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The influence of globalization on Swedish cuisine and food habits as well as language has led to various good and bad effects for the preservation of Swedish culture. Cultural globalization is the cultural exchange of ideas and views between different cultural viewpoints. Sweden is a scarcely populated country situated in the north of Europe with a population of 10 million. It has a rich cultural heritage that has been shaped by its abundant history and people. The official language that is spoken in Sweden is Swedish, Swedish is a north Germanic language that is closely related to Norwegian and Danish. Some of its traditional cuisine includes meatballs, salmon, crayfish and potatoes. Due to the various impacts that globalization has on societies around the world, globalization is leading us to all become one homogenized culture, this can be identified in Swedish society.

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Mini introduction for yes, the Swedish language has been influenced by globalization. 

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Mini introduction for yes, the Swedish language has been influenced by globalization. 

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The Swedish language has been in consistent interaction with different languages such as low German and French, throughout the language's long history. In recent times, even though the languages are different the effect is still very similar,  due to the recent immigration wave from the middle east into Europe, various new phrases and slang has been brought into Sweden. Another way that the Swedish language is hybridized is due to the increase in English and American media consumption as well as the increase in usage of English in school. This has increased the amount of foreign vocabulary used in Sweden.

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Språket blir mer informellt

Sedan 1970-talet har det pågått en utveckling mot ett alltmer informellt språk, i både tal och skrift.

Direkt, personligt tilltal har blivit vanligare. I stället för Den som kör bil på vintervägar, ska köra lite långsammare skriver man oftare i dag Om du kör bil på vintervägar, ska du tänka på att köra lite långsammare. Vi tilltalar varandra med du och förnamn i stället för Ni, titel eller efternamn, som var vanligt förr. Den utvecklingen beror på att samhället blivit mer jämlikt.

Tydligast är det informella språket i snabba medier som chatt, sms och Twitter, där man ofta skriver snabbt och talspråkligt och med korta, ofullständiga meningar och många förkortningar. Vissa sådana språkdrag slår även igenom i medierna, inte minst i tv, reklam och bloggar.

Myndighetstexterna har blivit enklare och begripligare. Detta är delvis en del av den allmänna språkutvecklingen, delvis ett resultat av ett medvetet språkarbete på många myndigheter, så kallat klarspråksarbete.

Engelskan blir alltmer dominerande

Vi har fått ett ökat inflytande av engelska. Många svenskar är dessutom bra på engelska och ser det som sitt andraspråk. Samtidigt minskar kunskaperna i språk som tyska och franska.

Vi lånar in allt fler engelska ord och uttryck: e-mail, date, swipe, tags. De flesta nyorden och de viktiga och frekventa orden i samhället är dock fortsatt svenska, och många lånord får försvenskad stavning och böjning: mejl, dejt, svajpa, taggar. Vissa lån av skrivregler, som engelsk genitivapostrof och punkt som decimaltecken ( Anna's, FM 105.5), förekommer parallellt med svenska former ( Annas, FM 105,5).

Det som påverkar svenskan mest är språksituationer där man nästan helt övergår till att använda engelska. Inom svensk högskola och forskning skrivs till exempel i dag de flesta avhandlingar och vetenskapliga artiklar på engelska. Engelska är också koncernspråk på många storföretag, och engelska förekommer ofta i reklam och medietexter. Engelska och svenska kommer därför alltmer att användas parallellt i det svenska samhället. Svenskan används dock fortfarande på de allra flesta områden och i stort står svenskan mycket stark om man jämför med andra språk i världen.

Andra språk påverkar också

Det talas betydligt fler språk i Sverige än för ett par decennier sedan, i dag runt 200 modersmål, och därför även mer andraspråkssvenska. Arabiskan är i dag på väg att gå om finska som det näst största språket i Sverige, och både arabiskan och nationella minoritetsspråk som finska, romska och samiska har blivit synligare i samhället.

Svenskan i sig påverkas dock mycket lite av dessa språk. Men det finns sociolekter med språkliga drag från vissa invandrarspråk. Sådana drag används ibland även av ungdomar utan invandrarbakgrund. Några exempel:

Ord som keff (arabiskt ord för 'dålig') och aina (turkiskt ord för 'polis').

Vissa språkdrag som är otypiska för standardsvenskan, till exempel utelämning av prepositioner, som i De låg sängen (för De låg på sängen), och annan ordföljd, som i Då han kom inte (för Då kom han inte).

Text och tal lever både åtskilda och tillsammans

På ett sätt lever skriftspråket i dag alltmer åtskilt från talspråket: det är ett språk för ögat, inte för högläsning.

Ett tecken på det är en ökning av säljande text som vill synas i informationsflödet, som logotypskrivningar (iPhone, eBay) och särskrivningar (Potatis Gratäng).

Ett annat tecken är att vissa texttyper blivit informationstätare, med kortare och mer kompakta meningar. Folk har blivit beredda att låna alltmer när de ska köpa bostad eftersom räntorna har sänkts skrivs i stället Låneviljan vid bostadsköp har ökat på grund av räntesänkningarna. En sådan mening är lätt att läsa tyst men svårare att tolka och lyssna till.

Skriftspråkets ställning märks också på att uttalet av många ord blivit mer skriftspråkslikt de senaste decennierna: vi läser oftast ut verbändelser (hittade, inte bara hitta) och ord som och och att läses ut som de skrivs (inte bara som å).

Samtidigt kan man säga att talet och skriften på olika sätt närmat sig varandra.

Många stavningsformer som förr ansågs talspråkliga är i dag vanliga i tidningstext och annan sakprosa: sen för sedan, nån för någon, sa för sade, dan för dagen.

I många vardagliga textgenrer och i talspråksnära elektroniska medier som chatt är talspråksformer vanliga.

Många texttyper blir i dag alltmer informella, vilket samtidigt gör att texterna blir längre.

Tekniken påverkar på olika sätt

Teknikutvecklingen med datorer och mobiltelefoner gör att vi skriver väldigt mycket mer i dag än för ett par decennier sedan, både på fritiden och i arbetet.

