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Harvard reference :Margotin, C. (2022) How are students being impacted by rising oil prices? - the mancunion, Manchester University Mancunion Newspaper.
Available at: https://mancunion.com/2022/04/04/students-opinions-on-the-increase-in-oil-prices/ (Accessed: February 21, 2023).
Review:
In this article the author dives into how the Russian invasion of Ukraine has affected Oil prices on a global scale and how this is having a detrimental effect on student lives everywhere in the world including the UK.
Oil prices were well on the rise in UK from early December 2021 ,but rose sharply after the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in recent months .
The author notes that 8% of oil consumed by the UK economy is directly imported from  Russia and this drop in global supply has caused the price to rise sharply .
This in turn has strongly affected the students as transportation prices have risen sharply .The impact is felt even more by students who travel by car to home and placements .
The author particularly derives real life scenarios through direct interviews with students in the article which highlights how this has adversely affected them going to Universities to attend classes and to attend placements especially those that live further way from University premises and their work place .
With increasing oil prices this is taking a toll in living costs for students who rely on modest budgets to juggle both studies and work at the same time and rely heavily on their own private transportation.
Most students that use public transportation are also being impacted as rising ticket prices both public buses and railways are having significant impact on students financial wellbeing and maintaining good standard of living .
Thus a lot students are also turning towards missing placement opportunities as they are unable to bear the transportation costs of long distances .
Also Covid-19 has already adversely affected students in their studies in the past few years and now with the rising cost of living and transportation , students are increasingly feeling pressured and burdened to sustain the costs which can affect their future studies greatly in the coming months.

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How are students being impacted by rising oil prices? - The Mancunion

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Due to the Russian invasion there is a rise in oil prices which is impacting students with cars and those living in University houses

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Impact of College Provided Transportation on the A 3 

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Harvard References:
Bacon, D. R., & Bean, B. (2006). GPA in research studies:
An invaluable but neglected opportunity. Journal of
Marketing Education, 28(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/
10.1177/0273475305284638
Batley, R., Dargay, J., & Wardman, M. (2011). The impact
of lateness and reliability on passenger rail
demand. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and
Transportation Review, 47(1), 61-72. https://doi.org
/10.1016/j.tre.2010.07.004

Figueiredo, H., Biscaia, R., Rocha, V., & Teixeira, P.
(2017). Should we start worrying? Mass higher
education, skill demand and the increasingly
complex landscape of young graduates’
employment. Studies in Higher Education, 42(8),
1401-1420.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2015.1101754
ase, L. N., Kuo, T., Teutsch, S., & Fielding, J. E. (2014).
Estimating the costs and benefits of providing free
public transit passes to students in Los Angeles
County: Lessons learned in applying a health lens
to decision-making. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(11),
11384-11397.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111384

Pinto, L. H., & Ramalheira, D. C. (2017). Perceived
employability of business graduates: The effect of
academic performance and extracurricular
activities. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 99, 165-178.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.01.005

Kobrin, J. L., Patterson, B. F., Shaw, E. J., Mattern, K. D.,
& Barbuti, S. M. (2008). Validity of the SAT® for
Predicting First-Year College Grade Point Average.
Research Report No. 2008-5. College Board.

Lomax, T., & Margiotta, R. (2003). Selecting Travel
Reliability Measures. The Institute.

Kobrin, J. L., Patterson, B. F., Shaw, E. J., Mattern, K. D.,
& Barbuti, S. M. (2008). Validity of the SAT® for
Predicting First-Year College Grade Point Average.
Research Report No. 2008-5. College Board.

Review: Transportation heavily effects attendance of students in college university and schools as well.
Providing a bus or car or any other transportation facilities to students encourage them to attend their classes or to some extent benefit them such as for the economically disadvantage students.It is a major step that can be taken in order to help these students attend classes without hassles.
According to the (National center for Research on Education Access choice, Danielle Sanderson Edward) providing school bus service increase attendance of economically disadvantage students by 0.63 percentage point, approximately a 1 day increase in a 180- days school year it has also revealed that probability of being absent in (more than 10℅ of school days) for economically disadvantage students by 38 percentage point ( average to 20% to 25%) seen in= reduction)https://reachcentered.org/publications/how-does-school-bus-transportation-policy-brief-affect-student-attendance-and-achievement
These results is evident that transportation has a direct effect on students attendance and institution which are far from home makes it hazardous for disadvantaged student to present in everyday and there is a likely chances of these students missing out on extra curricular activities too.
There is a correlation between absenteeism and grades of the student, students who are chronologically absent in classes tend to have lower GPA then of students who is not Absent in class ,these students have higher GPA and is more concentrated in their class .According to the ( Figueiredo all . 2017 ; Pinto and Ramalheria , 2017) Acedimic performance is vital for a student because it is related to future employment and opportunities student who has lower GPA potentially have a higher chance of being employed and making higher salaries, on the other hand students who have lower GPA is most likely to face hardship with their future employment and salaries . ( Bacon and Bean,2006, Kobrin at al, 2008 ;Poropat; 2009 )
According to (Gase et al, 2013) lack of proper and suitable transportation causes students to effect their attendance. One main reason for students to miss classes and be late on classes in due to transportation and specifically travel time reliability ,( Batley,Dargay and Wardman ,2011; Lomax and margiotta ,2003 logistic and transportation review). High -School students with free pass to ride public transportation have a lower absenteeism and academic performance was improve (Gase et al.2014).Economically disadvantaged students go through financial problems due to not being able to manage the transportation fare, lunch , and other expense hence they stay depressed and not concentration on their studies.
To conclude , Transportation is a major effect for Economic disadvantage students when it comes to attendance .Due to lack of proper and suitable transportation students miss out on classes thus it is necessary for these students to have suitable transportation for them.

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Harvard  reference :Sosa, por J.F.M. (2022) How are recent strikes affecting university students?, Sarraute Educación. Available at: https://sarrauteducacion.com/2022/12/20/how-are-recent-strikes-affecting-university-students/ (Accessed: February 21, 2023).
Review:
In this article the author describes and investigates how the economic instability in the UK has caused a lot of strikes in recent times and has greatly affected different sectors of the UK economy including transport, education, healthcare etc..

The author has particularly described how University strikes and rail strikes are affecting students during the Christmas Holiday period where most students are facing difficulties getting back home, as well as trying to attend classes on time and sit for assessments and exams.

University strikes have affected students in the UK across 140 universities spanning 18 days in total. Though students stand in solidarity with university staff, nonetheless, it has greatly affected their attendance and studies. This has been referred to as a big setback for students given the already set back, they had from Covid-19 restrictions in the past few years.

The author also dives into how the rail strikes have greatly affected studies, making it difficult for students to attend regular classes.

Students are also concerned how transport strikes apart from affecting their classes are also barring them from going home in emergencies.

A lot of final year students are also concerned with their assessments and learning opportunities being put on hold, which is creating backlogs and even year losses.

The author also interviews students to get varied opinions on the ongoing strikes.

Many students agree with the ongoing strikes while the majority disagrees and believes alternating diplomatic strategies are the key in resolving the issue without causing distress to the public and the students.

It’s critical for students to attend their classes regularly, which directly corelates to their academic performance and involvement in their educational activities. Often times missing classes on a regular basis can hinder grades, and can greatly affect academic performance and have negative consequences for students mental wellbeing and a lot of students are concerned about what the future holds if the ongoing situation continues.

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Strike action is causing chaos across the UK. DESIblitz investigates how the rail and UCU strikes have been affecting university students.

By Tiyanna Mistry

ollowing economic turmoil, the transport, education, and health sectors in the United Kingdom have been ravaged by strikes.

