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After this weeks readings about the 9/11 attack and the affects it had on immigrants, it is upsetting to learn more about how our nation treated individuals after events such as this just because they share a similar race or ethnicity. Actions that people took in our country after the 9/11 attack just builds stereotypes more.

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After reading this week's assigned readings, I was able to gain a deeper understanding of the effects the 9/11 terrorist attacks had on the Muslim communities. This was due to the fact the terrorists were later identified as Islamic extremists. In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, a surge of anti-Muslim discrimination commenced. There was a noticeable increase in Islamophobia which is defined as prejudice and hatred towards Islamic people. I also learned that during these times, hate crimes that targeted Muslims increased.

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After reading this week's reading, I feel that danger is all around us. Many people think that these terrorist incidents of bombing may only happen in big cities with large population like New York and Los Angeles, but I don't think so, because danger will always be everywhere, and it doesn't happen because some places are less populated.

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After reading this week's reading, I gained a better understanding of the 9/11 attacks and learned that many Muslims living in New York after the 9/11 attacks were affected in many ways, and everyone was hostile and discriminatory towards them, making their situation very difficult.

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After finishing this week's reading, I understood how the 9/11 attacks significantly impacted the Muslim community, including Arab Muslims in New York City. Following the attacks, many Muslims experienced hatred, discrimination, and violence. They came under increasing attention from the public and law police since they were frequently stereotyped as terrorists. As a result of the attacks, Islamophobia increased. In the passage, it is stated that “Emira Habiby-Browne, the director of the Arab-American Family Support Center in Brooklyn, spoke about the hostility many community members faced on the job, and the fear that spread as hundreds of Arab and Middle Eastern men were detained in secret by the federal government.”

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After reading "Oklahoma City Bombing News Coverage transcript" I can learned  this is a transcript of Peter Jennings and Erin Hayes' news report on the devastating terrorist attack in Oklahoma City. The explosion, inside a federal building, killed many people, including 17 children in a second-floor daycare center. The blast caused extensive damage to the nine-story building, shattering floors and offices. Witnesses said the blast was similar to an atomic bomb, causing ceilings to collapse and Windows to shatter. Rescue efforts have been challenging because of the chaos and the large number of injured people seeking help

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I learned this week that a crucial conflict in the American LGBT movement took place in 1977 in Miami. Anita Bryant and a group of conservative activists launched a campaign to get a Dade County law that prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation annulled. Bryant organized opposition to the proposal by starting the "Save Our Children" campaign because she believed it to be a threat to traditional family values. The campaign was successful, and a referendum led to the law's considerable repeal. The debate stoked the LGBTQ rights movement in the United States by encouraging protests and boycotts by gay rights activists and their allies against the repeal.

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The terrible event that occurred in Oklahoma City on April 20, 1995, refers to the explosion of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building by domestic terrorists Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols.  McVeigh and Nichols were motivated by anti-government and anti-law enforcement sentiments, and they sought to exact revenge on the federal government for perceived injustices, such as the Waco siege and Ruby Ridge event. Both national security policies and law enforcement strategies were significantly impacted by the Oklahoma City bombing, which at the time was the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in American history.

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After reading "An Undocumented Worker Describes the Impact of the World Trade Center Attack" and seeing what people had to go through after the attacks, it has allowed me to understand from a firsthand source what life was like after the attacks.  I have really only heard about the attacks but have never heard what life was like for the survivors after the attack. This source has allowed me to understand that life after the attacks was difficult. Many of those people had to start fresh and find a new job, which in the case was " the waiting and bartending, I was working for like seven years, before, that was my job. I was working in the World Trade Center, the second building ."

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After reading Emira Habiby-Browne's description of her thoughts on the events following the September 11th attacks, I feel immense disappointment in the morals of our nation. Her first thoughts was resemblance of Japanese Internment camps following Pearl Harbor, and she was afraid that herself and other Arab-Americans would be rallied up. I feel incredibly ashamed to live in a country which prides itself of its freedom, yet its own citizens are afraid of their rights being revoked at the actions of others, who they had nothing to do with.

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"Savagery in Oklahoma City" was an article that really shook me as I read. As it happened only two years after the fall of the World Trade Center, this tragic event really shook America about the horrors of Terrorism. These events really open the eyes of if we are really 100% safe on our own home soil. This should spark methods of safeguarding our safety and well-being and it has through improved airport security.

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After reading "Oral Histories" and thinking back to all the times my English teachers in high-school and middle-school talked about their experience being a teacher when 9/11 happened I came to realize that it was such a state of confusion for the students, especially the younger students, as highschooler kind of understood what is going on. And the adults trying very hard to keep calm. As someone is too young for 9/11 I have no experience in what they could've felt during the event however, all that I've heard from the people talking about it has told me that, depending on age, and where you are, the amount of confusing and fear differs.

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After this weeks recitation about the Oklahoma City bombing, it is frightening to learn that it was because the individual did not like how the U.S. government was handling things. Events like these are why it is important to have heavy security in various locations such as airports and government buildings.