Vi skriver i fler kommunikationsmedier och i fler textgenrer, som webbtexter, e-post, chatt, sms, bloggar och andra sociala medier. I Sverige, där internet- och mobilanvändningen är ovanligt hög, sker en stor del av människors kommunikation i sociala medier och i kommunikationstjänster som Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram och Youtube.

Även kommunikationen mellan medborgare och svenska myndigheter sker i dag i hög grad via webbtjänster och sociala medier, vilket bidragit till att göra myndighetsspråket enklare och mer informellt.

Hög användning av små skärmar på mobiltelefoner och surfplattor främjar teknikutveckling mot film (på bekostnad av text), upplästa texter (talsyntes, skärmläsare) och talbaserade gränssnitt (Apples Siri, Skype etc.).

Men språksystemet är stabilt

Förändringarna ovan gäller i första hand ordförråd och stil. Vi får en större språklig variation: fler kommunikationsmedier, texttyper, genrer och språk. Det grundläggande svenska språksystemet - stavning, böjning, ordbildning, skrivregler, grammatik - förblir dock stabilt. Små förskjutningar här och var kan ändå ses. Några exempel på förändringar:

Det finns en ökad osäkerhet i användningen av pronomenformerna de och dem. Objektsformen dem sätts ibland som subjekt, och subjektsformen de tvärtom ibland som objekt: Dem var glada. Hon skrattade åt de. Många tror att dom, som förr mest fungerat som talspråksform, därför kan komma att ersätta de och dem helt i framtiden.

Könsneutrala ord har blivit vanligare i svenskan de senaste åren, till exempel talesperson för talesman. Samtidigt har det könsneutrala pronomenet hen etablerats och blivit mycket vanligt; pronomenet en används dessutom ibland som ett könsneutralt alternativ till pronomenet man. Äldre kvinnliga former som lärarinna och skådespelerska försvinner; i stället används lärare och skådespelare könsneutralt. A-böjning av adjektiv har blivit något vanligare i framför allt myndighetstexter, eftersom den av många upplevs som mer könsneutral: Kära kund! (i stället för Käre kund!), Vår nya chef Bo Ek (i stället för Vår nye chef Bo Ek).

Infinitivmärket att slopas oftare: Hon lovade (att) försöka (att) börja (att) sluta (att) röka. Vid hjälpverbet kommer är att-strykning frivilligt. Att det ofta skrivs utan att är inte så konstigt med tanke på att många andra hjälpverb alltid skrivs utan att.

Predikativen böjs i dag oftare efter betydelsen, trots att det rent grammatiskt inte stämmer med subjektet: laget var otränade, barnet är sjuk (i stället för laget var otränat, barnet är sjukt).

Latinska ord böjs alltmer sällan enligt latinska böjningsregler utan får försvenskade eller nya böjningsmönster: ord som gymnasium och seminarium skrivs ofta gymnasie, seminarie, och latinska pluralformer som media och data är i dag helt etablerade även som singularord: svensk media, öppen data.

S-plural är i dag en del av det svenska böjningssystemet, till exempel i många engelska och spanska lånord: fans, shorts, situps, tacos etc.

Text: Avdelningen Språkrådet vid Institutet för språk och folkminnen

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Hur förändras svenskan? - Svenska institutet

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Svenskan förändras ständigt, precis som andra språk. Här lyfter vi fram några viktiga utvecklingstendenser i svenskan.

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Yes, globalization has had a large effect on the language usage in Sweden due to the increased exposure to foreign (specifically American) media

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Yes, globalization has had a large effect on the language usage in Sweden due to the increased exposure to foreign (specifically American) media

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Globalization has had a large impact on the Swedish language, due to it allowing for Swedish to interact with various foreign cultures. This is occurring in today's day and age, since globalization has led to various different cultures interacting and exchanging vocabulary. Globalization in Sweden has led to Swedes being exposed to more English words through the media, therefore Swedes have developed a tendency to use English more frequently which has led to a hybridization between the languages. A large reason behind this is because cultures have become more interconnected through globalization, which allows for Swedes to have more access to foreign (especially American and english speaking) media. Thus Sweden is subjected to linguistic imperialism since English Media influences Swedes through the consumption of movies (Svenska Institutet, translation: Swedish Institute). This is because Sweden does not dub a lot of movies, therefore many Swedes watch movies in English with subtitles instead of in their mother tongue. The side effect of this is that Swedes are exposed to a lot of English vocabulary instead of Swedish, which increases English influence in the usage of the Swedish language and leads to a linguistic hybridization between the languages. The consumption of English media has a large effect on the Swedish youth since they like to keep up with global trends. This means that many younger Swedes watch more English speaking movies than Swedish, which leads to Swedes being more exposed to English than Swedish. This alters their vocabulary completely since people tend to pick up words and ways of speaking from the people around them and the media that they consume. Due to this, the English language is linguistically being diffused into Swedish. Another reason why the usage of English vocabulary in Sweden (especially among younger generations) is on the rise, is because in school a lot of resources are in English since the vast majority of research is recorded in English. This means that many students develop a tendency to use English vocabulary when talking with their friends about school or outside of school activities. According to Svenska Institutet (translation: Swedish Institute) English is used parallel to Swedish more and more in Swedish society in recent years. This will lead to cultural imperialism since the languages and the way members of a culture communicate has a lot to do with their culture, therefore if the language is suspected to change then so is the culture. Moreover, a factor that has changed the language usage in Sweden is the hybridization that immigration has dealt to the Swedish language. As Swedish comes in contact more and more with foreign cultures, the more foreign slang is used in Swedish society. This is already visible in Swedish society, especially among the youth. The youth have started to use slang from Turkish and Arabic due to the immigrants from the middle east exposing Swedes to new unique ways of talking and expressing themselves. Examples of these includes the slang words “keff” and “aina”, “keff” is Arabic for bad and is used very commonly in certain Swedish communities, furthermore “aina” is Turkish for police and is slang that has become increasingly popular with the Turkish linguistic influence in Sweden growing (Svenska Institutet, translation: Swedish Institute). Due to the impacts that foreign languages have had on the terminology and slang that is used during everyday life in Sweden, it is made quite obvious that globalization has caused Swedish to hybridize with the languages that it is exposed to.