These strikes have had unprecedented effects on the UK population with many individuals bearing the brunt of continued strike actions.

Having already suffered a great deal following the COVID-19 pandemic, students in particular have been unduly impacted in recent months by the industrial action taking place.

DESIblitz speaks to university students looking at how this continued strike action has impacted their mental health, education, and general well-being.

What Strikes are taking Place?

Strikes have been taking place across various sectors of the UK economy, with sectors like health, transport, education, travel, and the postal service all being affected.

These strikes have one core aspect in common - the continued pay disparagement and working conditions of employees within the aforementioned industries.

This strike action across all sectors has rocked the nation with individuals across the UK at a loss for how to make it through.

The BBC has released a chart detailing which services are striking each day up until January 2023.

The chart involves a three-colour key to colour code and categorises the chart according to the specific services and workers that are involved in the strikes.

The current economic climate with rising costs of living has been one of the main prompts for workers across the different sectors to demand pay rises and better working conditions.

The UCU and national rail strikes have been the two that have been mostly disruptive towards university students.

University Strikes

The education strikes affecting higher education have been taking place since 2018 and are continuing to be disruptive.

These strikes have been taking place by members of the University and College Union, known as the UCU, which represents over 120,000 employees in the education sector.

These include lecturers, librarians, administrators, and many more.

UCU strikes have already impacted over 150 universities across the UK with over 70,000 university staff having participated in these strikes.

This industrial action has taken place due to problems concerning pay, working conditions and pension cuts.

The severity of these strikes has been stressed by the UCU general secretary, Jo Grady, who has deemed it "the biggest strike action in the history of higher education."

Students have witnessed over 18 days of strike action across around 140 universities in the UK during the last academic year and are set to see more this year.

Though many students are standing in solidarity with university staff, many are understandably frustrated by the disruption the strikes have caused.

The strikes have massively disrupted the learning experience of students across all university stages.

Rail Strikes

With only 20% of rail services currently running, the strike action has been causing major chaos for Brits across the UK.

The festive season is a busy period for transport, and the strikes have come at the worst possible time for commuters, students and those who rely on rail services.

The reason for these strikes essentially boils down to long-running disputes over pay, job cuts and changes to terms and conditions.

Many of the workers on strike are part of the RMT, Britain's largest specialist transport trade union which has over 83,000 members from different areas of the transport industry.

The severity of these strikes has been stressed by members of the RMT who have deemed it the largest industrial action to have ever taken place.

Thus far, network rail has offered workers a 5% pay rise in 2022 and a 4% rise in 2023.

This offer, however, has been considered substandard by the RMT union boss, Mick Lynch and has subsequently been rejected.

Since this rejection, the RMT union have announced a series of 48-hour strikes in December and January, disrupting rail passengers' journeys this festive season.

Rail passengers have already been drastically affected by the strikes facing constant delayed or cancelled trains throughout the latter months of 2022.

The disputes between rail workers involved in the RMT union and the Rail Delivery Group (RDG) and Network rail are yet to be resolved as the strikes are increasing, following passengers into 2023.

Impact on University Students

The rail and UCU strikes have had an unprecedented impact on university students who are struggling to get home for Christmas and are facing their end-of-year assessments.

Students who have been working hard have faced difficulties navigating this disruption and have been vocal surrounding these struggles.

Placement student Solomon Rose, who is struggling to return home to Nottingham from Newcastle Upon Tyne, said:

"The train strikes have been really annoying because it gives me hardly any dates or chances to go home, especially since I am on placement and working till the 23rd, which is when there are strikes."

Solomon's sentiment is shared amongst fellow students who are at a loss for how to persevere through this tumultuous period.

Paige Taylor, a 19-year-old second-year student from Newcastle University, said:

"It's unfair that the rail strikes happen at least twice a month, it affects me going home and being able to afford going home in an emergency, especially when they aren't making a difference by striking."

The rail strikes have added extra pressure on students whose accessibility to getting home has been limited.

The rail strikes are not the only pressure mounting upon students this Christmas, with the UCU strikes having a major disruption towards the learning received by students.

Speaking about the drastic impact strikes have had on her final year at university is 21-year-old English literature student, Erin Fox:

"Whilst I completely understand the reasons behind the strikes and why they are vital to university staff, they affect the few contact hours we have with lecturers and limit our learning opportunities which in turn can impact our assessments."

The UCU strikes have shown to be disruptive towards students in previous years and it seems this matter is only worsening for current students.

Do Students Agree with the Strikes?

The popular consensus among students is that many do not agree with the strikes and are in agreement that the persistence of the strikes has become somewhat of a joke.

20-year-old Northumbria University student, Benji Smyth, said:

"I am not a fan of them, although I am in no way an expert on the subject, I do think rail employees are paid generously enough to not warrant a strike.

"I think the rail industry should be brought into the private sector as this would make them run more effectively."

Another Northumbria University student, Danny Khan shares a similar frustration when talking about the university strikes

"Lecturers going on strike when we pay £9250 a year to not get our expected level of education, is a joke really. It's ridiculous!"

There is evidence among students that the strikes seem to be an uncalled ridiculous notion considering how much they are investing in their education.

20-year-old Northumbria University student, Kyle Ripley, said:

"I think it becomes a bit of a joke with workers striking all the time, especially in the Christmas period."

He went on to say: "As a student who works in retail, I don't believe I get paid enough at all as I get minimum wage however I don't go on strike ever to ask for a higher wage."

Currently, the average salary for regular lecturers at universities across the UK is around £38,700.

Whilst the average salary for a rail worker according to the ONS is £45,919, based on five different job categories in the rail industry.

As observed by comments from students, there is a common notion that the strikes taking place are uncalled for considering the current wages of workers and the money invested by students towards these industries.

Whilst students understand the strikes, they are not a fan of them as they have caused major disruptions to their learning, well-being, and accessibility to get home during a stressful period.

Despite the ongoing frustration felt by students towards these strikes, it appears that lecture strikes have simply been ruled as inevitable by UCU members.

Workers are not getting their demands met and students affected by the strikes are suffering as a result.

The strikes thus far have fuelled a winter of discontent and the process seems to be dragging on.

The question on many students' minds is whether there appears to be an end in sight regarding the strikes.

For the time being, the fight for better pay and working conditions seems to be raging on with even more students enduring the gruelling fallout as strikes continue.
Source
How are Recent Strikes affecting University Students?

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How are Recent Strikes affecting University Students?

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Strike action is causing chaos across the UK. DESIblitz investigates how the rail and UCU strikes have been affecting university students. By Tiyanna Mistry ollowing economic turmoil, the transport, education, and health sectors in the United Kingdom have been ravaged by strikes. These strikes have had unprecedented effects on the UK population with many individuals...

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Harvard reference :Winter Weather and Transportation (2018) RMetS. Available at: https://www.rmets.org/metmatters/winter-weather-and-transportation (Accessed: February 21, 2023).
Review :
The author in the article particularly describes the correlation between harsh and extreme weather (during winter times) and the affect it has on transportation networks.
It describes how snow, ice ,wind ,storms ,fogs can have an adverse effect on transportation in particular. This can adversely affect students going to school and universities.
The article also  focuses on the hazards extreme weathers possess to the general public as well as the students that attend placements , University and schools.
The article also describes how extreme weather can lead to
rescheduling and cancellation of planned journeys for
students in particular and can have adverse effect in travel choices including increasing traffic congestions , accidents and mental stress.
In particular majority of University going students travel by motorbikes, e-bikes and bicycles who are even more affected by the adverse weather conditions .
Rain ,ice and even heatwaves can have students running late for their classes or altogether barring them from attending classes at all.
The article also describes a case study from 2004 where snow and road chaos caused extensive disruptions in transportation networks causing a lot of motorists to abandon their vehicles midway and caused schools and universities to shut down .
The article also describe instances in particular months where train services in different parts of UK experience significant delays and every autumn and winter due to leaves falling on the tracks .
The author also suggests what kind of transport adaptations are available and what works best .
Several options such as offering  students a diverse range of transportation modes like offering frequent university buses
for students and making public transport stations more user-friendly which could ease the impact of bad weather particularly on students failing to attend classes for such bad weather.

