and the refractory priests, the malcontents?  If so, destroy Koblenz’

- Brissot

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¡Goethe wrote  “a new epoch in the history of the world has begun”

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¡‘the prisons are full of conspirators’ and urged people to murder imprisoned traitors such as refractory priests and Swiss guards

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-Marat, the self-styled friend of the people, and some of the sections had earlier called for massacre as a solution to the crisis – as the 17 August tribunal was so slow...

-Writing from Paris on the 2nd September: ‘Necessity made this execution inevitable…it is sad to have to go to such lengths, but it is better to kill the devil than to let the devil kill you.’ (quoted in McPhee)

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¡Danton said “If we are bold, bolder still, and forever bold, then France is saved!”

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The Paris mob’s threat to the Legislative Assembly

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The Paris mob’s threat to the Legislative Assembly

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Who then, can stop us in our course? Since the cause is a common one action should be universal; if the first defenders of liberty had thus temporised (delayed), would you be sitting in this august (grand) chamber today?

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•Convention declared on 19 November 1792

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•Convention declared on 19 November 1792

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“in the name of the French Nation that it will accord fraternity and help to all peoples who wish to recover their liberty”

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•Robespierre agreed with this position on 3 December:

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•Robespierre agreed with this position on 3 December:

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“Louis cannot be judged, he has already been judged. He has been condemned, or else the Republic is not blameless. To suggest putting Louis on trial, in whatever way, is a step back towards royal and constitutional despotism; it is a counter-revolutionary idea; because it puts the Revolution itself in the dock. After all, if Louis can still be put on trial, Louis can be acquitted; he might be innocent. Or rather, he is presumed to be until he is found guilty. But if Louis is acquitted, if Louis can be presumed innocent, what becomes of the revolution?”

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