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In the article  "Youths Hurl Stones in Buffalo, New York," the author explores the problem of racial youth violence in Buffalo, New York. According to the article, some black teenagers congregated on a street corner and started hurling stones at passing vehicles and people. When the police arrived on the scene, the fighting continued despite their efforts to stop. After reading this week reading, I believe the riots occurred as a result of pent-up frustration about the treatment of African Americans and their poor housing conditions.

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After reading "Savagery in Oklahoma City" I can understand why the United States wants to increase security after 9/11 because if it only happens once or twice at not really important areas (not saying Oklahoma is not important) but NYC its one of the most important cities for trade, stock, etc. After the precedent of the attack and then the 2 attacks for the world trade center, international travel should be checked.

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After talking and reading more about the Oklahoma City Bombing, I became more aware of domestic terrorism and what a big deal it can be. In the article "Savagery in Oklahoma City" it talks about how this is "the kind of crisis most residents probably assumed could only happen in New York or Los Angeles". I believe this to be a common thought as NYC and La are big populated cities with a strong federal presence this type of crisis can happen anywhere at anytime. As many people might be aware of the Oklahoma City bombing there are probably many more people have been directly or indirectly affected by the event.

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After reading about the Oklahoma Federal Building Bombing, I question the reasoning behind many actions of these people who would be considered terrorists. They are upset that the government is hostile towards illegal firearm markets, and respond with hostility by bombing the federal building, which many of the people inside did not have actual connection to sieges such as the Ruby Ridge siege. Instead of being hostile to the individuals who coordinated the Ruby Ridge raid, they bomb the federal building and now generally innocent and uninvolved government workers, as well as children in the on site daycare. Why should these children and parents suffer because of someone else's actions? It just comes off as being hostile for the sake of being hostile, instead of having proper reasoning and validity.

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After this weeks recitation,i learned, in the late 1970s, Bryant became a vocal opponent of gay rights, leading a campaign to repeal a nondiscrimination ordinance in Miami-Dade County, Florida.   This led to boycotts of orange juice and other Florida products, tarnishing Bryant's image and causing a decline in OJ sales.

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After this weeks recitation, it was really interesting to learn about the Buffalo riots through primary and secondary sources. It was eye opening to read the different perspectives of white individuals, black individuals, and police officers. It is important to understand all views of a situation before making conclusions.

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I was very interested to hear that there were civil rights riots here in Buffalo. This was the result of the poor treatment of the African American residents and the cramming of them into the small east side area. Something that I learned both in class and the readings was that the most police reports were bias and falsified during this time. These reports incriminated african americans way more than they should have been.

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After this weeks recitation and reading the texts, it seems like the riots started due to pent up frustration about how African Americans were treated and how they were living in areas of poor housing compared to the white people. It is upsetting to know that this still occurs today because of what happened in our past. Some African Americans are still separated by neighborhoods that have worse housing and dangerous environments.

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After reading  Preliminary Report, Buffalo 1967 i learned On April 14, 1967, a civil rights protest took place in Buffalo, New York. The protest was organized by local civil rights activists and community organizations to demand equal rights, an end to racial discrimination, and better living conditions for African Americans in Buffalo.

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The documents of the "Preliminary Report, Buffalo 1967" demonstrated how black individuals of Buffalo were crammed into housings which resulted in a riot that struck the east side of Buffalo. The night of June 28th, 40 people were hurt and 14 were hurt with gunshots. This really shook me as it showed how difficult it was for African Americans at the time to have stable housing and jobs.

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After reading the comic and watching the video, I learned that freedom came at a cost. The video consisted of demonstrating what happens to an individual when they lose their freedom. The comic described the downsides to communist ideals and made it easy to portray the ideas to a younger audience to understand.

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After reading the documents, it taught me about how poor the discrimination against African-Americans was in the later 1900's. It is a shame that people struggled to find jobs and housing and it completely shocks me about how these riots over inequality have occurred so comparatively recently, that many people alive during this period are still alive now. Many people would have guessed that these racial tendencies would have been longer ago, but it is rather sad that they were not.

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After reading the Preliminary Report, Buffalo 1967, I was able to gain a better look at what life was like for some people during this time. Their lives were made hard due to lack of jobs and multiple riots going on. There was also a big police presence in the area to help keep the violence to a minimum. This was keeping open jobs at a minimum and made it extremely difficult for people to find jobs.

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Reading the reports and what happened and how it started really showed me how desperate the African-Americans wanted change however, despite their intentions, the dangerous rioting is not something that should be done and while it is most likely falsify by the police to make it seem like the African-American are doing worst than they are actually doing this not something that would work as the report shows it only made them look worst. However it is not like they have much of a choice to get attention from people and maybe someone who would listen them.

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When I finished reading Fighting American I felt that it was used as a propaganda tool to counter communist propaganda. The characters make fun of the political climate at the time.