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Snow, ice, wind, storms, floods, fog - the winter season can bring a host of extreme weather, which can impact all transportation networks. As such, there is an obvious need for regular weather forecasts and updates (i.e. for informing gritting routes, applying speed restrictions etc.).

Roads and railways are extremely vulnerable to extreme winter weather, yet they are integral to everyday life.

Ice is difficult to forecast since microclimates and local conditions can affect whether or not it manifests in a particular location. For example, exposed roads are more likely to develop ice overnight, whereas tunnels can result in temperatures remaining above freezing point. Marginal conditions - i.e. when temperatures fluctuate around freezing point - also prove difficult for forecasters since it is hard to determine whether surface water will freeze or remain liquid. All these factors influence if, and indeed where, grit is laid.

Similarly, snow accumulation can be difficult to forecast - small changes in local temperatures can determine whether snow remains frozen and thus accumulates or whether it melts. 'Warmer' urban areas and regions where elevation varies over short distances prove particularly problematic to forecasters.

As such, route-based forecasting and even real-time, localised data are increasingly used to identify stretches of roads and rails requiring action. This reduces the resources spent on winter maintenance - such as gritting, de-icing, and speed restrictions - in areas that do not require action. More importantly, this has the potential to save lives in circumstances where weather varies considerably, both spatially and temporally.

Furthermore, storms and strong winds can topple trees, high-sided vehicles and other infrastructure, leading to road and rail blockages and even loss of life. Therefore, areas likely to be vulnerable to strong gusts (i.e. exposed, open roads) need to be identified and risk-assessed in conjunction with localised forecasts. In addition, flooding - particularly that which is enhanced by impervious surfaces ('pluvial flooding') - can also cause major problems on transportation networks, leading to the closure of certain routes following heavy rainfall.

Aviation is similarly affected by extreme weather but with additional issues, such as in-flight icing, strong cross-winds, and fog causing reduced visibility and ceiling height.

There are also cascading effects. For example, most other service sectors, such as retailers, schools, delivery services, businesses etc., all rely on transportation for integral service functions, such as enabling staff or students to get to work or school or for customers or deliveries to reach their destination. Thus the impacts are further reaching than simply affecting transportation networks - they have wider cascading economic implications.

Case Study: Snow and road chaos in Central England 2004

Sometimes, however, even good weather forecasts and advance warnings can lead to travel chaos. For example, in 2004, a quick succession of weather systems had a detrimental effect in central England, resulting in ice and snow rapidly accumulating on roads. A study in explored this event, explaining how two active cold fronts rapidly passed over the Midlands between 1500 and 1600 GMT. The first one was a polar front, producing heavy rain, which washed away salt that had already been laid that morning. This rain then turned to snow as the second arctic front passed over, causing accumulations to develop which, once the sky cleared, froze hard, turning roads and footpaths into ice rinks. As a result, numerous motorists were forced to abandon their cars, with many deciding to walk home (indeed, something the author was forced to do!), walk back to their offices to sleep overnight, or spend the night in their cars.

Video: Forecasting Winter Road Conditions

Peter Gibbs chats to Paul Knightley, Forecast Manager at MeteoGroup, to find out about forecasting winter weather and supplying road weather services to local councils. He then visits the Highways Depot in Berkshire to chat with the Principal Engineer and a Shift Supervisor to find out how those forecasts are used to inform their gritting operations:

From Cornwall's notorious mizzle to the Beast from the East, Frank Barrow reveals the secrets of the winter air masses that affect the UK in this post.

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Snow, ice, wind, storms, floods, fog - the winter season can bring a host of extreme weather, which can impact all transportation networks. As such, there is an obvious need for regular weather forecasts and updates (i.e. for informing gritting routes, applying speed restrictions etc.).

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Harvard reference: Bridge, G., 2023. Perceptions of e-Micromobility Vehicles amongst Staff and Students at Universities in the North of England. Active Travel Studies, 3(1).

Review:

In this specific article, the role of e-Micro Mobility Vehicles Among university students in North England has been determined with the help of a primary quantitative research investigation. The authors have applied a survey year among 205 university students and staff regarding their use of e-Bike for they are daily transportation from home to University (Bridge, 2023). Some key results shown that the application of electric bike among the students are done to avoid the higher transportation cost in England, especially in private cabs or Uber services and to maintain environmental sustainability. With the help of e-Bikes, it is possible for students to avoid the issues of air pollution as well as reach the university campus without any traffic congestion. Therefore, it has been possible for students to reach their classes and maintain their attendance at university with the help of electric vehicles.

However, the perception of some of the university's students from this survey has also indicated the safety concerns of such vehicles for regular use. The majority of the university's students still lack educational awareness regarding such vehicles and their uses including maximum speed restrictions. However, from the survey, it has also been found 70% of the University students who are using e-Bikes on a daily basis are reaching their destination on time along with improving their university attendance which has ultimately improved their academic performance. Thus, the overall investigation has been highly influential along with justified survey questionnaires in order to determine transportation services for the students.

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Harvard reference: Benjamin C. Graham , Christopher B. Keys , Susan D. McMahon & Michael R. Brubacher (2014) Transportation Challenges for Urban Students With Disabilities: Parent Perspectives, Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 42:1, 45-57, DOI: 10.1080/10852352.2014.855058

Review: The author in the article mainly focuses on  transportation  challenges faced by Urban students with disabilities and takes parents perspective on  the issue and how this affects students and- their families motivation to attend classes and feel inclusive in the institution as a whole.

The article discussed issues with transportation challenges that discourage pupils to overall participate and attend school activities.

Parents showed concerns with school transportation systems as not having adequate aides or were not sufficiently qualified to work with particular child as they were required to handle too many students at the same time and were also inappropriately gender matched. There are also concerns about schools not having sufficient resources to be able to train the aides properly.

The parents also showed concerns on how their children were excluded from schools programming as inadequate disabled friendly transportation restricted special needs children from attending school-related activities .

Students with disabilities often suffer from severe anxiety from not being able to participate in academic and recreational activities as part of general educational programming (Padeliadu & Zigmond, 1996).

Transportation problems also arose from inconsistent scheduling from school bus services negatively affect people with disabilities often causing anxiety and depression among pupils (Graham et al., 2014)

The author shows concerns on behalf of parent's voices with issues such as physical safety and problem with equipment for majority of disabled students regarding transportation to and from school ,including intraschool travel such as going from  building to building ,wheelchair accessible areas and emergency response personnel on site.

The author also describes how policy and restructuring of the school transport system by incorporating the above concerns and taking into parent's perspective of disabled children can have significant positive impact on disabled student groups and improve their quality of learning and overall attendance in schools .

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Harvard reference: Bridge, G., 2023. Perceptions of e-Micromobility Vehicles amongst Staff and Students at Universities in the North of England. Active Travel Studies, 3(1).

Review:

In this specific article, the role of e-Micro Mobility Vehicles Among university students in North England has been determined with the help of a primary quantitative research investigation. The authors have applied a survey year among 205 university students and staff regarding their use of e-Bike for they are daily transportation from home to University (Bridge, 2023). Some key results shown that the application of electric bike among the students are done to avoid the higher transportation cost in England, especially in private cabs or Uber services and to maintain environmental sustainability. With the help of e-Bikes, it is possible for students to avoid the issues of air pollution as well as reach the university campus without any traffic congestion. Therefore, it has been possible for students to reach their classes and maintain their attendance at university with the help of electric vehicles.

