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Eritherium Azzouzorum - 60 million years ago

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Eritherium Azzouzorum - 60 million years ago

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Age: Paleocene Epoch
Structure: Eritherium Azzouzrums are considered to be the oldest ancestor of elephants. They were also very small and measured up to two feet tall. They had big feet and no trunks or tusks. Eritherium Azzouzrums have in total of 11 teeth including three incisors, one canine, three molars, and four premolars.
Adaptations: Eritherium Azzouzrum were Herbivorous, meaning they only eat plants. Eritherium Azzouzrum specifically only ate wet vegetation. Wet vegetation is the only source of food reported for Eritherium Azzouzrum. Due to natural selection, the entire Eritherium Azzouzrums species went extinct as they failed to adapt throughout time.
Environment: Eritherium Azzouzrum was known to live in Morocco, Africa. An Eritherium Azzouzrum skull was first discovered in Morocco in 2009. Nowadays, Morocco is known to be very hot and is mostly a desert. This can explain the extinction of the Eritherium Azzouzrum species as it got hotter and hotter over time.  Eritherium Azzouzrum relied on wet vegetation as their source of food but could no longer receive it as the environment and climate started to change. Eritherium Azzouzrum failed to adapt.

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Age: Late Eocene Epoch & Early Oligocene Epoch
Structure: Moeritherium has many analogous features and is commonly referred to as pig-like animals. It has a snout like a pig or a tapir would have. It is homologous to the Ertherium Azzouzorum as it has small eyes, four big feet,  two small ears, and is only 2.3 feet tall. It had teeth similar to its ancestor however it had two incisor teeth that are similar and the start of tusks.
Adaptations: Moeritheriums were also herbivorous like their ancestors. They ate freshwater plants. Their two incisors were made to eat those types of plants. Based on their environment, Moeritheriums were able to adapt to feed on freshwater plants however failed to adapt when the temperature started to rise. Due to natural selection, they eventually went extinct for a similar reason as their ancestors.
Environment: Moeritherium fossils were found in Northern Africa. It is said that Moeritheriums lived near marshy regions and swamps as there is where they could find freshwater plants. Based on its time of extinction, the Moeritherium species went extinct due to climate change as the temperature started to rise. Their environment was no longer the same and they failed to adapt.

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Age: Late Eocene Epoch & Early Oligocene Epoch
Structure: Palaeomastodon had many analogous features compared to its ancestors. They had a tiny trunks, tusks on their upper lip, and flatter tusks on their bottom lip. Palaeomastodons were bigger in size compared to their ancestors as they were 7.3 feet tall. Palaeomastodons still had homologous features from their ancestors such as big feet and body and small eyes and ears.
Adaptations: Palaeomastodons were herbivores and ate plants. Palaeomastodons were able to adapt as they were able to develop tusks and trunks which their ancestors did not have. Palaeomastodon used their trunks to pick stuff up and their tusks were used for defense and the bottom tusks were used to scoop up plants from swaps.  Palaeomastodons were able to avoid natural selection for a very long time however eventually due to climate change, they went extinct.
Environment: Palaeomastodon were known to be from Africa and the Middle East, they lived in marshy semi-aquatic swamps. They lived in places now known as Egypt,‭ ‬Ethiopia‭ & ‬Saudi Arabia. Over time, these places' climates started to change due to climate change which eventually caused the Palaeomastodon species to go extinct.

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Age: Miocene Epoch
Structure: Gomphotherium shares many homologous features with its ancestors. Gomphotheriums have two tusks on the top lip and two tusks on the bottom lip with the same functions, a longer trunk, ears on the top of the head, small eyes, and big feet. However, they had bigger ears and were bigger in height as they were 8.3 feet tall. There weren't any analogous features.
Adaptations:  Gomphotherium molars were specialized to eat grass. Gomphotherium often migrated around and was able to adapt to environments outside of Africa. With this, Gomphotherium was able to survive for a long period of time and avoid natural selection. However, in the end, Gomphotherium failed to compete with the other upcoming elephant species that evolved their molars better.
Environment: Gomphotheriums were known to live in the Neogene of Eurasia, Africa, and North America in prairie-like environments that were close to swamps and marsh areas. Throughout time, the climate became hotter and as other species started to migrate to those same places, competition started to develop.

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Deinotherium: 10 million - 7 million years ago

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Deinotherium: 10 million - 7 million years ago

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Age: Mid-Miocene Epoch
Structure: Deinotheriums also have many homologous features from their ancestors. They had a trunk, tusks, big feet, and body. Deinotheriums don't really differ and don't have any analogous structures. Deinotheriums were known to be between 11 feet and 13 feet. Deinotheriums were often referred to as "terrible beasts".
Adaptation: Deinotheriums are herbivorous and eat leaves off branches. They also eat different types of vegetation, but mainly from trees. Deinotheriums have tusks that are curving downward and out of their chin instead of their lip. They use these tusks to remove leaves from branches. They also have a flat forehead and a very short trunk. Based on their environment Deinotheriums were able to adapt their diet to eat what is available. However, due to the different tusks, Deinotheriums didn't have any defense mechanism and died due to hunting by the earliest homo sapiens. This is a part of natural selection, and the homo sapiens won.
Environment: Deinotherium was known to live in forested environments specifically in Africa, Europe, and Southeast Asia. Throughout their life, everything was evolving, and they lived during the same time as the first homo sapiens. However, unfortunately, due to that change, the Deinotherium species went extinct due to hunting.