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After this weeks recitation, I find the approach to talking about freedom and politics quite interesting. This week consisted of a comic and a cartoon video. I feel like sometimes it is difficult for some people to understand concepts related to politics and the government, so this approach may make it easier to grasp the concepts through visuals. For example, the cartoon showed what happened when the characters signed away their freedom.

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After watching "make Mine Freedom" and reading fighting American comic, I was surprised that the idea and position of politics would be presented in an animated way or comics way, but the disadvantage of this is that if the animation or author itself is biased, then the children watching the animation or read the comics will also look at politics with such a bias.

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After reading the fighting american and speedboy comic, I thought it was interesting to see how the negative ideas about communists was conveyed to children through comic books. I can understand why they did it during that time however, I worry about the long term effects such as prejudice that could occur.

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After watching "Make Mine Freedom", I have learned that people had the opportunity give up freedom to help themselves, but also their families. This led them to think twice about giving up freedom and taking freedom for granted.

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After reading "Women on the Breadline" I learned that after the Wall Street crash in the 1930's, thousands of American families were affected by unemployment.  Many women were forced to take jobs as factory workers, and they lived together in cramped apartments.  They left home early in the morning and did not return home until late at night. These women became known as "breadline women".

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After watching the video Monument: the Untold Story of Stone Mountain, I learned that the carving of Stone Mountain was a 600-foot tall granite monolith in the state of Georgia, USA. The film tells the story of the carving of the mountain from 1921 to 1972, and features interviews with workers who carved the mountain, as well as white supremacists who used the mountain as a rally point for the Ku Klux Klan.  I learned that the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is a white supremacist group, and that many Americans still espouse the idea of white supremacy, something that is shameful for America, a country that aspires to freedom and fairness.

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After watching "Make Mine Freedom" I have learned that people had the oppoptunity to give up freedom to help themselves. But not only were they giving up their freedom but also thier families freedom.  This led to people changing their mind about giving up freedom for anyhting and taking freedom for granted. People then moved toward using their freedom after learning what could happen to their lives without freedom.

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I think it is amazing how people created comics to portray social issues. Comics are usually used as a form of entertainment readings but as they transformed and are utilized in the political field, it attracts more young adults to learn about history.

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I think it is very interesting how American entertainment is used to teach the youth about the negative things that come with Russians and communism. They mock Russian peoples, with something that stuck out to me was the way the Fighting American book describes was how 3000 years of the Khakalovitch clan has never used a bath. The description of these Russians as being extremely dirty is well beyond trying to teach truthful information about the downsides of the communist lifestyle, and rather to just make a laughing stock out of them, to place the American civilian as a superior to a Russian civilian, which is beyond borderline racism.

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I enjoyed watching the documentary. I was surprised to learn about Stone Mountain and how it was only finished until quite recently. It is relieving to know that people are standing up to have these monuments that represent old ideas taken down.

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When looking at women on the breadlines, a quote that stood out to me was, "That is her security. She has a tumour that she will die of". To me this speaks to the extent of how bad the great depression was, as the only security this women had during the great depression was neither house or money but was knowing that eventually she would die.

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After reading "Women on the Breadlines 1932", I realized how confused people were about their future during the Great Depression. People who had money became poor overnight, and people had no money to eat. The sad thing I saw in this reading was that some women relied on their beauty to make money in order to survive. I don't like the way it is, but there were many women who can't get jobs during the Great Depression.

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The Great Depression was truly considered one of the worst economic downturns in American history. This statement to me has been concrete after reading the story in "Women on the Breadline." People lined up hoping to get a job to feed themselves and their families. Also how they described starving in the city is a painful experience and most don't even have spare food rations in over a year!

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After reading "Women on the Breadline", I learned something about the impact of the depression on women at the time. The opportunities for the job are less than the number of women that want to find a job to take care of their family, and their children. Therefore, the living environment and the condition for most people is very difficult at that time.

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After reading "Women on the Breadline" in 1932 I gained an understanding of the experience of women waiting for employment at the Family Employment Bureau during the Great Depression. The women had been sitting in the office for hours, without breakfast, waiting for a job to come in. Hunger was always with them, and the women were humiliated by their situation. There are far more women than jobs, and most women have families to support. Some have left to find work and haven't returned. These women struggle to provide for themselves and their children, sometimes with help from charities.

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After reading "Women on the Breadlines (1932)" I have a better understanding of what life during the Great Depression was like for women and some men too. They were always on the look for a job but very little to no jobs at all were available. This made living for these people extremely difficult as they had to find ways to get food and eat as well as some of them having to feed their children aswell. This was very difficult for women since there were men who didnt even have jobs. Most were getting desperate at time since winter was right around the corner.

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After reading the letters from African-Americans to FDR, I felt very moved by the fact that these people couldn't even ask for help by name and had to send letters anonymously so that they wouldn't be punished and hurt for their actions, which is a very shameful fact about our American views on other races during this time period. The fact that the New Deal programs had major exclusion of non-white and non-male members is truly sad, and makes me frown on the New Deal more than I used to praise it before for how it helped during the Depression.