However, the perception of some of the university's students from this survey has also indicated the safety concerns of such vehicles for regular use. The majority of the university's students still lack educational awareness regarding such vehicles and their uses including maximum speed restrictions. However, from the survey, it has also been found 70% of the University students who are using e-Bikes on a daily basis are reaching their destination on time along with improving their university attendance which has ultimately improved their academic performance. Thus, the overall investigation has been highly influential along with justified survey questionnaires in order to determine transportation services for the students.

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Harvard reference: White, P.M. and Lee, D.M., 2020. Geographic inequalities and access to higher education: Is the proximity to higher education institution associated with the probability of attendance in England?. Research in Higher Education, 61(7), pp.825-848.

Review:

In this globalised age, due to geographic inequalities, it has shown to hamper the better access to higher education which has impacted on the daily attendance of the students. The aim of the researcher in this investigation is to determine the relationship between the geographical location of the University and the Transportation system used by the students in London, United Kingdom (White and Lee, 2020). The geographical location has been taken by the researcher as one of the main factors in the study in order to analyse the various transportation modes taken by the students while reaching University and improve their attendance. A Mixed- Method approach along with quantitative and qualitative analysis has been implemented by the researchers in order to determine the role of transportation in UK University students' attendance.

From the findings of the study, it was clear that students who lived 40 km away from the University had lower attendance due to their challenges in the daily Transportation system. However, students within a 10 km distance from the University Campus have a higher attendance compared to the previous group. The overall transportation modes within the United Kingdom are still poor, especially for the students and their daily usage. In this specific investigation, it has also been found only 36% of 17 to 20 years old University students in the UK have driving licences there for the factor of using personal cars has also been reduced (White and Lee, 2020). Additionally, the geographical location has also led to the knowledge that Universities in UK should have proper transportation systems for their students to maintain their daily attendance and their effective enrolment in the education system.

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Harvard Reference:  Mohamed, M.J., Rye, T. and Fonzone, A., 2019. Operational and policy implications of ridesourcing services: A case of Uber in London, UK. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 7(4), pp.823-836.

Review:

In this particular article, the authors have discussed the role of Uber transportation services for university students in order to transport in rural areas in London, England. In the case of London which is mainly located on the rural side of England, the majority of the university students found a lack of transportation services rather than Uber which compelled them to stay on the University Campus, especially during the examination and summer education season (Mohamed et al. 2019). In this respect, the key approach of the researcher of this study was to analyse the differences between technology application and mobile application usage among university students of rural and urban areas.

Additionally, Uber Pool services have been found extremely popular among university students who regularly book these car services during the time of transportation towards the University (Mohamed et al. 2019).  Uber services are more on time along with having proper route services in order to avoid traffic conditions which ultimately helps the students to reach University Campus within time. With the help of case study analysis, the researcher of this article has also indicated some issues in Uber Pool services such as poor communication or Poor management of the car which might affect the attendance of students at their University in London. The interview of 31 Different policymakers who use the Uber services in London has been extremely beneficial for the researcher to improve their knowledge in this particular area. The findings of the interviews or surveys among the students emphasised more on the fact that who use the Uber application for daily transportation need better outcome.

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Harvard References: Limanond, Thirayoot et al. “How Vehicle Ownership Affect Time Utilization on Study, Leisure, Social Activities, and Academic Performance of University Students? A Case Study of Engineering Freshmen in a Rural University in Thailand.” Transport policy 18.5 (2011): 719–726.
Available at : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2011.01.007 23 Feb 2011 [online]

Review:
This article is very reliable and trustworthy article which demonstrate the ownership of a private vehicle influences the using time of university students besides that the impact of their academic performances. Vehicle ownership is one of the main thing while you’re at University level besides that there’s a variety of reasons which can smashed you up. The University student who has his/her own vehicle spent times on various of activities. On the other hand, the student who doesn’t have  any personal vehicle don’t waste their time on other activities such as outing, daily hangout and so on.  Those who has own vehicle can easily go through where they work and they don’t face any public transportation delays which makes them do their work with short effort. In the article there’s a survey over 11000 students enrolled to the Suranaree University of Technology (SUT). There are (55%) of students live on campus and rest (45%) of students live other province and towns etc. Majority of students are relied on two types of vehicles BUS & MOTORBIKE. University provides free bus service to the students. A recent survey shown that 64% of the students own a motorbike, while only 7.2% buy passenger car. Approximately 2.9% own both of those whereas 25.9% own nothing. Moreover, in this article there’re tables which prove us the cumulative grade point average in freshman year. After analyzing the data we know that the students who got vehicles spend less amount of time on their studies and spending more and more times on outing, social activities etc. On the other hand the student don’t have neither of those are active on their studies. Nevertheless, the ownership of a vehicle doesn’t seem to have any significant impact on academic performance of the students. If the institution restrict the usage of private vehicle then there’d be a great impact and Of course, if the teacher motivates their students to study they.

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Harvard References: Trcˇek, B.; Mesarec, B.|Pathways to AlternativeT Mode Choices among University Students and Staff—Commuting to the University of Maribor since 2010. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11336.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811336
Academic Editor: Joonho Ko Received: 30 July 2022, Accepted: 6 September 2022P, 9 September 2022

Review:
This article is written on about pathways  to alternative transport mode choices among the university students and staff – commuting to the university of Maribor since 2010. Staff are not been changed of using cars since 2010. Considering mobility, public transportation is favored over private transport and the focus is om refusing car use for daily trips. In addition, for active mode bicycling, walking and public transportation is very fit. In this article The University of Maribor is called one of the main traffic generator in the city of 110,000 inhabitants, where the share of the students are about 10%. MOM household survey 2016, indicate that car has the most significant impact in the city and they had the paid attention to reduce car using and to the share of alternative modes of transport as a function of distance. In the figure one we can even see that in the academic year 2020/21, 9261 students were enrolled except graduates in the loop city of Maribor while the number of staff was 1706. BCTF is the only thing which is been focused for study, where 3840 students were enrolled except graduates and the number of staff were 688. In table 1, we will be introduced with the characteristics of the population of BCTF in 2010 and 2020. The writer has meticulously listed the general transport measure implementation in the MOM during the 2010/21 period. In 2020 compared with 2010 most of the students changed their choice which decreased the using level of cars and increased the level of walking and in the use of PPT. There’re many tables which tells us the main thing of the article and these are:
Reasons for commuting by car in BCTF.
Parking options and time to find parking place for students and staffs.
Barriers to using active modes of transport and shared cars for commuting the BCTF.
Intervention to using active modes of transport and shared cars for commuting to the BCTF.
Proposed intervention for the TDM strategy at the BCTF.
From the result we can get the most significant difference from students and stuffs and less from genders.
In the distance of 1 or 2 km. the students and stuffs are coming by cars, where they can come here by walk. Approximately 49% and 47% students come by cars at PPT by the distance of 5km. TDM design is the most effective design for alternative transport use

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Harvard References: Kaplan, David H. “Transportation Sustainability on a University Campus.” International journal of sustainability in higher education 16.2 (2015): 173–186. Web.