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Nyhet De senaste årens invandring kommer inte göra något märkbart avtryck i det svenska språket. Samtidigt är det viktigt att praktisera sitt modersmål för att lättare lära sig svenska. Det menar språkforskarna Julia Uddén och Mikael Parkvall.

Påverkas svenskan av invandringen?

- Ett enkelt svar är nej. Nu för tiden handlar mycket om invandring, men man pratar inte så väldigt mycket om språket. Ibland blossar diskussioner om språktest upp, och nu verkar det vara bestämt att vi ska ha det i Sverige, säger språkforskaren Mikael Parkvall.

Enligt Mikael Parkvall, som talade om ämnet i samband med ett seminarium nyligen, behöver vi bara se till historien för att se att invandrare assimileras in i samhället de kommer till. Det tydligaste exemplet är USA, där 80 procent av invånarna är invandrare.

- I USA har 20 procent av befolkningen assimilerat 80 procent. 80 procent av befolkningen har andra gener än brittiska, men språket är fortfarande detsamma. Så om man oroar sig över det svenska språket har vi här ett bra exempel. Tror man att språk förändras av invandring så borde amerikanarna prata ett helt annat språk än de i England, men de gör de inte. Språken skiljer sig dialektalt, som stockholmska och skånska.

Mikael Parkvall menar att Sverige inte har varit ett invandringsland historiskt, utan vi fick vår invandring efter andra världskriget. Därför är de enda historiska exemplen vi har av invandring från medeltiden.

- De som förändrat vårt språk mest är lågtyskarna. Men det var för att de kom med kapital, och vårt svenska språk var inte så välorganiserat. Det fanns inga medier att tala om, eller ett skolväsende. Det fanns inget organiserat skriftspråk, samtidigt som lågtyskarna hade starka positioner som stadsråd. Från lågtyskarna har vi väldigt många låneord. Men det är inte situationen vi befinner oss i idag. Invandrare assimileras oavsett om man tycker att det är bra eller dåligt. Lika som skottarna, valonerna, och holländarna gjort. Det som kan hända är att vi får in låneord som tjej, jycke, och latjo.

Svenskan har en stark ställning språkligt, och det är därför inte troligt enligt Parkvall att den kommer förändras nämnbart av invandring. Det som skulle kunna hända är att den tappar sin position och puttas undan av engelskan.

- Man skriver inte en avhandling på svenska idag. Vi är väldigt duktiga på att prata engelska, och det är ett ballare språk. Om några generationer är svenskan kanske bara en dialekt vi gör buskis på.

Invandrare assimileras oavsett om man tycker att det är bra eller dåligt. Lika som skottarna, valonerna, och holländarna gjort

Julia Uddén är forskare i språkinlärning och psykologi. Hon har forskat i hur hjärnans inlärningskapacitet förbättras när vi kan läsa och prata flera språk.

- Man kan tydligt se att när man kan läsa på sitt egna modersmål så har man lättare att lära sig andra språk. Man kan också se att det blir enklare att lära sig matematik.

Det finns kognitiva fördelar med språkinlärning, och ju fler språk man kan desto starkare blir fördelarna.

- Språkförståelsen börjar längst bak i hjärnan, där synen sitter. Cellerna där är väldigt väl organiserade. Det finns de som uppfattar prickar och de som uppfattar sträck. Sedan transporteras informationen i en bana framåt i hjärnan. Ju längre man går desto mer komplext blir det. Och när man kan läsa och förstå ett språk väl så har hjärnan tränats upp. Då blir det mycket enklare att förstå andra språk också.

Enligt Julia Uddén handlar mycket av det politiska samtalet om att man i Sverige ska lära sig svenska. Men Uddén tror att det kan vara fel väg att gå.

- Att knäcka läskoden är att få läsa på sitt modersmål. Det kan man mycket bättre, för man har haft det med sig så länge. Att både få läsa och tala det bidrar till att man lättare kan lära sig svenska. Det gäller även vuxna. Kommer man till Sverige som analfabet krävs det mycket övning för att lära sig läsa. Får man göra det på sitt modersmål så blir det mycket lättare att lära sig svenska. De kognitiva effekterna blir också starkare om man lär sig läsa vid vuxen ålder.

Anna Österlund, enhetschef på Skolverket, beskrev att även om forskning visar att modersmålsundervisning är viktigt, så är det få som väljer att utnyttja lektionstillfällena.

- Man kan se att yngre barn som väljer att gå undervisningen, slutar när de kommer upp i en högre ålder. De tycker helt enkelt att det är tråkigt. Ens kamrater går inte på samma lektioner. Familjen kan även ta ut barnet från undervisningen för att de inte vill att barnet ska lära sig. De har fått samma uppfattning som andra, att det är svenska som man ska lära sig. Det råder också en lärarbrist.

Enligt Uddén kan man lösa detta genom att förklara hur viktig modersmålsundervisning är.

- Om det i läroplanen står som mål att man ska ha god förståelse i svenska, är det för mig konstigt om man vill avveckla modersmålet.

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Engelskan största hotet mot svenska språket | Dagens Arena

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Sverige har ingen lång historia av invandring, och den invandring vi sett nu kommer knappas göra något märkbart fotavtryck i det svenska språket. Samtidigt är det viktigt att praktisera sitt modersmål för att lättare lära sig svenska.

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Mini introduction for no, Sweden has resisted the possible effects that Globalization could have on the Swedish language

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Mini introduction for no, Sweden has resisted the possible effects that Globalization could have on the Swedish language

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The Swedish language is restraining the impacts that globalization has had on the language in Sweden. Globally, Swedish is spoken by about 10 million people around the world and the number is continuously increasing. This is due to the increase in immigration into Sweden, since the Immigrants have to learn Swedish, therefore the Swedish language will be preserved. Due to the increase in contact with other cultural communities the influence that Swedish has on other cultures and languages will also increase.