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After reading the letters that the Black Americans sent to president FDR I realize how desperate they are, that they are begging the president to help, normally you would consider asking neighbors friends etc before going to authorities but they are at the point where they have to ask the president of help really shows how back the situation is for them.

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After watching the assigned video, I am quite astonished as even till today, individuals in America attempt to recreate the past by abiding the ideals of the KKK. Despite this, there is new light as to moving forward with the removal of figures of the South in the Civil War such as Robert E. Lee.

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After watching this weeks video I feel like I have learned more about the South and who they were during that time as well as what people from the South believe and how they felt about the Confederacy. Stone Mountain was not even a place of any battles or fights during the Civil War.

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After watched the video "Monument: The Untold Story of Stone Mountain" I learned what K.K.K is and the video also showed us that there are still many Americans who espouse the idea of white supremacy, something that is shame for America, a country that aspires to freedom and fairness.

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After watching the video documentary of Stone Mountain, it makes me upset that the place of the largest confederate monument and rebirth of the KKK is a tourist destination and a "good place to visit with your family". I also think it is unfortunate that this mountain will forever be a symbol of white supremacy no matter how it is attempted to be changed.

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I watched the video "Monument: The Untold Story of Stone Mountain" this week. It introduced who were three people that were carved on the stone mountain. And also talk history about K.K.K rebuild. We heard many voices from the South area in this video.

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After watching this week's video, I think it is a documentary that can make us think. It introduces important chapters in American history. The monument has long been a source of controversy, as many see it as a symbol of racism and white supremacy. The documentary explores the monument's relationship to the Ku Klux Klan

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I thought the video this week, "Monument: The Untold Story of Stone Mountain," was very interesting because it talks about history and how regardless of how it occurs or how it is attempted to be changed; memory lasts longer and needs remedy outside of one kind of reform.

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After watching "Monument: The Untold Story of Stone Mountain" I really agree on the fact that we should preserve history, whether or not the piece of history is good or bad, we shouldn't be talking it away, we don't necessarily need to revere that history but it is history and should be kept, so it can be studied and learned from.

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This week's video helped me fully realize that Stone Mountain is not an honoring of an almost 150+ year old monument that has been created through heritages, and rather completed only in the later 1970's by southerners who continue their shared beliefs with their heritage. This is a very unfortunate showing of our country, as despite their claim, these standing by these beliefs and these figures shows extreme racism and shows no negative opinion on slavery. This makes the US look very poor as a model and makes the US the laughing stock of the world because there are citizens in the US who refuse to let people of different races be considered equal to the white man.

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This article is a speech by a woman who opposes women's suffrage. She believes that women's suffrage is anti-natural and that women do not have the right to vote physically, mentally, or spiritually. I disagree with her views. Everyone has the right to do what they want to do.

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After this weels reading i was more dissapointed then anything. I felt this because pf the lenghs people would go back thyen to keep women from voting. It reminds me of what they did to african amerivcans when they got the right to vote.I am happy that America has changed since then but how much has it changed we hear all the time on the news women being discrimnated at work and in other places so we still have more to go to make it equal in the states.

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After reading "Are Women People?" , when I saw "A Feminist… To think about her own affairs, as men don't think she oughter" I want to say, even now, with the efforts of generations of women, there are still many stereotypes that women should be at home all the time and doing housework. In some countries, men even feel shame about their wives if they have work. My idea is that all women must realize that they should not always be dependent on men and social stereotypes. Because most people who can speak up for women will be women. When there is a conflict of interest, we cannot expect others to come to our rescue. Still, many people don't realize this (Some people are even proud of being a dependent…).

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After this weeks readings, it is interesting to read about the different viewpoints back then and compare them to today. I feel like overall we have made major changes since then, but there are still changes that need to be put into action. I was surprised at the different reasons for why women were denied the right to vote. Some of the arguments were that women would not use that right, they would neglect their home duties, they would spend all of their time at the polls, women cannot understand politics, and they are too 'delicate'. I find these reasons to be upsetting and I am glad there has been some change.

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After reading the "vote against women's suffrage, I was shocked at the lengths that people would go to deny women the right to vote. I think it is assuming that the first reason to vote no against women's suffrage is that the "women of Georgia" don't want to vote. For me this takes complete credibility away from this paper as obviously they do, and if they don't want to vote it is due to voter intimidation. On that note I find it a shame that a reason why someone should vote no against women's suffrage is because the federal authorities will be watching over the elections. To me this is kind of saying that "we can't prevent women from voting using voter intimidation like we has used in the past". I also find it upsetting that the last reason is that "white supremacy must be maintained".

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After this weeks reading I learned that Alice Paul was a prominent figure in the women's suffrage movement  She worked to get the US Constitution's 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote. In her book "Are Women People," she uses humor, sarcasm, and rhyming to promote equality and  women's suffrage .

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After reading "Are Women People?" I see a lot of irony in this article, and many of the stereotypes of women in it still exist not only at that time, but even in today's age of gender equality. So I think it's not fair to women. Women can be themselves, and they can do whatever they want.