Review:
This article is very reliable, valid, credible and trustworthy which is about the University campus transportation sustainability. In this article David H. Kaplab meticulously elaborated about how kent state university invested money for sustainability but still they get disagreed to use their lands and transportation. Most of the campuses are designed as pedestrian campuses which is creating more pressure on managements to create the parking lot, increase the size level and number of roadways and so on. Mainly, the University official often use lands because they frequently face heavy traffic in their communities. So the non-motorized traffic is called bicycling and walking and the figure 2 and 3 is calmly elaborated over the article. In the figure 2 the writer informed that when there’s no snow and rain, the observation goes down to up but normally the bicycle activity is a minuscule part of campus commuting. In the figure 3 the pedestrian activity is far more stronger because the university official observed pedestrian activity is high in the morning time and in the afternoon but not that much in the day time. There’re not that much pedestrian activity in the loop and summit. In the east main vehicle goes so fast and the pedestrian face problems to cross the road because this area is full of pedestrians. A survey says there’re huge amount of students live in residential hall and small portion of students live with their family in Kent or nearby town and a little over one third of students live outside of Kent. Single occupancy automobiles are clearly the main mode of transportation, used primarily by 60% of students. At the same time many more students come with bus and by walk. The table is reporting the whole thing how students come to attend their University. Numerous of students don’t want to walk which takes time to attend to their class the usually use bikes or cars also several students have children which won’t allow them to walk. So that the majority of So that the majority of students who come to attend the class by walk or a bike may face a problem on bad weather and which may affect them to attend. So if they fix their traffic patterns, most of the things will be changed and also there’ll be no risk at all.

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Harvard References: Laura Eboli, Gabriella Mazzulla | Service Quality Attributes Affecting Customer Satisfaction For Bus Transit | Journal of public transportation, volume 10, issue 3, p.21-34, july 2007
Available at : https://doi.org/10.5038/2375-0901.10.3.2
11 October 2022 [online] Version of Record 11 October 2022.

Review:
This article is about the customer satisfaction and the service quality of a company which is very profitable for both customers and companies also for transit agencies and passengers. Here strongly discussed about the improvements of supplied service quality can attract further users, This fact could resolve many problems (e.g., helping to reduce traffic congestion, air and noise pollution and energy consumption) because individual transport would be used less. This research also proposed a model called (SEM) – A structural equation – the structural equation modelling. In introduction part of this article (SEM) is been utilized on transportation, science and economics etc. (SEM) methodology spread fast as a consequence of the development of specific packages, like LISREL (Joreskog and Sorbom 1988, 1989 and 1995) and AMOS (Arbuckle and Wothle 1995). In this survey there’s a university called Calabria which is major center of interest in this area except other universities in Italy. A single transit agency (Consorzio Autolinee Cosenza S.r.l) manages the urban bus lines. Huge amount of students and customers from urban area travel by urban bus and 1200 by extra urban bus. To evaluate the quality of bus service all of the passengers are satisfied and happy. In this article there’re tables, bar chart, pie chart and diagram which shows the service quality attributes, sample sharing according to faculty and income, final structure of the model. Besides that, there are to more tables on  parameter estimation and levels of statistical significance and goodness of fit indexes. A structural equation has been processed to show relationships between passengers satisfaction on bus services and the attributes of the services supplied in this article. From the SEM methodology we can even know the expression of the passengers also the feeling of them.

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Impact of College Provided Transportation on the Absenteeism and Academic Performance of Engineering Students

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Havard Reference:
Khaled Shaaban, R. R., 2021. Impact of College Provided Transportation on the Absenteeism and Academic Performance of Engineering Students. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 17(3), pp. 1-7.

Review:
Student achievements in academics play a significant role in making better opportunities for their future employment and the development of their careers. In this study, the impact of transportation on students’ performance and absenteeism is investigated. Real-time data was used and obtained from different sources for conducting this study. The performance measure used is a higher GPA and good attendance. The results of this study show that by investing in more transportation services students can improve their grades and attendance as well. However, this study only collected data from some courses. This can lead to false conclusions as the sample is too small. The difficulty of collecting of data is there but the small sample can lead to many questions about the results. Another flaw of this study is that the sample only contains the data of
female students. Male students should be given equal priority as it is about the transportation issue faced students. In this study, the comparison is not made with the same programs of any other university. The investigation was limited to only some courses, some students, and one university. There is indeed a need for a bigger sample that includes more students. Moreover, other techniques for collecting data i.e. questionnaires can be used. The concluded data is based on only assumptions and suggestions by some students. However, there is a positive association between transport issues and the absenteeism of students. After all the studies these results conclude that if transportation is provided by the school itself it can increase student attendance by reducing the risk of missing school due to transportation (Khaled Shaaban, 2021).

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Missing Bus,Missing School:Establishing the Relationship Between Public Transit Use and Student Absenteeism

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Havard Reference:                  Marc L. Stein, J. A. G., 2019. Missing Bus, Missing School , Establishing the relationship between public transit and student absebteeism. American Educational Research Journal, pp. 1-27.

Review:
Transportation is among the potential hurdles that a student can face when he attempts to attend school. In this paper, the hurdles and the contributions of transport for students both are identified. Data from Baltimore and Maryland is examined for high school students considering them as commuters. Theories and tools for adult commuters have been identified and applied to students to understand their engagement with school. This study examines the commuting stress that students are facing is the same as that faced by adults. Sometimes this excessive stress can lead students to do a job. Spatial analysis and its advancements make it possible for us now to estimate transit routes in detail. The main features of these transit routes are extracted in this study. Some selected challenges are addressed. The analysis is made on the transition of high school students. It has been analyzed that the changes and the routes by which a student comes to the school have a direct influence on them. This study shows that students from high school miss more days than students from middle school. The reason behind the school miss in middle and high are mostly attributed to the use of public transport. According to this study, student absenteeism is one of the most important reasons behind student withdrawal from school.  The findings of this study pointed out that by choosing a public school choice you need to pay a hidden cost for that and that will be transportation issues that affect your child’s attendance (Marc L. Stein, 2019).

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 Commute satisfaction and its relationship to post-secondary students' campus participation and success 

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Article 3 | Himaya Kavindi Croos | 30086427

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Article 3 | Himaya Kavindi Croos | 30086427

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Harvard Reference: Taylor, R. & Mitra, R., 2021. Commute satisfaction and its relationship to post-secondary students' campus participation and success. Transportation Research, 96(102890),pp. 1-13
Available at : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102890

Review:
This paper was done for the purpose of examine the relationship between the university and college students transport satisfaction and impact of commute on campus participation and the academic success. The study was carried out in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA). The study is very recent and carried out with the participation of the students at four colleges and six universities that exactly cover the study area of our investigation. Thereby this research is selected as a suitable article to utilize.

Based on this research it was found many of the students found a negative impact of the transportation on their campus participation and the academic success outcome. It was found that 40% of the participants are discouraged the transportation system in coming to the campus, while 61% of the participants complained that their participation on campus activities were being negatively impacted by the transportation system. Further 30% of the participations to the survey was found that commute is acting as a barrier on their academic success. In terms of the gender difference this research results were founded that females are more got affected than the males due to insufficient transport facilities while participating to the campus activities. However, in terms of the academic success it couldn’t find a major difference between two genders. This indicates at the academic success matter both the genders are impact it equally. Hence based on the research results it could determine transportation works as an important factor that decides student attendance and their academic success.