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Primelephas - 5 million years ago - 10 thousand years ago

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Primelephas - 5 million years ago - 10 thousand years ago

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Age: Miocene Epoch
Structure: Primelephas looked like our modern-day elephant. Its name refers to the first elephant. It had homologous features such as four tusks, two in the top lip and two in the bottom lip. Primelephas are large animals with big feet. Primelephas is said to be between 6 feet to 10 feet tall. They have a long and flexible trunks. They don't have any analogous structures.
Adaptations: Primelephas are herbivores and eat plants. They continued to eat leaves and grass. They failed to adapt to the changing environment and fell victim to natural selection.
Environment: Primelephas lived in the woodlands of Africa. Throughout their lifetime, the environment started to change and climate change started to become a problem. As more humans started to inhabit the land, Predation Relationship between humans and larger organisms, like the Primelephas species became another problem. Those two factors are the reason for the extinction of the Primelephas species.

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Mastodon- 5 million years ago - 10 thousand years ago. 

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Mastodon- 5 million years ago - 10 thousand years ago. 

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Age: Pleistocene Epoch
Structure: Mastodons have homologous features from their ancestors such as tusks, a trunk, big feet, a big body, and ears. However, they are known to have very shaggy hair, which is an analogous feature as none of their ancestors have shaggy hair. Mastodons were known to be between 7 feet and 10 feet tall.
Adaptations: Mastadons were herbivores and ate low-lying branches, twigs, leaves, and other parts of shrubs and trees. Mastodons were known to have teeth used for clipping and crushing. Mastodons were known to live in small family groups. With this, Mastadons were able to avoid natural selection for a long time. However, in the end, Mastadons went extinct due to natural selection.
Environment: Mastadons were known to live in North America, Central America, and Africa. They lived in wet, warm, and forest habitats. When it got warm they would travel up north and when it got cold they would travel down south. However, due to their frequent migrations, they would encounter many homo sapiens that would hunt them close to extinction. Plus climate change could be another reason to consider when explaining their extinction.

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Stegodon - 5 million - 10 thousand years ago 

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Stegodon - 5 million - 10 thousand years ago 

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Age: Pleistocene Epochs
Structure: Stegodons had many homologous features to their ancestors, such as having a trunk, tusks, big feet, big bodies, big ears, etc. They were about 13 feet tall and 26 feet long. They also had very long tusks that could grow to be 10 feet. Those tusks were on the top lip and were curved upward at the end of it. There are no analogous features.
Adaptations:  Stegodons are herbivorous and their diet consists of fresh shoots and leaves. Stegodons had very flat molars which were used to grind food. They also were capable swimmers which explains how they were able to migrate from island to island. In the end, the Stegodons species fell victim to natural selection as they longer fit in the environments they lived in.
Environment: Stegodons lived on many islands across Asia and East Africa. They lived on islands like the Philippines, Indonesia, and Japan. They also lived in Central Africa and mainland Asia like China and India. As Stegodons continued to migrate to different islands, the smaller their population became. Due to their changes in environments, over time the Stegodons species started to evolve and became smaller in size. This eventually led to the extinction of the Stegodons as they no longer had the fitness to survive in their environments and were unable to reproduce.

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Woolly Mammoth: 5 million years ago -  3.7 thousand years ago

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Woolly Mammoth: 5 million years ago -  3.7 thousand years ago

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Age: Pleistocene Epoch
Structure: The Woolly Mammoth is known to have very long hair, which is a homologous feature of the Mastodon. The rest of its features are homologous features as they have a big body, a trunk, big feet, and tusks. Those tusks could grow up to 15 feet long and curved upwards at the tip.
Adaptations: Woolly Mammoths were herbivores and their diet mostly consisted of grass as most plants were not available in the cold environment. In order to adapt to their environment the Woolly Mammoth evolved to have very long hair to keep them warm. With this Woolly Mammoths were able to survive for a long time and avoid natural selection. However, in the end, they failed to survive as a huge change in their environment occurred.
Environment: Woolly Mammoths lived in cold tundras found in the North Hemisphere, which consisted of countries in Europe, Asia, and North America. Woolly Mammoths lived in the era famously known as the Ice Age. It is said the Woolly Mammoths there were two factors that led to the extinction of the species. The first one was due to them being overhunted by homo sapiens and the second one was due to climate change. The rising temperatures caused for many ice sheets to melt and caused Woolly Mammoths to lose their homes.

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Age: Pliocene Epoch
Structure: African Elephants inherited homologous features from their ancestors. For example, they have giant heads with short necks and very large, fan-like ears. These ears circulate their temperature as they live in very hot weather and produce a lot of body heat. They also have one long and muscular trunk that helps them eat, drink, and communicate. Following their two tusks on their upper lip that protect their trunks.
Adaptations: African Elephants are known to eat grass,  fruits, and plants. They specifically eat Acacia leaves, which come from Acacia Trees or also known as Thorn trees. Acacia Trees are native plants to Africa and are one of the most common plants that can be found there. This can explain how they became a part of the African Elephants' diet. Due to this adaptation, African Elephants were able to survive even to this day and avoid natural selection. Throughout generations, elephants' ears got bigger in order to prevent elephants from getting overheated due to the rising of temperature.
Environment:  African Elephants are known to live in wooded savannas, deserts, and forests. They can be found in many Southern and Eastern African countries, including Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Kenya, and South Africa. Even the earliest ancestors of African Elephants lived in Africa and can display how elephants adapted to fit Africa's climate and environment. Even with the temperature rising over these years elephants are able to adapt in order to survive.