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Mary TylerWhat type of citizen rights , according to T. H. Marshall’ definition, covered by the poem?       - I think that all of the citizen rights according to T.H. Marshall’s definition are covered by the poem. Civil rights because women do not have the freedom of speech and cannot be involved as the men are in decision making and their voices are not appreciated. In addition, political rights because they cannot participate at all. Finally, social rights, because as the poem mentions, the woman does not even have a home. She has no security and pays taxes without representation.                                       Do you think any “right” mentioned in the poem but overlooked by T. H. Marshall?                                                     - I think that one could add the right of self expression, because women are not allowed to define their own roles are instead forced into them by men. Instead of deciding what they want to do or who they want to be and make decisions for themselves, they have every decision made for them and they are not even allowed to comment. 

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Mary TylerWhat type of citizen rights , according to T. H. Marshall’ definition, covered by the poem?       - I think that all of the citizen rights according to T.H. Marshall’s definition are covered by the poem. Civil rights because women do not have the freedom of speech and cannot be involved as the men are in decision making and their voices are not appreciated. In addition, political rights because they cannot participate at all. Finally, social rights, because as the poem mentions, the woman does not even have a home. She has no security and pays taxes without representation.                                       Do you think any “right” mentioned in the poem but overlooked by T. H. Marshall?                                                     - I think that one could add the right of self expression, because women are not allowed to define their own roles are instead forced into them by men. Instead of deciding what they want to do or who they want to be and make decisions for themselves, they have every decision made for them and they are not even allowed to comment. 

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Mary Tyler :)

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After reading Marie Jenney Howe's "Suffrage on Stage" in 1913, I was quite interested in how she arranged her arguments. It was said that Marie J. Howe arranged her arguments in couplets so the reader can at least agree on one point or the other. The reasoning for this is to show both sides of the argument that the anti-suffragists attempt to make a fool out of. The arguments that the anti-suffragists made were that women were not logical and make decisions based on emotions. Especially the last section where she was rather sarcastic at how women cannot think for themselves as to how they picture the terrors after election day. For example, "And how shall I picture to you the terrors of the day after election? Divorce and death will rage unchecked, crime and contagious disease will stalk unbridled through the land. Oh, friends, on this subject I feel- I feel, so strongly that I can-not think!"

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After reading "Are Women People?" I've learned that it is filled with irony and satire that while is funny to read in the current day is actually what some people thinking these days regardless of women or men, I've realize that after all these years, not much has changed in the way that many thinks about the roles of men and women as they did before. However, I am still hopeful as there has been drastic law changes made to allow women to work, to allow women to vote, to change how majority of men feel about women doing these things.

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After this weeks readings I think that women were treated poorly as they had little to no rights at all. Women attempted to make many different attempts to gain suffrage, in which most of them were shut down.  In the Tulsa Daily Word "Discriminating Against Mother" asks many questions regarding women's suffrage and each question give a reason as to why women should not get suffrage. The biggest example of this being the question "Who Would Vote if Woman Suffrage Came?" the response to this question is no better than the question having to be asked in the first place. The response to that particular question was "Not the Mothers, they are too busy to engage in politics, and they seldom vote."  This response is saying that women that are mothers would not vote because they are too busy to get involved in politics and they hardly ever vote.

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I found the writing by Marie Jenney Howe actually amusing to read in the ways that she objectified herself and women in a satirical way to make the point across about how ridiculous some of the arguments that men make against women's suffrage. The way she makes examples about how mentally unfit women are voting wise as being too "inferior minded" when she makes claims such as "when I look around me at the men; I feel that God never meant us women to be too particular." saying that women's purpose from god was to just be a wife without the factors of love or partnership even guaranteed.

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Reading this week's article I believe the text is a letter or manifesto written by the California Workers' Party in the late 1800s expressing their frustration with what they saw as a wealthy elite exploiting the working class and the nation's resources. Overall, the letter provides insight into the economic and social conditions of California in the late 1800s and the challenges faced by the working class during that period.

Shu Wan I appreciate you word selection of manifesto, which is true! And it is also true it discrible the situation of working class at that time.

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After reading this week's articles, Dennis Kearney was an Irish immigrant who became the leader of the California Workingmen's Party. An interesting line he always ends all of his speeches with his "And whatever happens, the Chinese must go." However, his actions and movement were short-lived as he was attempting to increase the power of the working class. I also learned that this was due to him being well known for his anti-Chinese activism.

SHu Wan: good points and I may say the Irish immigrant leader is also known for pioneering in labor activism

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After this weeks reading,  I learned that Denis Kearney was an Irish-born California labor activist  in the late 19th century and was well-known for his anti-Chinese agitation. He was the leader of California's Workingmen's Party. He and his supporters pressured San Francisco employers into not hiring people of Chinese heritage.
Shu Wan: I love your review! BTW there is a tricky thing that the Chinese in CA at that time were mostly 1st gen immigrants, so they might have been considered people of Chinese "heritage."

