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Studying the evolution of the penguin I have learned many things. This includes how penguins used to be able to fly over 60 million years ago. Also I learned that penguins are the slowest evolving birds in the world. Penguins also no longer use knees or elbows because they no longer need them from becoming a considered marine animal. The last main thing I learned is that penguins survival strategy is "strength in numbers” and stay huddled together to protect themselves. In conclusion that is all that I learned about the evolution of the penguin.

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Variation

Inheritance

Natural selection

Molecular evolution

Divergent evolution

Parallel evolution

Convergent evolution

Common descent

Adaptation

Fossil evidence

Anatomical evidence

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Body size, underwater vision, heat regulation and diving ability.

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Elbow joint- it no longer bends so they can swim quicker.

Knees- they also no longer serve a purpose because their legs have become so short they  just waddle.

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The homologous structures a penguin has is a big head, short neck, and a tall long body.

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Studies have suggested that genetic drift of penguins is due to founder effects and subsequent bottlenecks, which was most likely responsible for the reduced genetic diversity in Galápagos penguins in the long run.

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By studying and finding evidence of sexual selection for genes that make penguins less buoyant, it allows the penguin to focus better on the blue light found underwater and swim in low oxygen conditions.

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Divergent, parallel and convergent evolution 

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Divergent, parallel and convergent evolution 

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Penguins have convergent evolution.

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Penguins migrate to inland spots for nesting every year. Part of the penguins gene flow is that they lost the ability to fly over 60 million years ago.

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Penguins have become more of an marine animal overall, with the adaptations of losing the abilities to fly but have the wings/flippers to be able to swim.

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Natural selection favored the Emperor Penguin over the King Penguin because of its special adaptations. An example is Emperor Penguins have more of a fat layer, as the King Penguin doesn't have the same type of protection. New species were created because of the events as well.

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V: Penguins evolved from a common ancestor shared with a group of seabirds that includes albatrosses and petrels.

I: The first thing Penguins evolved the ability to dive just like a puffin, and then slowly lost the ability to fly as they adapted to be more of an aquatic animal and to become excellent swimmers and divers

D: The most known survival strategy throughout their whole lifetime is “strength in numbers”. Huddling together allows them to find a way to have protection to fight off many deadly predators that inhabit Antarctica, it also helped the penguins to have shelter from the very extreme cold and bad snow storms.

A: Not being able to fly is one of the more favorable traits a penguin adapted to over time.