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No, Sweden has been able to resist the foreign effects that globalization has had on Swedish by exposing Swedes to more Swedish media. 

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No, Sweden has been able to resist the foreign effects that globalization has had on Swedish by exposing Swedes to more Swedish media. 

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The impact of globalization on the Swedish language is limited due to the actions of the Swedish government. Through the usage of various methods the Swedish language has managed to preserve and prevent linguistic hybridization. One of these methods is by changing the media that citizens are consuming, this is done by making sure that news reporters use as much Swedish terminology as possible (SpråkFörsvaret, Language Protection). The reason behind this is because the more Swedish terminology that is used, the more the Swedish public will be exposed to correct Swedish terminology. The reason why using correct Swedish terminology is important is because if Sweden stops speaking Swedish with the correct grammar and terminology then Sweden and its culture will slowly lose its importance and significance. This is because Swedish is a core important part of Sweden as a country and its culture, therefore if the language is hybridized with another then the culture will as well. Furthermore, more and more foreigners are in contact with the Swedish language since immigrants that come to Sweden are learning Swedish. In fact, 25% of duolingo users in Sweden learn Swedish (Quartz), this owes to the fact that the immigrants that decide to live in Sweden learn Swedish so that they can be integrated into Swedish culture and society. By having more and more people learn about the Swedish language the more the Swedish language will be preserved and its linguistic influence will expand into other languages. Definitively, Swedish will resist cultural and linguistic imperialism from American and English influence, while still expanding its influence on other languages and cultural communities that enter Sweden (such as Arabic or Turkish). The usage of the Swedish language has to an extent been affected by globalization and in a way hybridized. This is due to English and some middle eastern languages being used parallel to Swedish in Swedish society because of the effects of immigration and English media. However the Swedish language is still alive and thriving and shows little signs of going extinct, which can be seen in the increase in the amount of people that speak the language in recent years. Saying this, the Swedish language will have to adapt to the linguistic impacts and foreign influence caused by globalization. Thus, the Swedish language will not be homogenized but instead hybridize and take qualities from English and other languages while still keeping its own significance and unique linguistic traits.

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When people choose a new language to learn, they don't generally pick the one that everyone around them already speaks. Germans don't typically decide to double-down on their German. Danes don't usually need to study Danish. Or so you'd think.

Yet many users of are doing just that. While most still use the popular educational app to study languages of foreign countries, millions are using it to study local languages, according to company data. One-quarter of Duolingo's users in Sweden are studying Swedish, for example. And over 9 million users in the US are learning English.

Here are the percentages of app users studying the official language of the country they live in:

It turns out that the countries with the world's highest proportion of official-language learners are mostly in Northern Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. These are two very different parts of the world. They rarely appear together in charts of just about anything. One is wealthy and linguistically homogeneous. The other is relatively poor and home to huge varieties of languages. So why would they both be so high on this measure?

For the rich countries of Northern Europe, high levels of migration are likely contributing to the trend of people studying official languages. Across Europe, countries where migrants make up a high percentage of the population tend to have more people learning the local language through Duolingo. It looks like the high numbers here indicate new arrivals trying to assimilate into their new home.

That could also help explain why, for example, less than 1% of Duolingo users in Venezuela are learning its official language, Spanish. Outsiders are not traveling there, as the country slogs through hyperinflation and economic crisis.

A different process seems to be going on in sub-Saharan Africa. Unlike Denmark, Norway, or Sweden, countries in this region are linguistically diverse. In Denmark, there is a 91% chance that two random people will share a mother tongue, according to the linguistic diversity index. For Liberians, who speak many different languages, the likelihood of running into a compatriot who speaks the same language is just 8%. In this case, Duolingo could be helping locals to learn an official national language that unites a huge variety of internal communities.

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Why are so many people in Sweden studying Swedish?

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Millions of people are using Duolingo to study their local languages, company data shows.

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Kiruna in Swedish Lapland, Malmvägen, Kiruna, Sweden

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Mini conclusion for the effects that globalization has had on the Swedish language. 

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Mini conclusion for the effects that globalization has had on the Swedish language. 

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The usage of the Swedish language has to an extent been affected by globalization and in a way hybridized. This is due to English and some middle eastern languages being used parallel to Swedish in Swedish society becuase of the effects of immigration and English media. However the Swedish language is still alive and thriving and shows little signs of going extinct, which can be seen in the increase in the amount of people that speak the language in recent years. Saying this, the Swedish language will have to adapt to the linguistic impacts and foreign influence caused by globalization. Thus, the Swedish language will not be homogenized but instead hybridize and take qualities from English and other languages while still keeping its own significance and uniqueness.

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Mini Introduction for yes, Swedish cuisine has been affected by globalization.  

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Mini Introduction for yes, Swedish cuisine has been affected by globalization.  

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Swedish cuisine and food habits have been very heavily affected by globalization. Due to globalization many foreign fast food chains have become a daily or weekly visit for many Swedes. Since Sweden has also had large amounts of Immigration in the last 60 years the food options for Swedes has also greatly expanded due to the exposure to different foreign cuisines. This has led to foreign dishes commonly being cooked in Swedish households.

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I alla tider har människor invandrat från andra länder. Det berikar Sverige på många sätt, inte minst när det gäller maten. Många rätter som vi idag säger är typisk svensk husmanskost har egentligen sina rötter utomlands. Sverige är idag ett mångkulturellt land. Den 16 november uppmärksammar vi den Mångkulturella matdagen, instiftad av Kultursmakarna.
Varken köttbullen, kåldolmen, lutfisken eller lussebullen är genuint svensk, lika lite som pizzan, hamburgaren eller kebaben. Både köttbullar och kåldolmar sägs vi ha hämtat från Turkiet där dessa rätter heter keftas och dolmades. Köttfärssås och spagetti som finns på varje svenskt middagsbord minst en gång i veckan, kom till Sverige som en "exotisk" rätt på 1950-talet. Idag får vi nog kalla det för svensk husmanskost. Detsamma gäller för pizzan.