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After reading, the fight begins at home written by Jewett, I was happy to find out that there are people such as B. E. G. Jewett who would stand up against the "veil of prejudice that men like Kearney and Knight erected against Asian immigrants." During class discussion and within the readings, you don't hear much about other americans standing up against this injustice so it is nice to hear. In his letter to the Detroit Socialist, a point he makes that stands out to me is that the "chinaman" have come here using the money out of their own pocket and have just as much right to be here as the other groups.

Shu Wan: good point! The last point involve the sprit of the US constitution back to the American revolution, which involves the right to vote in association with the taxation.

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After this weeks readings, I think that Dennis Kearney is xenophobic. Kearney uses racist terms to identify the Chinese laborers. He also talks about how California can only be all American or Chinese, and that they are willing to make it all American no matter what.
I also feel that the case with Wong Kim Ark fighting for his citizenship is very important. Without this case, it could have been years until any progress was made.

Shu Wan: good point！

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After reading “Our Misery and Despair”: Kearney Blasts Chinese Immigration, I think Kearney and Knight tried to transfer the dissatisfaction of white laborers with low wages and low working opportunities to Chinese laborers. Similarly, capitalism (rich people) transfers workers' dissatisfaction with wages to their customers (employees will blame low tips instead of low wages paid by their employer).
But this is wrong, and capitalism should be responsible for what has gone wrong with the market.

Shu Wan: good comments! BTW, Irish immigrants were not viewed as white in the late 19th century.

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After reading "“Our Misery and Despair”: Kearney Blasts Chinese Immigration" I think that Kearney is in the wrong for saying "To add to our misery and despair, a bloated aristocracy has sent to China—the greatest and oldest despotism in the world—for a cheap working slave." Meaning that wealthy people were sent to China to find cheap working slaves.  This is not right by any means and showed that Kearney thought highly of himself and did what would make him richer and more successful.
Shu Wan: good point!

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After reading "Our Misery and Despair", I can easily conclude that Denis Kearny is xenophobic and will go to lengths of making false claims to attempt to justify his argument against Chinese-Americans. He makes opposing arguments against himself, as he describes that the US "permitted them to become immensely rich against all sound republican policy", yet later describes how white men are losing their jobs because these same Chinese men are taking the jobs for cheaper pay. How would these men become rich if they are working for cheaper than the average white man? This just proves that he would go to lengths to push the downfall of Chinese workers in the US.

Shu Wan: I very like your comments! Here is a tricky thing you may want to know: Irish immigrants were not viewed as "white" in the late 19th century. If you are interested in why they were not "white," you may consider reading the following book（https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_the_Irish_Became_White/fqUAzhs-FLEC?hl=en&gbpv=0)

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‘...from time to time a study comes along that truly can be called ‘path breaking,’ ‘seminal,’ ‘essential,’ a ‘must read.’ How the Irish Became White is such a study.’ John Bracey, W.E.B. Du Bois Department of Afro-American Studies, University of Massachussetts, Amherst

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After reading "Native Born Chinese", I am very glad that the case of Wong Kim Ark won in his favor as I am also a Chinese born in American and I can't imagine life where I would be discriminated against openly if the judge ruled against him and there is a precedent for denying citizenship again American born Chinese.

Shu Wan: good opinion!

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The "Triangle Shirtwaist Company", the working conditions were deplorable, and how some could be payed with a little Apple Pie. Seeing how the United States has work safety laws and work wage laws, we should be happy we aren't working in the same conditions as those before us. There was no overtime pay, it was overcrowded, doors being locked, and even if there was a windows, you most likely aren't allowed to open it. Then, when I read about the fire and seeing all the pictures about it, it was ironic. The building looked sound from the outside, but completely horrific on the inside. People worked, others wanted that work but what happens on the inside doesn't represent the outside. Then when the Fire Chief himself went inside to check, he is used to seeing horrors, he came out horrified, "staggered..quivering lips". That alone speaks volume on what occurred in that building. Those who come from other countries to work in the US are grateful, the countries around the world exploit their workers and want to get ever ounce of work out of them. I've heard of getting a paid deduction just from drinking water for too long.

Shu Wan: yes, the early capitalist society was much crueler.

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After reading Working for the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, I had a deep understanding of the working state of the workers at that time.   They start at 7:30, and in busy seasons, we work until 9 p.m.   They don't get any overtime pay, and they don't get any night money.   But that is becoming less common in the United States.   Although it's still happening all over the world.
Shu Wan: good observation

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After reading "Our Misery and Despair”: Kearney Blasts Chinese Immigration", I think

Dennis Kearney is very xenophobic. Throughout the article, he used a lot of bad words to describe the Chinese, and always felt that because the Chinese accepted cheap labor and caused Native Americans to lose their jobs opportunities, I think it's not true since why Native Americans can not like Chinese to accept this kind of job?

Shu Wan: thanks for your comments but I may reemphasize the following fact: Kearney was also an immigrant, and he migrated from Ireland. And the term native American refers to American Indian and I suppose you may want to refers to white Americans.

