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1930 - Japanese composer Tōru Takemitsu is born

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1930 - Japanese composer Tōru Takemitsu is born

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2016 - American, Experimental composer Pauline Oliveros dies :(

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2016 - American, Experimental composer Pauline Oliveros dies :(

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Founder of "deep listening"

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1932 - American, Experimental composer Pauline Oliveros is born

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1932 - American, Experimental composer Pauline Oliveros is born

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Antonin Dvorak - a Czech composer known for his “New World” Symphony, and quintessential American style. Known for creating “Nationalism in Music.” Dvorak believed that any “American” music had to begin with the music of Native Americans and African Americans. He tried to follow this principle in the music he wrote during his time in the US, especially in his New World Symphony. To prepare, he studied spirituals with Harry Burliegh, an African-American singers and bassist.

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Gabriela Lena Frank “Leyendas: An Andean Walkabout” (2001)

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Gabriela Lena Frank “Leyendas: An Andean Walkabout” (2001)

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Gabriela Lena Frank - Leyendas: An Andean Walkabout

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800 AD - Anonymous plainchant piece entitled, “In Paradisum” is written

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800 AD - Anonymous plainchant piece entitled, “In Paradisum” is written

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This piece was from the liturgy for the dead​. It accompanied processions from the church to the graveyard​. This piece includes “melismas” – groups of notes on one syllable​.
https://youtu.be/Rc-JhFk7tcs

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Gregorian Requiem chant: In Paradisum (Lyric Video)

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1883 - German composer Richard Wagner dies

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1883 - German composer Richard Wagner dies

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1872 -- Late Romantic composer - Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958) is born

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1872 -- Late Romantic composer - Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958) is born

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1788 - Mozart, Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550 (1788), First movement

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1788 - Mozart, Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550 (1788), First movement

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The first movement is an example of Sonata Form.

1. Strictly homophonic accompaniment​

2. Delicate dynamic changes near end of theme​

3. Loud repeated cadences at the end

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Mozart - Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K. 550 [complete]

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1770 - Sonata Form is now the most popular Classical form

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1770 - Sonata Form is now the most popular Classical form

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1665 -- French female composer and harpsichordist: Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre (1664-1729) is born

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1665 -- French female composer and harpsichordist: Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre (1664-1729) is born

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1943 -- Cuban-American composer Tania Leon (1943-present) is born

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1943 -- Cuban-American composer Tania Leon (1943-present) is born

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2008 -- Jennifer Higdon writes her violin concerto for world-renowned violinist Hilary Hahn

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2008 -- Jennifer Higdon writes her violin concerto for world-renowned violinist Hilary Hahn

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1962 -- Contemporary American composer Jennifer Higdon is born

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1962 -- Contemporary American composer Jennifer Higdon is born

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She is known as the first African American woman to write a symphony.

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1972 -- American contemporary composer, Gabriela Lena Frank is born 

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1972 -- American contemporary composer, Gabriela Lena Frank is born 

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1890 - Neoclassical, Czech composer Bohuslav Martinu is born 

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1890 - Neoclassical, Czech composer Bohuslav Martinu is born 

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Known for a prolific number of works, Martinu's creations are inspired by Bohemian and Moravian folk melodies.

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1935 -- Minimalist composer, Terry Riley(1935-present) is born

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1935 -- Minimalist composer, Terry Riley(1935-present) is born

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1952 -- Renowned composer and pioneer in Computer Music, George Lewis is born

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1952 -- Renowned composer and pioneer in Computer Music, George Lewis is born

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Lili Boulanger (French composer) tragically dies of tuberculosis (1893-1918)

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Lili Boulanger (French composer) tragically dies of tuberculosis (1893-1918)

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Nadia's sister, Lili Boulanger (French composer) is born (1893-1918)

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Nadia's sister, Lili Boulanger (French composer) is born (1893-1918)

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French female composer and educator, Nadia Boulanger (1887-1979)

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French female composer and educator, Nadia Boulanger (1887-1979)

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2021 -- Composer Joan Tower's Fanfare for the Uncommon Woman Performed in Celebration of the Presidential Inauguration. 

