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Eosinophil granules are dull orange to grey in colour, round, and vary in size

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Common to see anisocytosis
Giant forms may occur

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Extremely little to no anisocytosis present
Occasional H-J bodies found
Immature RBC's are never found

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Slight anisocytosis usually present
H-J bodies in up to 1% of cells
Can see up to 10% Heinz bodies

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Extremely little to no anisocytosis present
Normal to see up to 50% target cells

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Bovine RBC's on average are slightly smaller than canine RBC's, around the same size as feline RBC's

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Equine RBC's on average are the smallest of the species listed

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Feline RBC's on average are slightly smaller than canine RBC's, around the same size as bovine RBC's

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Canine RBC's are the largest on average compared to the other species

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Bovine RBC's have a small amount of central pallor

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Equine RBC's have a small amount of central pallor, less than the other species

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Feline RBC's have a smaller amount of central pallor

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Canine RBC's have the greatest amount of central pallor of all 4 species

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It is abnormal to see any rouleaux formation in the bovine patient

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Rouleaux formation is very common to see in equine patients

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A small-medium amount of rouleaux formation can be considered normal in the feline patient

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A small amount of rouleaux formation can be considered normal in the canine patient

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The amount considered normal to be seen

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smaller than polychromatophil
central pallor (nucleus has ejected)
red/pink in colour

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larger in size
nucleus has ejected

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smaller
nucleus preparing to eject
more red/pink colour to cytoplasm

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slightly smaller
nucleus even more condensed
red/pink coloured cytoplasm

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slightly smaller
nucleus is more condensed
lighter blue coloured cytoplasm

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blue cytoplasm
large nucleus

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rare

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2-10% of WBCs

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3-10% of WBCs

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12-30% of WBCs

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60-77% of WBCs

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6-17 thousand

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200-500 thousand

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5.5-8.5 million

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7% of plasma proteins

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38% of plasma proteins

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55% of plasma proteins

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7% of plasma

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91% of plasma

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2% of plasma

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45% of blood

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55% of blood

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7% of body weight

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circulating WBC's

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WBC's in tissues/fluids

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leukopoietic tissue in the red marrow

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brighter pink/orange granules in most species, except dogs; dull pink/grey granules

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primary function is phagocytosis of bacteria
also secrete enzymes that aid in extracellular digestion

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bright orange/pink cytoplasmic granules

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detoxifiers; attracted to/inhibit chemical mediators of inflammation
also kill larval stage parasitic worms

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light to dark purple granules

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primary role is to increase inflammation by degranulating + releasing chemical mediators of infection; ie. allergies

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generally smaller, with less cytoplasm

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light to dark blue

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responsible for humoral immunity
transform into plasma cells which secrete antibodies
antibodies deactivate some antigens (primarily extracellular; bacteria)

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responsible for cell-mediated immunity
transform into "killer cells" which directly attack antigen
effective against intracellular pathogens; fungi, parasites, viruses, cancer cells, foreign tissue transplant

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nucleus is round (often w/ a small indent) to oval

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generally larger, w/ more cytoplasm

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grey/blue and often vacuolated

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nucleus is often bi-lobed, but can be any shape

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responsible for:
phagocytosis/microbiocidal activity of fungi, protozoa, viruses + some bacteria that are not handled well by neutrophils; tuberculosis
processing + presenting antigens to lymphocytes
secrete interleukins which stimulate lymphocytes
tumoricidal
secrete interferons that are antiviral, and CSFs that stimulate hematopoiesis

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are not confined to the vascular system
are motile cells, migrate into tissues/body cavities to carry out most of their functions
have a "one way street"; they do not return to the bloodstream

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produced in red bone marrow, complete maturation in bone marrow

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produced in red bone marrow, complete maturation in thymus

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at completed maturity, become immunocompetent + develop receptors for specific antigens
wait in tissues (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils etc)for exposure to antigens
proliferate to form clones to fight antigen when they receive signals;
1. antigen recognition through receptors
2. co-stimulation by interleukins
now activated, and carry out immune functions

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CSF's stimulate production
released as monocytes into circulation, then migrate to tissues + transform into macrophages

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specific cytoplasmic granules appear at myelocyte stage

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CSF's stimulate granulopoiesis
produced in red bone marrow, most mature cell is released first
take 3-5 days to fully mature

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circulate ~7hrs, live in tissues for 2-3 days