Maten och måltiden har stor social och kulturell betydelse för människor i hela världen. Maten hör tätt samman med ursprung, trygghet och social förankring. Därför brukar matvanorna vara något som man sent överger. Det finns många olika faktorer som styr vårt val av mat, religionen är en. Men även arv, traditioner, ekologi och ekonomi spelar in. Matvanorna ser också olika ut beroende på var man bor eftersom man påverkas av sin närmiljö och sin omgivning.

Turkiskt kaffe från Yemen
Globaliseringens "cross-over" mat återspeglar på många sätt historiens folkförflyttningar. Sveriges "mest älskade knöl", potatis är en "invandrare" med sydamerikansk bakgrund. Sveriges mest älskade dryck, kaffe, kom hit också genom kontakter med turkar, men dess egentliga rötter var i Yemen, och nuförtiden anses kaffe vara framförallt en colombiansk böna, berättar Tahire Koçtürk, Dr.Med.Sci., Nutritionist, Allmänmedicin Stockholm, Institutionen för Klinisk Vetenskap, Karolinska institutet, Stockholm i en artikel i Perspektiv.

När Amerika - den Nya världen - upptäcktes för drygt fem hundra år sedan ledde det minst sagt till att människans mathållning revolutionerades. Den Gamla världen kallas den del av världen som var känd i Europa innan Amerika upptäcktes, det vill säga Europa, delar av Afrika och Asien.

Medan den Gamla världen skickade grödor som vete, havre, ris, sockerrör, kaffe, bondbönor samt mjölk- och köttdjur till den Nya världen, kom potatis, majs, kassava, kikärter, vita bönor, chilipeppar, kalkon, tomater och kakao tillbaka över Atlanten.

Tomater och chilipeppar introducerade helt nya såskoncept, kakao banade vägen till praliner och kikärter blev Nordafrikas mest omhuldade bönor. I stället fördes kaffebönor, sockerrör, mjölk- och köttboskap över Atlanten för att bli stora exportprodukter i länder som Brasilien, Colombia, Kuba och Argentina.

Förändringar i svensk matkultur
År 1994 gjordes en studie om hur en grupp svenska pensionärer i Uppland hade förändrat sina matvanor när Sverige fått fler influenser från alla möjliga länder på jorden. Studien visar att invandring och utlandsresor under de senaste 50 åren betytt väldigt mycket för vilken mat man äter i Sverige.

Det började med arbetskraftinvandrare från Italien på 1950-talet som introducerade spagetti med köttfärssås och pizza. Mot slutet av 1960-talet öppnades de första pizzeriorna och på 1970-talet började svenska kokböcker innehålla italienska pasta- och pizzarecept. Idag, drygt 40 år senare, räknas spagetti, övrig pasta och pizza som svensk husmanskost. Unga svenskar verkar faktiskt laga mer italienskt än svenskt, konstaterar Tahire Koçtürk.

På 1960-talet kom den andra vågen av arbetskraftsinvandrare, från Balkanhalvön och Antaolien. De förde med sig yoghurt, fetaost och couscous. Under 1970-talet öppnades de första kebabkioskerna och 1980-talets kokböcker innehåller en hel del recept med fetaost, yoghurt, couscous, mosade oliver och mycket vitlök, och liknande. Idag har även dessa livsmedel blivit en viktig beståndsdel i det genomsnittliga svenska hushållet, skriver han vidare.

Livsmedel från Mellanöstern, som till exempel bulgur, basmatiris, tahini och falafel kom hit med flyktingar från Sydöstra Turkiet, Libanon, Irak och Iran under 1980-talet och har nu börjat hitta in i Sveriges kokböcker och hem.

Den senaste tidens impulser verkar komma från Thailand och Japan. Visserligen finns det inte många invandrare därifrån i Sverige, men charterturism har lett till fler kontakter med Fjärran Östern. Det i sin tur har skapat ett stort intresse för asiatisk mat. I dagens svenska matlagning förekommer pasta, ris, couscous, bulgur och kinesiska nudlar nästan lika ofta som kokt potatis.

Svensktillverkad pasta finns på var mans bord idag, kanske blir det likadant med bulgur i framtiden? frågar sig sajten hungrig.nu.
Källor:
http://perspektiv.nu/sv/artiklar/artiklar-efter-kategori/matkulturers-vandringar-och-forandringar.aspx?PID=27
https://sv.wikipedia.org/
http://hungrig.nu/?p=16084&m=4347

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I alla tider har människor invandrat från andra länder. Det berikar Sverige på många sätt, inte minst när det gäller maten. Många rätter som vi idag säger är typisk svensk husmanskost har egentligen sina rötter utomlands. Sverige är idag ett mångkulturellt land.

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Yes, globalization has changed Swedish cuisine and food habits due to it allowing for TNCs to open diverse food chains and for immigrants to bring in their cuisine. 

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Yes, globalization has changed Swedish cuisine and food habits due to it allowing for TNCs to open diverse food chains and for immigrants to bring in their cuisine. 