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2021 -- Composer Joan Tower's Fanfare for the Uncommon Woman Performed in Celebration of the Presidential Inauguration. 

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The piece is a take on Copland's "Fanfare for the Common Man"
https://youtu.be/KnyQkXwH3Vg?si=doY8uv3vjzIIaacT&t=205

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Inauguration Fanfares by Classical Movements- Aaron Copland and Joan Tower

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1938 -- Ground breaking female composer, Joan Tower is born

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1938 -- Ground breaking female composer, Joan Tower is born

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Joan Tower is a Grammy-winning contemporary American composer. She was one of Prof. Morris' professors in undergrad. Check out this recent NPR article on her.

https://www.npr.org/2023/08/08/1191257294/composer-joan-tower-is-finally-going-easy-on-herself

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Reena Esmail is a prominent Indian-American music composer of Indian and Western classical music

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Known for much of her vocal music, and string quartets.

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Adams is one of the pioneers of this minimalist style of music.

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Steven Reich, Music for 18 Musicians (1974–1976)

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Steven Reich, Music for 18 Musicians (1974–1976)

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Steve Reich, "Music for 18 Musicians" - FULL PERFORMANCE with eighth blackbird

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1976 -- Philip Glass’s opera Einstein on the Beach (1976)​

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1976 -- Philip Glass’s opera Einstein on the Beach (1976)​

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An example of minimalism. Glass was one of the pioneers in this style of music.

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Knee Play 4 (live) - Philip Glass, "Einstein on the Beach".

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The most famous new style is called minimalism​. It emerged in the mid-1960s​. It reacted sharply against the complexities of modernism​. Minimalism favored simple melodies, motives, and harmonies​. Minimalists have kept the modernist notion of long, slowly changing blocks of time​

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A minimalist composer. Reich is one of the pioneers in this style of music, and is still alive today!

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Steve Reich - Different Trains (Full Album)

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"Chance Music" -- Terry Riley’s “In C” (1964) 

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"Chance Music" -- Terry Riley’s “In C” (1964) 

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An example of Chance music, In “Chance music,” any elements may be left to chance (to performer discretion). These elements include: Which instruments, which pitches, and so on​. In other cases, a composer might create passages of controlled chaos​. Many pieces alternated between free and fully written-out music.

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Experimentation and innovation re-emerged as driving forces in the 1950s​. In addition, highly intellectual constructive tendencies that were inspired by Schoenberg’s serialism, came to the fore​. New Sounds emerged – sound materials/ “instruments” included electronics, synthesizers, electronic music.

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Dmitri Shostakovich (1906–1975) was one of Russia’s greatest composers​. He was perhaps the most famous victim of ideological muzzling​. Growing up under Communism, he originally followed the party line​, though his music did show novel tendencies​ especially his strongly dissonant harmonies​.

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Gideon Klein was a Czech pianist, composer, and unfortunate inmate at Theresienstadt concentration camp. He is most known for his string trio which was the last work he wrote. Other notable works are his violin and cello duet, viola solo piece and piano sonata.  (Prof Morris will be traveling to Prague in September to study Klein’s life and manuscripts housed in the Jewish Museum!).

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1935 (approx)-- Nazi Germany and Modernist music

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1935 (approx)-- Nazi Germany and Modernist music

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Hitler’s regime promoted music of great German masters​. Beethoven and Wagner were special favorites​. It banned explicitly Modernist music.

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Russian composer, Prokofiev moved away from modernist extremes​ toward clear tonality, tunefulness, and use of Russian folk themes​. Prokofiev was a recognized star worldwide by the 1930s. His Chief Works​ include: Operas​, Ballet scores​, Romeo and Juliet​, Film scores​, Seven symphonies​ (Including the Classical Symphony), Piano sonatas and concertos​, Two violin concertos​ and Peter and the Wolf (for children of all ages)​

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In the 1930s Copland was attracted by the idea that art should serve the people​ – An ideology taken up by many artists and writers​. His style became more accessible and populist through the 1940s​. This period saw his best-known works​. Many drew on American folk materials​ such as: A Lincoln Portrait, Fanfare for the Common Man (patriotic works)​, Appalachian Spring (a celebration of traditional American values​).