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After reading the linked articles in regarding the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, I came to a conclusion that the working conditions were unacceptable. How the working women in this factory were treated like dispensable tools with very little pay.  Although after the tragedy of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, US standard working and safety laws have been put into place. It truly makes you realize that even to today, terrible working conditions and low pay are not eradicated across the world. Cheap labor and sweatshops will always prevail as countries around the world find it very economically efficient. For example, the Zhili Factory Fire in 1993 is a clear showcase that globally speaking, we have not progressed to accommodate adequate working conditions.

Shu Wan: I agree with you. you may know the term "International industrial transfer," which refers to the "migration" of factories and jobs from rich to poor countries. In my view, it is also a process of transfer of terrible working conditions.

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According to the reading, a fire started on the Triangle Shirtwaist factory's upper floors on March 25, 1911. The Triangle Waist Company's tight garment factory, located on the eighth, ninth, and tenth levels of the Asch Building in lower Manhattan, was completely destroyed by fire. Many of the young women employees, who were mostly recent immigrants from Europe, had little time or chance to leave the workplace. The reading describes how the working environment was harsh and terrible. The works have to work in this terrible working condition with little to no pay.

Shu Wan" good point!

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After reading, Working for the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, made me realize really how much work safety laws have changed. Just reading about how they barely made a living wage, and how the doors would be locked so they wouldn't be able to leave was eye-opening. It's crazy to think that it took lives to be lost in order for action to be taken. Thankfully work safety laws have been in put place ever since, and have been evolving in the U.S. It pains me to think that there are still similar working conditions in some factories in other parts of the world.

Shu Wan: it is true that some workingmen and working women are still suffering terrible working conditions across the world

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After learning more about the Triangle Shirtwaist company, I have realized just how bad the working conditions were and how the fire could have been prevented. The factory was overcrowded with workers, there were not proper escape exits, the fire escape door was locked and the floor was littered with excess material. The workers were treated unfairly as well; they did not get fair pay, they worked long hours, they were not allowed to talk to each other, their meals were constricted and they did not receive enough breaks. Overall, reading about the details of the company and the fire is sad, especially since it could have been prevented.

Shu Wan: I agree that the disaster should have been avoided. That is reason why working women in the industry became more active in labor union after the fire.

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After reading Frederick Douglass's reading I think reconstruction and especially in the south was not successful at all. This is because they didn't follow the rules and would find any loophole possible to the forced amendments. We would see this even 100 years later in the united states where they would do anything to keep the freed slaves and their generations segregated.

Shu Wan: I agree with you. You may search the lawsuit
Arthur v. Nyquist 1976 about educational desegregation in Buffalo

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After reading Frederick Douglass reading, I think that former slaves were still treated unfairly even after laws were put into place. The 14th and 15th amendments were put into place to grant citizenship to those born in the U.S. and allow all men to vote. However, the formerly enslaved people were still treated like slaves and were put into social slavery when convicted of a crime. They were also discouraged to vote by guards with guns at voting places that were there to scare people. Also, the south used black codes that restricted freedom for people of color and treated them unjustly. Overall, former slaves were left with nothing after being 'freed' and continued to be discriminated against.

Shu Wan: I agree, freedom is not just being free but requires some material support. This idea also comes from Marxism

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After reading, Working for the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, it has opened my eyes to the inhumane working conditions in these factories. I was surprised to learn that you could be fired for talking to your coworker. This is something that I personally would struggle with. While thankfully working conditions like this don't exist in America, this reading does remind me that these inhuman working conditions do sadly exist in other places in the world.

Shu Wan: it is true that factory owners in the remaining parts of world still punish their employees by talks. At least in China, it was still terrible when I was a kid (in the early 2000s).

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After reading "Working for the Triangle Shirtwaist Company" by Pauline Newman and Joan Morrison I feel that I have gained a more in depth knowledge of the harsh working environments people faced during this time period. I also have learned that the pay for the factory workers was not great and they only " had one half hour for lunch and nothing for supper or anything like that." (Pauline Newman, Working for the Triangle Shirtwaist Company) for working from 7:30 - 9:00.

Shu Wan: good argument and observation！you may also reference Chaplin's film Modern Times

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After learning more about the Triangle Shirtwaist, conditions in the United States have drastically improved throughout the years. In modern-day, the United States has one of the highest regulated workers' protections in the world. But however, it does not even come close to the rest of the world. Many countries in the world are still exploiting workers to this day and there are harsh workplaces that they still have to work in. Even though the United States has improved its priorities to workers, some other countries have their priorities set on their own economies and not their workers.

Shu Wan: good points! you may think about why American society may be better in factory workers's working condition? Labor Union!

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Week 1 - Mattie LaFratta After reading Fredrick Dougles. I feel like a learned a great deal and it taught alot. It explained things very well and the reading kept me interested. I feel like it focused alot on parts of that history time period as well. Which helps.

Shu Wan: thanks for your comments

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After reading “Working for the Triangle Shirtwaist Company by Pauline Newman and Joan Morrison”, I think the environment of the factory is very terrible, more than 200 people need to be squeezed into a very small space, the air is not fresh and that’s very bad for worker’s health. Also that all the workers don’t have freedom, even their meal times will be tightly controlled. And their working hours are very unreasonable, too, and the wages don’t match either.