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Havard Reference:

Patel, H. M. S. H. E. e. a., 2021. The relationship between transportation vulnerability, school attendance, and free transportation to an afterschool program for youth.. Transportation , 6(1), pp. 2315-2333

Review:                                                                                                      The vulnerabilities in transportation can be defined as the lack of access to transportation that has consequences in terms of finances, health, and social issues. In the literature, we can find studies and pieces of evidence of research for the relationship between transportation, its access, vulnerabilities, and the environment with respect to adults. However, youth and especially students got less attention. In this study authors, H. Pate et al. examined the relationship between school attendance and the vulnerability of transportation. This study was conducted for the time duration of 2010 to 2017. The main subjects were those schools where free transportation was not provided to students. The study was conducted to check the attendance of a special program. This program was to attend a park-based physical activity. An adjusted generalized longitudinal linear mixed model was used to show the association. According to this study, there is a positive association between school attendance and transportation vulnerability. According to this analysis areas where school transportation was provided there was an increase of 4% in student attendance. The findings of this study suggest that student attendance is directly impacted by transportation and transportation has the potential to improve attendance. Transport not only improves attendance but plays important role in improving societal community-based participation in any recreational program. This study highlighted the vulnerabilities that are faced by youth regarding transportation. It was concluded that there must be sustainable services that should be explored in order to reduce the issues regarding transportation. This will in turn improve youth participation in education, schools, and in recreational community programs as well (Patel, 2021)

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The relationship between transportation vulnerability, school attendance, and free transportation to an afterschool program for youth - Transportation

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Transportation vulnerability, defined as lack of access to transportation resulting in financial, social, or health consequences, reduces quality of life. While research has focused on the relationship between transportation vulnerability and the built environment among adults, youth have received l…

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 Impact of college Provided Transportation on the Absenteeism and Academic Performance of Engineering Students

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Article 4 | Himaya Kavindi Croos | 30086427

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Article 4 | Himaya Kavindi Croos | 30086427

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Harvard Reference: Shaaban, K. & Reda, R., 2021. Impact of College Provided Transportation on the Absenteeism and Academic Performance of Engineering Students. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 17(3), pp. 1-7.
Available at : https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/9727

Review :
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of college provide transport facilities towards the absenteeism of the university students and their academic performance. For the purpose of this study, it was utilized the students at national university in the state of Qatar. The study was carried out in the year 2021, which is very recent and participated 245 students by providing a reasonable sample size for the study. Hence this article selected as a suitable source for our investigation.

Based on this research results it was found that there is a positive impact of transportation service to the university students at the improving of their attendance. Further it is found an investment which provides the students with a reasonable transportation solution can help the students in improving their attendance as well the grades. The research results were found one third of the participants to the survey were missed 10% or more of the total classes of the course due to insufficient transport service. Further the study was found odds of having absenteeism 10% or less was 3.2 times higher for the students who uses the bus service than the others who uses other services. Hence this result indicates a proper transportation system could directly impact on reducing the absenteeism percentage of the university students.

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Lecture attendance rates at university and related factors

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Article 2 | Himaya Kavindi Croos | 30086427

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Article 2 | Himaya Kavindi Croos | 30086427

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Harvard Reference: Kelly, G., 2012. Lecture attendance rates at university and related factors. Journal of further and Higher Education, 36(1),pp. 17-40.
Available at:
https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2011.596196

Review:
The purpose of this article is to analyse the factors which impacts on the lecture attendance rates of the university students. The study was carried out based on the colleges of Science in University College Dublin with the use of two probability-based surveys to increase the accuracy of the results. Further the study was carried out with 224 number of students. Hence the article is selected as a suitable source for the current investigation.

Based on the research results it was found that the student's attendance to lectures is impacted by various factors including living distance from the campus and transport problems. The rest of the reasons are not mentioned as they are out of the core study area of this investigation. The research results were found the students who living on campus are attending to the early lectures more frequently than the students who lives off the campus. Further it is found females who lives on campus have a higher probability of lecture attendance than males. On other words this could explain as less or no transportation time to university makes motivated the students for regular attendance for university lecturers, that with the ones who takes a long transport duration. Further being taken a less time for transportation makes more motivated the female students to attend frequently for the lectures in compared to the male students.

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Article 2 |Abdur Rahman Chowdhury | 30083195  

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Article 2 |Abdur Rahman Chowdhury | 30083195  

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Harvard Reference:   Transport for all | David Banister | To cite this article: David Banister (2019) Transport for all, Transport Reviews, 39:3, 289-292, | Published online: 07 Mar 2019
Review:
Transport for all that is the main theme of this article, here strongly discussed about the equality in transport sector. Why should must be equalities in transportation and if not, then what effects will be on people and life. David in his article firstly discussed about the trend that is real in present world, people those who are rich they getting more richer day by day and those who belong from middle or low they are getting poorer. In his article he believes that people from every society doesn’t need the same types of high-level transport. That is totally right because every people don’t need to travel same way. People in this world think differently, they have different abilities according to that they will choose their travel sector. Banister reviewed that, abilities of travel is increased and travel distance rising but because of that rising travel distance people are polluting the planet much more. There is a comparison between rich and poor people, who’s the main carpet here? Answer is the rich people because richer peoples have more ability to travel than poor. As the richer people travel more distance than poor people, they pollute the planet much more than poorer. There are inequalities in transport sector as example poor people’s travel by bus most of the times than richer people but government provide only 9% of their expenses. Also, there is train, car or plane where inequalities are allocated. But one thing that is not mentioned in terms of inequality that is in every sector like as plane, train, car or bus etc. transport organizations makes clear distribution between rich and poor peoples. In every transportation there is greater facilities for people who can pay more such as, in plane they had business class for richer and economy for poor peoples.

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Article 1 | Abdur Rahman Chowdhury| 30083195 

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Article 1 | Abdur Rahman Chowdhury| 30083195 

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Harvard Reference:   Smart guide to climate change , Environment by Jocelyn Timperley .( Available at : https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200317-climate-change-cut-carbon-emissions-from-your-commute ) 18th March 2022 ( Accessed at : 5th January 2023)
Review:
Transportation is an important aspect to think about at present, because transport effects all kind of people lives. Especially, for student’s transport makes a big impact in their daily life. Students who have to go colleges or university they chose public method of transport, such as train, bus etc. Compere to book a privet car or any others privet system. Travelling by a train or bus save both money and time for students. It has also a positive impact on climate. In 2020 BBC write an article that, In countries like UK and the USA, the transport sector is now responsible for emitting more greenhouse gases than any other, including electricity production and agriculture. Globally, transport accounts for around a quarter of CO2 emissions. In this article it is compared that traveling by privet car or in a taxi emits far more carbon than making a journey by bus or rail. There are lots of compression between different transport. From that report, people can imagine that how much transport effecting the climate. Traveling by privet car and other privet system will be treat for climate. In that case, can say that, students who go to their college or university using privet sector of transport that will make more worst the planet also that cost lots of money. Which makes students life difficult. To get out of it, students can choose the public sector of transport for their daily travel. By traveling in public transport, like as train, bus etc. which will harm the planet less more that another.

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Private transport is one of the world’s biggest sources of greenhouse gases, with emissions rising year on year. It means the way you travel to work matters more than you think.

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Harvard Reference:

Edwards, D.S., 2022. Another one rides the bus: The impact of school transportation on student outcomes in Michigan. Education Finance and Policy, pp.1-51.

Review:

According to the author D. S. Edwards, transportation means can play an important role in increasing the outcome of students. Transportation provides safe and reliable means for getting to school and getting back from school. Studies provide evidence and the effects of transportation on student performance. In this article casual pieces of evidence of transportation, impacts on student attendance, and achievements are provided by using a student enrollment panel and by using the student’s residence data in Michigan State. It is described in this article that Michigan school student who belongs to the public sector district transportation. In Michigan, almost 50 large districts datasets of transportation policies were used to determine the impacts. By using a technique named regression discontinuity design author exploited the walking distance cutoffs and explored the eligibility of transportation. He further stated that eligibility for transportation increases the attendance rates of students and the probability of chronic absences were decreased. The effects on the economically disadvantaged students are worse, these students experience a 0.5 to 1 percent increase in point for attendance rates and a 3-4 percent point decrease due to the probability of being chronically absent. After all the studies these results conclude that if transportation is provided by the school itself it can increase student attendance by reducing the risk of missing school due to transportation. Further, this paper investigates student achievements as well. The results were shocking as they have shown no effect on the achievements of student’s outcomes. In this paper, the author suggested that instead of increasing the bus services the focus should be on increasing the additional transportation services for students (D.S. Edwards, 2022).