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American Modernist composer. His Afro-American Symphony was premiered by the Rochester Philharmonic in 1931​. It was the first symphony by a Black composer played by a major orchestra​. The Harlem Renaissance was just forming at this time, A new and vital movement in African American arts and literature.

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Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (Andante mystico; 1928)

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Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (Andante mystico; 1928)

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Ruth Crawford Seeger: Preludes (1924-1928) No.6-7

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Crawford was one of the earliest American avant-garde modernists​. She only devoted less than a decade to full-time composition, from 1925 to 1933​. She produced piano music, songs, and chamber music​. Crawford’s music is uncompromisingly dissonant

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A Hungarian composer who seamlessly mixed Folk Music, Nationalism, and Modernism.

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Ravel carved out a place between impressionism and neo-classicism​. His harmonies and chord progressions remind us of Debussy​. He favored clarity, precision, and instant communication His Chief Works​ include many Orchestral scores​, Mother Goose Suite​, La Valse​, Ballet scores Boléro and Daphnis and Chloé​, One-act operas​, Piano concertos​, Solo piano music​, String Quartet​, Musorgsky’s Pictures at an Exhibition​.

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Also an expressionist/modernist composer known for using the twelve-tone method, but Berg looked back to Romanticism more than either Schoenberg or Webern​

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Also an expressionist/modernist composer known for using the twelve-tone method.

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1920 -- Schoenberg develops the Twelve-Tone Method which he uses for most of his subsequent pieces – also called Serialism

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1920 -- Schoenberg develops the Twelve-Tone Method which he uses for most of his subsequent pieces – also called Serialism

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The result was the twelve-tone system​ - A “method” of composing with the twelve tones solely in relation to one another​ (that is, not in relation to a tonic​). This method ensures atonality​ and an equal distribution of all the 12 chromatic notes in a piece

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1912 - Schoenberg, Pierrot Lunaire (Moonstruck Pierrot) (1912)

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1912 - Schoenberg, Pierrot Lunaire (Moonstruck Pierrot) (1912)

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Israeli Chamber Project | Schoenberg: Pierrot Lunaire. Complete

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Schoenberg's style is what we call Expressionism, and was a pivotal Modernist figure.

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Early modernist composer, known for his orchestral work, “The Rite of Spring” which caused riots at its premiere. His chief works​ include: Ballet scores, The Firebird, Petrushka​, The Rite of Spring​

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Debussy (pronounced DEH-byew-see) was an early modernist composer, part of the Impressionist movement.

His chief works​ include: Prelude to “The Afternoon of a Faun”, Reflection on a poem by French symbolist poet Mallarmé, Three Nocturnes, La Mer (The Sea), Ibéria​, Jeux (Games), The opera Pelléas et Mélisandes, For piano, Preludes and Études, Children’s Corner Suite, Suite bergamasque, including “Clair de lune”​ A string quartet and other chamber music​ Syrinx for solo flute​

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1900 -- “The Emancipation of Dissonance”​ – Atonal Music Movement

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1900 -- “The Emancipation of Dissonance”​ – Atonal Music Movement

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Composer, Schoenberg was a pioneer in this type of Modernism. Schoenberg spoke of “the emancipation of dissonance” = The notion that dissonance no longer needs to resolve​. This emancipation is the primary style feature of the first phase of avant-garde music

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1870 -- The pre-WWI Modernist movement begins

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1870 -- The pre-WWI Modernist movement begins

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The best-known modernist movement, impressionism, began in the 1870s​. Painters claimed this technique capture the perceived quality of light​ – They called themselves “realists”.” This movement was considered a reaction against idealized, overemotional art of Romanticism. Impressionist composers included Debussy and Ravel. Basic tenets of Romantic art were challenged​. In music, old ideas of melody, harmony, tonality, rhythm, and tone color were attacked

Modernism pre WWI resulted in changes of melodies, and use of the Pentatonic scale. This is a five-note scale playable on the black keys of a piano​, imported from folk song and Asian music​

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World War I saw 40 million military and civilian dead from war, famine, and epidemic. Nationalism reached its first, horrifying climax​