Shu Wan: I totally agree with you. If you happen to be familiar with marxism, you may think about the suitability of the term "alienation" to those working women's situations.

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After reading Frederick Douglass reading, I think that in the 1880's despite passing the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments, which Douglass wanted the southern states to follow, he was disappointed to see that some southern states nullified those two amendments.

Shu Wan's feedback:  I agree with you about Douglass's disappoint of the failure of Reconstruction, which was "nullified" by the Southern former-pro-slavery states.

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After reading the Frederick Doug;ass reading, I think that while the 14th and 15th amendments were passed, the enforcement of the new laws was inefficient and led to the southern states still having residents with slaves, as well as many hate crimes and laws passed to effectively re-enslave freedmen. They were also given no new opportunities, and were effectively kept under a boot despite the new laws.

Shu Wan's feedback: I very much appreciate your use of the term hate crime, which might refers to lynching and KKK in the South.

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After reading Douglas' book, I feel like the southern slaves liberated from the north were never liberated. It wasn't installed, so the rebuild was a failure. Some slaves worked and lived with their former masters and were paid a salary. They are free people, but people treat them like slaves. Many white men threatened many slaves who wanted to vote. Reconstruction failed absolutely and discrimination endured after liberation.

Shu Wan feedback: I agree with you. The slavery was ended after the Civil War but the shackles was not removed. Former enslaved people were still mistreated.

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After reading the Frederick Douglas reding I think its obvious to see that although the legality of slavery has been dismissed and rights were given we continued to see a lack of acknowledgment within the country. I think Frederick Douglas makes an interesting point when referring to how Russia dealt with a similar situation. So called freedom was admitted but former slaves were left with very little to prosper from as well as almost no ability for growth of any kind.

Shu Wan Feedback: I very much appreciate your comparison between the situations of enslaved people in the US and serfs in Imperial Russia. I recommend you may consider slavery globally, which was not just in US.

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In most Southern states, the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were effectively dead. This shows that slaves still do not have the rights and security they deserve

Shu Wan: I agree with you!

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After reading Frederick Douglass's reading, I think that reconstruction has failed. While reconstruction helped unify the nation and ratified the 13th, 14th, 15th amendments, how can it be a success if the former slaves(who these laws where meant to protect) were oppressed and essentially not allowed to vote or have the freedoms given within the amendments. I think to myself- How can it be a success if the amendments were "invisible" ?

Shu Wan Feedback: I think it could not be successful. As you mentioned, the Reconstruction has two purposes: unifying the nation and ending racial inequality. Whose nation in the historical contexts? Maybe white men's nation. So the remaining of slavery and its spirit became the "price" of unifying the white men's nation.

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After reading Douglass's reading, I feel like that the southern slaves that was "freed" by the north wasn't actually "freed". All the people that were freed has no land, no jobs, no where to live. They were given an empty slate in which they have to work even harder to find somewhere just to survive. Reconstruction was a huge failure because the people that were freed were not given any compensation that happened and did not get any "boost" to start a new life. Some slaves might even go back to work with the old masters just to live and get "paid". People also treated them like slaves too even though they were free people. Many white people threatened many slaves that try to vote. All together reconstruction was a failure and still there is discrimination after the slaves were freed.

Shu Wan: I agree with you. It is totally true that some former enslaved people obtained freedom but had no fortune.

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After reading Frederick Douglass reading, I think at that time in 1880 people of color was still threated like slaves even when the 14th and 15th amendment was establish. According to the reading, Douglass states " To this end, several amendments to the constitution were proposed, recommended, and adopted....This is our condition on paper and parchment.......We have laid the heavy hand of the constitution upon the matchless meanness of caste,......in most of the Southern States, the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments are virtually nullified." This demonstrates his argument that despite the amendment being written into law, people continued to treat them like slaves. Douglass wanted to end slavery in all of its forms and features and enhance the moral and intellectual development of people of color.

Shu Wan's feedback: I very appreciate you comments! This is true that the "legal" slavery was ended after the Civil War but its "spectre" was still haunting America.

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After reading Frederick Douglass reading, I think that the fact that the 14th and 15th amendments being effectively "nullified" in the southern states is a great tragedy and a signifiant example to be used to argue that reconstruction was a failure, in the aspect of giving equal rights and opportunities to past slaves. A thought that could be drawn from this is that due to this, there would always be discrimination in the southern states, not in a legal way, but in a social aspect, and was never truly fixed up to current date, since there tends to be more prevalent African-American discrimination in 2023 in the southern states compared to most other states.

Shu Wan's feedback: I love your comments on the continuing existence of discrimination! That is why scholarly use the term "institutional discrimination." It is not just a certain person or agency's fault, the whole society should be responsible for racial injustice!

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After reading Frederick Douglass reading, I think

OR

Answer to Question 1: I think Frederick Douglass might disagree with..