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Swedish cuisine and food habits have been influenced by the exposure to foreign cuisines that globalization led to. The logic behind this is that due to globalization increasing the interaction between cultures, foreign TNCs can sell their products in Sweden and therefore affect what Swedes consume. This is because by influencing the goods that are sold within Sweden, foreign TNCs are able to penetrate and imperialise the consumer demand in Sweden for profit. This leads to Swedish food habits homogenizing with the culture of the TNCs. An example of this would be Mcdonalds, Mcdonalds is an American hamburger fast food chain that is known worldwide. Due to Mcdonalds being such a big influential TNC the consumer demands of the country that they sell their product tend to change based on the goods that Mcdonalds is providing. This is exactly what is happening in Sweden, the success of Mcdonalds has led to many Swedes eating there regularly and therefore giving up local and traditional cuisine in favor of the cheaper and faster American cuisine. Without a doubt, Swedish cuisine is hybridizing with American cuisine due to the influence of fast food chains such as Mcdoanlds. For the same reason cultural imperialism is on display, since America (the more dominant and widespread culture) is changing the cultural and food norms of Swedish culture and society. Additionally the immigration into Sweden has had a huge impact on the available food choices that Swedes have. This influx of immigrants in Sweden largely started during WW2 when Sweden accepted a lot of war refugees from neighboring countries, but the food habits only really started being affected in the 1950s by the Italian immigrants. In the 50s italians started to introduce pasta and pizza to Sweden which allowed for a larger variety of food options for the Swedish public. Towards the late 60s Italian restaurants started to open in Sweden and in the 70s Italian recipes were used regularly in Swedish cookbooks (Kultur Smakarna, Translation: Culture Tasters). This homogenisation between Swedish and Italian food habits has led to many young Swedes cooking more Italian at home than Swedish according to Tahire Koçtürk, which shows the permanent effects that immigration has had on Swedish food habits. Italians are not the only cultures that have affected Swedish cuisine and food habits. Balkan and Anatolian cuisine has a rather long history of affecting Swedish cuisine. In fact, this relationship between Swedish and Turkish cuisine dates all the way back to the 1700s when the Swedish king, Karl XII had to retreat from the Russians into Ottoman territory and brought meatballs with him back to Sweden. Nowadays meatballs are a very distinct part of Swedish culture and cuisine that is now known globally, this shows the effects that other cultures have had on Swedish cuisine. However this relationship between Anatolian and Balkan cuisine with Swedish is a lot more modern. Thanks to the labor immigration from the Balkan and Anatolian region to Sweden in the 60s, Swedish consumers got their hands on balkan and Anatolian produce such as feta cheese, mashed olive, various kinds of garlic, yogurt and couscous (Kultur Smakarna, Translation: Culture Tasters). These are foods that can nowadays be found in kitchens and households all across Sweden. Because of this Swedes now consider many foreign cuisines like pizza, spaghetti and kebab daily food choices that are regularly eaten in Swedish households (which was not a thing 60 years ago). All of these factors show just how big of an impact globalization has had on Swedish cuisine and food habits since it has allowed for cultures to interact and homogenize with Swedish cuisine and food habits. Globalization has opened the doors for larger amounts of consumer choices and the investment from TNCs, which revolutionizes the food habits of Swedish society.

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Sveriges okrönte burgarkung

McDonald's kom till Sverige tack vare Paul "Palle" Lederhausen som i början av 1970-talet jobbade med att leverera utrustning till gatukök och storkök i landet. Under en resa i USA besökte Palle McDonald's. Han imponerades av restaurangens mat, köksmaskiner och effektivitet och fick fick träffa Ray Kroc, mannen som grundade restaurangkedjan 1955.

Palle bestämde sig för att försöka övertala Ray Kroc att etablera McDonald's i Sverige och erbjöd sig att hjälpa till med att hitta franchisetagare. Ansökningarna strömmade in och efter ett tag frågade Palle om de inte hade hittat rätt person för jobbet ännu.

- Jo, vi har redan valt, vi har bara inte frågat honom ännu, var svaret som Palle fick.
- Vem är det? Frågade Palle.
- Det är du, blev svaret.

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Så kom McDonald's till Sverige - McDonalds

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McDonald's kom till Sverige tack vare Paul "Palle" Lederhausen som i början av 1970-talet jobbade med att leverera utrustning till gatukök och storkök i landet. Under en resa i USA besökte Palle McDonald's. Han imponerades av restaurangens mat, köksmaskiner och effektivitet och fick fick träffa Ray Kroc, mannen som grundade restaurangkedjan 1955.

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Mini introduction for no, Swedish cuisine is being preserved

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Mini introduction for no, Swedish cuisine is being preserved

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In recent years due to globalization and the conservation of Swedish festivals by the Swedish people, Swedish cuisine has been able to preserve itself. This has been done through keeping traditional Swedish festivals such as the “Kräftskiva” alive, since it includes traditional Swedish foods. Another way that Swedish cuisine has been kept alive is by spreading Swedish cuisine to other countries through the usage of large TNCS. This has made the market for Swedish cuisine larger and increased the demand for it, therefore the cuisine will be preserved.

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Sweden’s official website for tourism and travel information

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IKEA, Ekgårdsvägen, Kungens Kurva, Sweden

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No, Swedish cuisine is being preserved due to the expansion of Swedish cuisine and the conservation of Traditions

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No, Swedish cuisine is being preserved due to the expansion of Swedish cuisine and the conservation of Traditions

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Swedish cuisine and food habits are being preserved due to the effects that globalization and the continuation of traditions have had on it.

Thanks to globalization the exportation of Swedish cuisine to foreign countries has been made possible. The TNC that has capitalized on this is IKEA, IKEA is originally a Swedish furniture company but sells other products like food as well. Due to IKEA’s menu including various Swedish traditional dishes, such as meatballs, Swedish cuisine has become globalized and made available to a larger international group of consumers. By giving foreign consumers access to Swedish cuisine, IKEA makes sure that there is a demand for Swedish cuisine and therefore IKEA diffuses Swedish cuisine and culture across the world. In fact IKEA has been so successful in spreading Swedish cuisine across the world along with its furniture that it has 460 stores worldwide in 62 different markets (Yahoo! Finance). Similarly, the continuation of Swedish traditions and festivals makes sure that Swedish culture is preserved since Swedish cuisine is eaten during these occasions. An example of this is “Kräftskiva” or Crayfish festival, during the “Kräftskiva” crayfish are eaten along with other traditional Swedish dishes. The reason behind this is that during the 1800s the demand for crayfish skyrocketed since it slowly started being considered a luxurious food and was relatively easy to cook. This led to the Swedish government setting certain periods of the year when people were not allowed to fish for crayfish to keep the crayfish population in check. This meant that when people were allowed to fish Crayfish they ate lots of it, which led to the “Kräftskiva” being created in the early 1900s (FreedomTravel). The “Kräftskiva” is held yearly from the 8th of august throughout the month of august. By keeping this tradition of “Kräftskiva” alive, the Swedish traditional dish of Crayfish is preserved even with the foreign TNCs trying to imperialise Swedish cuisine.