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Born in Bohemia​, Mahler studied at the Vienna Conservatory​ He was acknowledged as one of the greatest conductors of the day. He wrote fewer pieces than other important composers​. These works included: Ten symphonies, the last one unfinished, Six song cycles for vice and orchestra, and The Song of the Earth (1910) is considered his masterpiece​

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1850 (approx) -- After Berlioz many composers begin to write “tone poems”

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1850 (approx) -- After Berlioz many composers begin to write “tone poems”

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A symphonic poem is a one-movement orchestral work with a program

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1848 -- This year demarcates a huge change in Romantic music​

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1848 -- This year demarcates a huge change in Romantic music​

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Mendelssohn, Chopin, and Schumann all died between 1847 and 1856. This year marked The collapse of Romantic political aspirations in 1848 as a result of accelerating industrialization and increasingly pronounced nationalism. These came to a climax in the first half of the 1900s

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1838 -- French, late Romantic composer of opera, “Carmen” Georges Bizet is born 

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1838 -- French, late Romantic composer of opera, “Carmen” Georges Bizet is born 

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Richard Wagner: The Valkyrie - Ride of the Valkyries

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1859 -- Wagner’s opera, “Tristan and Isolde” (1859)

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1859 -- Wagner’s opera, “Tristan and Isolde” (1859)

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hr-Sinfonieorchester – Frankfurt Radio Symphony

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Wagner: Tristan und Isolde – Vorspiel und Liebestod ∙ hr-Sinfonieorchester ∙ Andrés Orozco-Estrada

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Rossini is most famous today for his crisp, elegant opera buffas​ including Barber of Seville. His opera overtures were written in sonata form​.

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1875 -- Brahms composes his c minor Piano quartet  - said to capture his torment of his love for Clara Schumann

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1875 -- Brahms composes his c minor Piano quartet  - said to capture his torment of his love for Clara Schumann

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Brahms took much influence from Clara, and the struggle of his love for her -- incorporating a particular motif/theme in many of his pieces which we call the "Clara motif." especially in this piece.

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Johannes Brahms - Piano Quartet No.3 in C minor Op.60 (w/score)

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1853 -- Clara Schumann writes The Three Romances for Violin and Piano, Op. 22

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1853 -- Clara Schumann writes The Three Romances for Violin and Piano, Op. 22

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0:00 / 9:59•Watch full video

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C. Schumann: Three Romances for Violin and Piano, Op. 22 - Janine Jansen /Denis Kozhukhin

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1843 -- Clara Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen” (“The Moon Has Risen Softly”) 

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1843 -- Clara Schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen” (“The Moon Has Risen Softly”) 

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C. Schumann: Six Lieder, Op. 13 - 4. Der Mond kommt still gegangen

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In Fischer-Dieskau's first appearance on UK television, the performance is introduced by Gerald Moore, who accompanies the baritone on the piano. Originally broadcast on 21 May 1959.

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BBC Arts - BBC Arts, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau sings Schubert's Der Erlkönig

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The baritone is introduced and accompanied by Gerald Moore. Broadcast on 21 May 1959.

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1901 -- Italian Romantic Composer Giuseppe Verdi dies

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1901 -- Italian Romantic Composer Giuseppe Verdi dies

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1813 -- Italian Romantic Composer Giuseppe Verdi is born

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1813 -- Italian Romantic Composer Giuseppe Verdi is born

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Verdi is known for opera Rigoletto. Other Chief Works​ include:

1. 24 operas​

2. Including Nabucco, Macbeth, Rigoletto, Il trovatore, La traviata, Don Carlos, The Force of Destiny, Aida​

3. Two great Shakespeare operas composed in his 70s​

4. Otello and Falstaff​

5. Requiem Mass – for large orchestra, vocal soloists, and chorus​

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Giovanni Battista Pergolesi(Italian composer) wrote La serva padrona (The Maid as Mistress, 1733)​ 

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Giovanni Battista Pergolesi(Italian composer) wrote La serva padrona (The Maid as Mistress, 1733)​ 

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Regarded by numerous as the premiere of opera buffa, Pergolesi's concise creation, "La serva padrona", orchestrates stock figures on  a riotous tale. Uberto, the puppeteer of this scenario, has reared the youthful Serpina under his control, positioning her as a domestic attendant. Yet, his grievance surfaces as he confronts Serpina's audacious defiance. She remains impervious to his directives, scornfully sidesteps menial tasks, and when Uberto endeavors to exit, she introduces herself as an unyielding barrier. Petty disputes sprout between them, sprouting from trivial seeds. Yet, Serpina's preoccupations roam elsewhere, and with the help of Vespone, she enacts a ruse that entangles Uberto with marrying her.