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Another One Rides the Bus: The Impact of School Transportation on Student Outcomes in Michigan

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Abstract. School transportation may increase student outcomes by providing a reliable and safe means of getting to and from school. Little evidence of the effects of such policies exists.

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university students travel behavior douring  winter

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Article 4- Abdur Rahman Chowdhury | 30083195 

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Article 4- Abdur Rahman Chowdhury | 30083195 

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Harvard Reference:    Nayum, Alim, and Trond Nordfjærn. “Predictors of Public Transport Use Among University Students During the Winter: A MIMIC Modelling Approach.” Travel, behaviour & society 22 (2021): 236–243. Web.

Review:
This article is about public transport use among the university during the winter. It is a reliable article in this article there is a survey over university student in Norway. Student mostly like to travel by public transport rather than car because it reduce the chances of  accident. Use of public transport over privet car is friendly for environment and also safe away to travel in winter. Traveling by car can have much more accident in winter because in winter time the roads became more dangerous for driving as a result it cause accident. On the other side traveling by public transport like train reduce the accident chances, that is one of the big reason for students to choose public transport. There are also some indicators like as social status, intention and attitude etc those have impression over university students to choose their transport. In this article here is a compression over seven things that have influence on student. Among them use of public transport, social status and intention had lot more effect. Female student has much more intention to travel by public transport than while considering the accident risk the all survey and mathematical examination indicate student choosing their transport that 76% in intention to use public transport, 90% in the use of public transport and 98% in perceived behavioural control over using public transport, those percentage clear the whole things that make impact over student while choosing their transport method.

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university students travel behavior douring  winter

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Article 3-Abdur Rahman Chowdhury-30083195 

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Harvard References:
Sean Nash, Raktim Mitra | Journal of transport geography, 2019, Vol.76, p.200-211 | School of Urban and Regional Planning, Ryerson University, 105 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1Y3, Canada |
Received 27 June 2018; Received in revised form 27 March 2019; Accepted 29 March 2019|Available online 08 April 2019

Review:
This article is written on a research information based on the travel behavior of postsecondary students attending four universities in Toronto, Canada. In this article mostly discussed about the travelling life-style, number of trips and spend time in travelling by university student. While choosing transportation types of neighbourhoods makes an impact. It is truth that, when university students went to choose their travel life-style they firstly look up at their neighbour what the travel life-style they chosen. In the article there was a survey over 7931 students about how they go to their university lots of the student go by their own car and also go by privet rental car. From that survey report it was cleared that student those are close to university they like to walk to university and most of the student were like to using the public transport. There also good number of students like bike to went university.  Also, in the article there is a map where they described about the different neighbourhood types that makes impact on student while choosing their transport of university. After analyzing the map and table data survey can say that three thing that have the most effect over student those are older residential neighbourhood, resent (re) developed area and the bike friendly neighbourhoods and the data survey also indicate that. This article is useful to understand how the neighbourhood have effect on students to choose their transport method to go university.

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University students' transportation patterns, and the role of neighbourhood

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Harvard Reference:
Mohammed, W. and Doughty, E. (2023) 'Students criticise University for lack of support during rail strikes' Palatinate, 13 January [Online]. Available at: https://www.palatinate.org.uk/students-criticise-university-for-lack-of-support-during-rail-strikes/ (Accessed: 11 February 2023).

Review:
This article is about how the recent rail strike affected the students at Durham University, UK. The data of this research has been done over ¾ of students polled at Palatinate. The recent rail strike was a bigger challenge for the students who are travelling to Durham University for the new semester. 77% of 1,112 students of Durham University has agreed that the university could have taken an action for to reduce the impact on rail strike by postponing the new semester or by conducting the lectures online. Around 1,162 students has been facing difficulties to travel to university. Some of the students have blamed the university for not taking any actions regarding the rail strike. Meanwhile, some of the universities such as University of Liverpool, University of Sussex and University College of London has taken actions from the side of the university to conduct lectures online for the first week of new term, given more time to travel on in-person exams and staff were given the opportunity to conduct lectures online, respectively.

Due to the transportation issues students face major difficulties to travel to universities, it also risks their degree. Some students have raised concern due to the unbearable cost of transportation and mentioned that they would travel to university only after two weeks when the term begin because they need to work at home to earn money to cover their expenses. Many students have been finding alternative transportation methods to travel to university for example by taxis, coaches and flights. Some of the students have posted on social media asking for lifts to travel to Durham University.

In conclusion, transportation is a major problem which affects the attendance of students at universities.

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Over three-quarters of students polled by Palatinate said that Durham University should have taken action to reduce the impact of the recent rail strikes, which have caused widespread disruption to many students who were travelling to make it back to Durham in time for the start of Epiphany term.

77% of the some 1,112 participants of Palatinate's poll agreed with the statement that the University should take action to reduce the impact of rail strikes on students, such as by putting lectures online or delaying the start of term. It comes as a separate poll of 1,164 students revealed that just over half of students "definitely" had their journeys impacted due to the strikes.

Multiple students have criticised the University for its lack of action during the rail strikes. One third-year student commented that they "massively think that the University should've put in support and mitigations", while another student said that a "hybrid" system of teaching should have been implemented.

Some universities have implemented measures to support students during the strikes. Palatinate understands that the University of Liverpool have put lectures online for the first week of term, while the timings of in-person exams at the University of Sussex were moved to allow students "for more travel time in the mornings". University College London meanwhile said that staff were "welcome to work from home on the affected days" during the strikes.

In a statement, the University encouraged students to return to Durham as soon as they were able to, and mitigate for missed lectures by using lecture recording posted on Encore. Students with in-person commitments are encouraged to contact their departments.

"massively think that the University should've put in support and mitigation"

The latest round of rail strikes which ran between the 3rd and 7th January forced many students to change their travel plans as they returned to Durham. Some students were left with no option but to delay their arrival until after the start of Epiphany term this week, while others have used alternative modes of transport to reach Durham, often at great expense to the student.

One student described how the strikes were "literally putting my degree at risk" as they were left with no way of getting back to Durham, despite having an in-person meeting with University staff to decide if the student was "well enough to continue studying". Another student said that they would arrive in Durham "two weeks" after term began, as they needed to continue working at home to earn "the money to afford the train back".

The strikes have left many students feeling worried about the impact it will have on their studies. One second-year international student told Palatinate: "I shouldn't have to stress about the effects of rail strikes on my learning, especially when it's out of my control.

"For example, I have a summative due on the 11th, the third day of term which is cruel especially when I have to constantly make changes to my journey and have to put a lot of time in planning that."

Many students have been forced to miss lectures and other teaching sessions this week, with the situation being particularly acute for those taking in-person exams. One student had told Palatinate that they were "struggling" to make an exam they had on the 9th January, while others have restored to booking flights to get to Durham in time for exams.

Students have also rushed to find alternative means of travelling up to Durham, including coaches, flights and car shares. There have been numerous posts on the Facebook page "Overheard at Durham Uni" of students asking for a lift, which led to one student who spoke to Palatinate asking the University to "provide parking for people to car share into University instead of the train".

"literally putting my degree at risk"

In a statement, a Durham University spokesperson said: "We recognise the disruption that industrial action on national rail networks will have on travel. We encourage students to return to Durham as soon as they are able, and to use lecture recordings through Encore to mitigate any missed lectures.