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Restaurant opening hours:

IKEA Alexandra: 9am-10pm with last order at 9.30pm (Sun-Thu) & 9am-11pm with last order at 10pm (Fri-Sat)

IKEA Tampines: 9am-10pm with last order at 9.30pm (Sun-Thu) & 9am-10.30pm with last order at 10pm (Fri-Sat)

IKEA Jurong: 10am-9.30pm with last order at 9pm (Sun-Thu) & 10am-10pm with last order at 9.30pm (Fri-Sat)

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Swedish Restaurant | Meatballs | Click & Collect

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Our Swedish Restaurant prepares meals for all times of the day at affordable prices. Find your favourite Swedish meatballs, salmon, and even Nasi Lemak!

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Mini conclusion for the effects of globalization on food habits and cuisine

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Mini conclusion for the effects of globalization on food habits and cuisine

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The food habits and cuisine of Sweden has been heavily impacted by globalization. Various different cuisines have been introduced in Sweden due to globalization, whether it be from TNCs or due to immigration. Even though Swedish cuisine has been preserved, the permanent effects and hybridization that globalization has caused is undoubtedly obvious to Swedish food habits. Even the dish that most people think about when thinking about Sweden, which is meatballs, originates in Turkey. Undoubtedly, Swedish cuisine and food habits are heavily affected by globalization.

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Sweden’s official website for tourism and travel information

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Swedish food culture - local produce, international flavours and forward thinking

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Swedish food culture - local produce, international flavours and forward thinking

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In conclusion, globalization has to a great extent impacted Swedish society, specifically through the factors of language and food. Globalization has to an extent changed the usage of language in Sweden since more English vocabulary is used due to the linguistic hybridization between the languages because of the consumption of English media. The immigration that globalization made possible has also led to the daily conversations in Sweden including a lot of foreign slang. Sweden’s food habits have also been very largely impacted by Globalization, due to the new cuisines that have been introduced to Sweden through TNCs expanding their food chains and immigrants bringing their own delicacies. This has led to Swedish people’s food choices having massively increased as well as the hybridization of the cuisine, which leads to Swedes eating a variety of food from different cultures regularly. Without a doubt, the Swedish language is preserved better than the cuisine since the Swedish language itself is still very unique and independent with little signs of disappearing, in contrast to the food habits and cuisine which have been heavily influenced from other countries and even show signs of cultural imperialism from mainly American TNCs.

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Swedish is undoubtedly one of the coolest languages. Why? Because of Swedish people of course. But, really, Swedish is a language worth learning about. Discover the history, grammar, pronunciation, and current use of Swedish. Who knows? Maybe this will be your motivation to start learning Swedish too.

Basic Facts About the Swedish Language

Swedish is the official language of Sweden. There are about 10 million Swedish speakers worldwide. Of these, 8 million speak it natively in Sweden. But, there are also Swedish speaking communities in Finland, Norway, Denmark, and all around the Baltic. In Finland, Swedish is a second official language after Finnish.

Swedish Language Family

Swedish is part of the North Germanic language family. So, this means that it's related to Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, and Faroese. However, since it's a continental Scandinavian language, it's much closer to Danish and Norwegian than the other two.

Some say that all Nordic languages are actually different dialects of the same language. This is true to some extent, since Danish, Norwegian, Swedish are somewhat mutually intelligible. But, of course, we think of them as different languages.

The History of the Swedish Language

Swedish comes from Proto-Germanic roots. By the 8th century CE, this language diverged into three different branches: West-, East-, and North-Germanic. The latter is were Swedish originates from.

North-Germanic turned into Old Norse, the language of the Vikings. After this language splitting into Insular (Icelandic, Faroese) and continental (Swedish, Danish), we almost arrive at the point where Swedish is its own language. That's a lot of evolution for a language origin.

Throughout its early history, Swedish was called Runic Swedish. That's because it was written with runes. Perhaps these may be familiar from typical Viking writings.

Old Swedish

When Sweden became a Christian state in 1225, it adopted the Latin alphabet. This is the start of the Old Swedish period. One of the most significant influences on the language in this period came from the Hanseatic League.

The Hanseatic League was a trading federation. Low-German speaking communities spread across the Baltic and Scandinavia on the Hansa trading route. And this included Sweden. So, thanks to these communities, Low-German was a major influence on the Old Swedish language. You could say the German vocabulary was also ... traded. Ba dum tss.

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Transition Between Old and Modern Swedish

As the Swedish language developed, its grammar became simpler. Originally, there were four cases, but these reduced to just two. Three genders became two as they merged. And the verb system also became less complex.

Modern Swedish

The publication of the first Swedish Bible in the 16th century marked the beginning of Modern Swedish. Thanks to this Bible Swedish writing became standardized. During the 19th and 20th centuries, more of the language became standardized. Thanks to migrations withing Sweden, dialectal differences disappeared. By the time the 1906 Swedish Spelling Reform happened, the language was really similar to how we know it today.

Swedish Dialects

Generally, standard Swedish is the most widely spoken. There are still regional dialects thanks to the sheer size of the country. But, these dialects are not much different from each other. The only recognizable difference is just the accent. So, everybody understands each other fine in Sweden and in Swedish communities outside the country.

The Swedish Alphabet

The Swedish alphabet has 29 letters. 26 of these are the usual Latin letter we all know in English. Plus, Swedish added 3 extra letters. These are Å , Ä, and Ö. Although these look like variations of A and O, they're separate letters in their own right.

Swedish Vowels

There are nine vowels in Swedish. Each one has two different ways you can pronounce it: long or short. Vowels are short before a long consonant (two or more consonants together). And vowels are long before a short consonant (one consonants), before another vowel, or at the end of a word.

Swedish Consonants

There are 20 consonants in the Swedish language. Although most of them are the same as English, there are a few important pronunciation differences that you need to know of.

Swedish Digraphs

Digraphs are consonant combinations that represent one sound. So, even though you see two separate letters, you only have to say one sound when you pronounce them. Swedish has digraphs and trigraphs (same thing but with three letters instead of two). Once you know these letter combinations, you can easily master Swedish pronunciaiton .

Pronouncing Swedish Words

As you're speaking Swedish, you have to pay attention to pitch accents. These intonation differences are very important, as they can signal a difference in meaning. Mastering this tonal Swedish pronunciation will definitely make you sound like a local.

There are two different tones Swedish words can have:

The rising tone usually happens for single-syllable words and those with a definite article. Meanwhile, the falling-rising-falling tone is more common for multiple-syllable words and those with inflections (except the definite article). Here's an example of how this tonal difference can influence the meaning of a word:

Swedish Vocabulary

As you're learning Swedish, you'll recognize a lot of the vocabulary. That's because English and Swedish share a lot of loanwords and cognates. Loanwords are words that were English but Swedish adopted them. And cognates are words that look and sound similar and have the same meaning.

This shared vocabulary is possible because both languages are part of the Germanic language family. Additionally, they've also been influenced by French, German, and other Indo-European languages throughout their histories. Here are a few loanwords to show you just how similar English and Swedish are.

This is an incredible advantage to native English speakers learning Swedish. This fact alone can significantly speed up the time it takes you to learn Swedish. It also makes learning Swedish a lot easier . But, be careful. There are also false cognates in Swedish. These words look familiar, but they have totally different and unexpected meanings. Always look out for these as you're learning Swedish.

Does Swedish Have Genders?

Yes, that's one major difference that English native speakers have to get used to. The Swedish language used to have three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Just like in modern German.

But, today, Swedish only has two genders: common and neuter. That's because the masculine and feminine genders merged. It's worth mentioning that occasionally, the three gender system still exists in dialectal Swedish. But, standard Swedish only has two genders.

Swedish Grammar

Swedish grammar is surprisingly easy to learn and understand for those who already speak English. That's because the two languages share a lot of common grammatical rules and logic. This helps English native speakers reach Swedish fluency much faster than other people. In the next few examples, you can see how Swedish grammatical rules differ or compare to the English ones.

The Easy Cases of the Swedish Language

Cases signal what role a word fulfils in a sentence. Languages like German or Polish have a lot of cases, and inflections differentiate between them. Although the role of the word is always clear in a sentence, for learners this means more material to study.

Luckily, Swedish only has two cases: nominative and genitive. Nominative is just the normal, everyday, basic case. Don't even think about it. And the genitive case shows possession. So, if you want to put a noun in the genitive case, all you have to do is add an suffix to the end. This is very similar to how you show possession in English with the .

Swedish Word Order

To start off, the Swedish sentence structure is the same as English: SVO (subject-verb-object). So, putting together sentences with your vocabulary will be a piece of cake.

Astrid ate an apple. - Astrid åt ett äpple.

The similarity between the two languages is striking. "Ate" and "apple" are completely recognizable in Swedish. And, just like English, the word order is the same as well.

The only major difference in the Swedish sentence structure is the lack of a definite article. So, how do articles work in the Swedish language?

Articles in the Swedish Language

In English, the definite article is "the" and the indefinite articles are "a" and "an". In Swedish, this is a little different.

Definite Articles Are Suffixes

First of all, Swedish definite articles aren't separate words. They're suffixes that attach themselves to the end of the noun they describe. And that's not all. Depending on the gender and number of the noun, the suffixes have different forms. While this isn't a massively difficult concept to grasp, it's definitely more than English's single "the".

Indefinite Articles Are Separate Words

Meanwhile, indefinite articles in Swedish are separate words before the noun, just like in English. But, they still vary depending on what the gender of the noun is

Here are two examples based on the previous two words.

Conjugating Swedish Verbs

The similarities between English and Swedish don't stop here. How you conjugate verbs in Swedish will be very familiar and fairly easy for language learners. First of all, you don't have to pay attention to pronouns as you're conjugating. Every verb has one specific form for each verb tense.

This is even easier to remember than English. The only big difference in Swedish is that the negation marker comes after the verb, not before it.

I didn't eat the cake. - Jag åt inte kakan.

The "åt" means "ate" and "inte" is the negation marker.

Swedish Pronouns Are Different

Speaking of pronouns, Swedish pronouns in the nominative case are different. And I don't just mean that they need to be translated. There are more pronouns with different meanings.

Adjectives in the Swedish Language

In Swedish, adjectives have to agree with the number and the gender of the noun they represent. The possible suffixes and endings that Swedish adectives can have are:

Let's take a look at different examples of the adjective snäll (kind):

Comparative Adjectives in the Swedish Language

In English, there are two ways you can make an adjective comparative: by adding the -er suffix to the end or adding more before the words. In Swedish, it's a similar concept.

Superlatives in Swedish

If you want to make an adjective superlative in Swedish, you need to add -ast(e) or -sta at the end. And if the noun is a definite noun, you also need to pop an -e at the end of that.

How Hard Is Swedish to Learn?

Thanks to the closeness of English and Swedish, for English native speakers, learning Swedish is a piece of cake. You know a lot of the vocabulary already. Grammatical rules are logical. And even the alphabet is almost the same. The only part of learning Swedish that's harder to get used to is the pronunciation. But, once you master that, you're good to go.

According to the US Foreign Service Institute, Swedish is a category 1 language. This means that it's one of the easiest languages to learn for native English speakers. With 1100 hours of study, you could be completely fluent in it. But, with a great language learning method, you can shave a lot off that number.

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Swedish Language 101: History, Grammar, and Pronunciation | OptiLingo

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If you want to learn about the Swedish language, this post is all you need. Discover its history, grammar, alphabet and much more here!