"Students who have in-person commitments, such as practical classes or examinations, are encouraged to contact their departments to discuss their situation."

During the strikes last week, which were called by the RMT Union on the 3rd, 4th, 6th and 7th January, and the ASLEF Union on the 5th January, the number of rail services that served both Durham and the wider country were significantly reduced. The strikes are part of an ongoing dispute over pay, job cuts and changes to working conditions.

LNER, which connects cities along the East Coast Mainline between London and Durham, ran a reduced service between the two cities during the strikes, although engineering works meant that there were no direct trains leaving from London on the 7th.

CrossCountry ran a small number of trains between Birmingham, Durham and Edinburgh during the RMT strikes, while TransPennine Express, which runs services between Durham and the North West of England, ran no trains at all through Durham during the strikes.

Responding to a separate comment request by Palatinate, ASLEF General Secretary Mick Whelan said that "we don't want to go on strike but the companies have pushed us into this place", arguing that "they have not offered our members a penny" in terms of pay increases since April 2019.

Whelan also said that the union "don't want to inconvenience passengers - our friends and families use the railway too, and we believe in investing in rail for the future...but the intransigent attitude of the train companies - with the government acting with malice in the shadows - has forced our hand". He also said that the way to prevent future strikes is for the rail companies to produce a "proper proposal" to help members.

Palatinate have additionally contacted the RMT union for further comment.

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Students criticise University for lack of support during rail strikes

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Over three-quarters of students polled by Palatinate said that Durham University should have taken action to reduce the impact of the recent rail strikes, which have caused widespread disruption to many students who were travelling to make it back to Durham in time for the start of Epiphany term.

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 How time-use and transportation barriers limit on-campus participation of university students

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Article 1 | Himaya Kavindi Croos | 30086427 

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Article 1 | Himaya Kavindi Croos | 30086427 

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Harvard References : Allen, J. & Farber, S., 2018. How time-use and transportation barriers limit on-campus participation of university students. Travel Behaviour and Society,13(2),pp.174-182.
Available at : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2018.08.003

Review:
This article was focusing to analyse how the transportation barrier and the time use impacts on the university participation. The study was carried based on the students of Greater Toronto  Area (GTA), in the year of 2015. As it carried recent data this study found to be reliable to use for these investigations. According to the research students with lengthier journeys to university are less likely to attend class than those with shorter commutes. In contrast to pupils who had shorter commutes, this the number of times students who commute by car is lower than the number of students who walk or ride their bikes to school. The proportion of students who take public transportation to university is lower than the proportion of students who walk. Students who have access to a transport pass are more likely to visit campus more frequently during the week . Male students were found to commute to college more frequently than female students. During the investigation, this was found that younger students are more likely to travel off-campus for classes than their seniors.

To put it another way, for certain students, accessing educational resources may be significantly hampered by the distance between their home and university, as well as the transit systems that link the two. This is because  it might be too far for them to travel together. The high cost of travel, which may be excessively expensive for some, is another significant barrier. When students purchase a transit pass in full at the beginning of the semester, they are more inclined to use it frequently to maximize their savings and potential return on investment. Also, they found that the proportion of students who attended class fell off dramatically when more stops were added to their route.

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Harvard References:
Islam, R. Rafique, S. Bredikhina, O.A. and Jones, S. (2022) 'Getting around in a college town: A case study of transportation barriers faced by international students at UA', Journal of Underrepresented and Minority Progress, 6(2), pp. 43-72. ProQuest [Online]. Available at: https://www.proquest.com/docview/2702673946?accountid=15324&pq-origsite=primo&parentSessionId=uC7YrJvrWrH3VWbPA63ZEoSMVBnId%2FK%2FP2qWn1UCxFk%3D  (Accessed: 14 February 2023).

Review:
This article is about the transportation barriers faced by international students in United States of America. According to this article it has mentioned that some rural areas in America does not have good transportation facilities. The objective of this research is to find out about the travel experience of international students in a nearby area near University of Alabama (UA). The data of this research has been collected by an online survey which was conducted among the international students in Tuscaloosa area. Tuscaloosa is a town with a very few public transportations. The students who live outside of Tuscaloosa’s downtown area find it difficult for them to travel to the university. The study has shown that it is hard to travel without a personal vehicle. The international students who do not have a personal vehicle find it really difficult to travel to university. It has mentioned that The Tuscaloosa County Parking and Transit Authority (TCPTA) provides transportation services for a smaller area via bus, trains and trolleys. Since, International students don’t have any personal vehicle it is quite difficult for them to get the public transportation to travel to the city on weekends because transportation is limited on weekends. The survey has shown that the international students do not know all the transportation services which are currently available in Tuscaloosa. It is a duty of for the UA ISSS to help the international students to make them aware about the transportation facilities during their orientation period which were provided by the city.

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Harvard Reference:
Allen, J. and Farber, S. (2018) 'How time-use and transportation barriers limit on-campus participation of university students', Travel Behaviour and Society, 13(1), pp. 174-182 Science Direct [Online]. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/travel-behaviour-and-society (Accessed: 10 February 2023).

Review:
This article examines the factors which prevents university students attending for lectures in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Transportation and usage of time will be the causes which affects the attendance of the students. This research data has been drawn from a one-day travel survey from students across seven universities in the Greater Toronto Area.

By spending more time in on-campus is being successful in higher education. The students who attend universities has better grades and lower rates of students dropping out from school. Some students who lives in larger cities face bigger challenges in travelling to university and they have less time to spend on-campus due to the transportation and time. The students who travels from far usually takes the public transport to attend for universities since most of the students cannot afford private vehicles for travelling. According to the one-day travel survey, 64% students travels in public transportation, 18% by walking, 12% by driving and 6% by cycling. Majority of the students rely on public transportation because they live far from university in order to travel by walking or by cycling. Researchers have found that the students who lives far from the university has lower attendance rate than the students who live nearby. The main problem was transportation, there are suggestions that says the students who have busier lifestyles, who do more activities per day has less attendance to universities on a weekly basis. Also the students who travels by public transport and by driving has more expenses for example, the students who travels by public transit has to spend money on by tickets/ monthly passes. The students who travels by driving has to spend money on their insurance, car maintenance cost and parking. These facts are some of the financial barriers which affects the attendance of students at universities. Therefore, commute frequency shows that there’s a less number of students who attends to universities by public transit and by driving.

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Harvard Reference:
Reporters, O. (2023) Fuel crisis: Students battle for survival, The Nation Newspaper. Available at: https://thenationonlineng.net/fuel-crisis-students-battle-for-survival/ (Accessed: February 10, 2023).

Review:
This is a general article which is reliable, credible and trustworthy. This article is about how transportation affects the students at universities. This research tells us about how university students cope with the increased fares of transportation, fuel scarcity and attendance for universities.

The outrageous increment of fuel prices and fuel scarcity directly affects the fares of all modes of transportation. On the other hand, it is a major problem for the students who travels to universities. Therefore, many students find it difficult to travel either by their own vehicle due to the shortage of fuel or by public transport. Most of the university students skip classes and incur additional costs for transportation. Some of the students say that lack of fuel has made living off-campus harder. Since the cost of transportation has increased most of the students find it difficult to bear up the cost so they tend to stay at home and study rather than going to university. The frustration of students is even getting worse because they spend and sacrifice their time on roads staying in fuel queues and waiting for buses/trains. Most of the students are getting either late to attend to lectures, sometimes the lecturers would refuse them joining the class half way or else the students would miss the classes.

After all, students who are facing such challenges to attend universities urge the university student union to make enough transport facilities available to students as well. Therefore, the students will be able to attend to university without any hassle and it will not make students discouraging and tiring to attend to university.