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Handel writes his opera Julius Caesar / “Giulio Cesare” (1724)

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Handel writes his opera Julius Caesar / “Giulio Cesare” (1724)

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Giulio Cesare found its form during the enchanting Baroque epoch. In this orchestral ensemble, a melange of early instruments such as the recorder, viola, and the theorbo (an ample lute) congregate, birthing a realm of sound that resonates with a truly unique timbre. The fabric of Giulio Cesare is created from the threads of events that unraveled during the Roman Civil War, transpiring from 49 to 45 BC. As the opera starts, Cesare is confronted with the grim revelation that his adversary, Pompeo, has met a cruel demise at the hands of the Egyptian ruler, Tolomeo. In the midst of Pompeo's widow, Cornelia, draped in mourning, and his son, Sesto, swearing retribution, Tolomeo's sister and spouse, Cleopatra, contrives a strategy to seduce Cesare. Her intent is to bind him to her cause, tilting the scales of power in her direction. Yet, in the unfolding of these events, Cleopatra and Cesare come to grasp the authentic affection between them. The imperative now is the downfall of Tolomeo, propelling the rivalry between siblings into the fires of an unbridled conflict.

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Sarah Connolly - Giulio Cesare in Egitto - Haendel

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1849 -- Polish Romantic composer Frédéric François Chopin dies

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1849 -- Polish Romantic composer Frédéric François Chopin dies

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1810 -- Polish Romantic composer Frédéric François Chopin is born

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1810 -- Polish Romantic composer Frédéric François Chopin is born

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1813 - German composer Richard Wagner is born

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1813 - German composer Richard Wagner is born

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Wagner developed a new kind of opera in the 1850s​. He gave it a special name – music drama​. He invented the term leitmotiv which is a guiding, or leading, motive. It is associated with a person, thing, idea, or symbol in the drama​

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Johann Sebastian Bach writes his Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, for Flute, Violin, Harpsichord, and Orchestra (before 1721)​

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Johann Sebastian Bach writes his Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, for Flute, Violin, Harpsichord, and Orchestra (before 1721)​

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Bach creates Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, for the flute, violin, and harpsichord. What adds a special touch to this concerto is the prolonged spotlight on the harpsichord, which sets it apart. While concertos for unique instruments were quite usual during that era, those centered around keyboard instruments were a rarity. The harpsichord, at the time, was primarily recognized as a continuo instrument, tasked with providing support to the main performers, in this case, the flute and violin. However, in this particular concerto, Bach brings the harpsichord into focus, elevating it to a soloist position. In fact, the harpsichord outshines the refined flute and violin, steering the first movement into more distant and uncharted harmonic territories. It's worth noting that Bach's contributions to keyboard concertos eventually paved the way for the development of the contemporary piano concerto.

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Bach: Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D major, BWV 1050 (Freiburger Barockorchester)

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1847 -- German composer Fanny Mendelssohn (Felix’s sister) dies

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1847 -- German composer Fanny Mendelssohn (Felix’s sister) dies

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1805 -- German composer Fanny Mendelssohn (Felix’s sister) is born 

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1805 -- German composer Fanny Mendelssohn (Felix’s sister) is born 

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1886 -- Hungarian Romantic composer Franz Liszt dies 

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1886 -- Hungarian Romantic composer Franz Liszt dies 

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1811 - Hungarian Romantic composer Franz Liszt is born

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1811 - Hungarian Romantic composer Franz Liszt is born

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Known for writing many virtuosic piano works

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1847 -- German composer Felix Mendelssohn dies

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1847 -- German composer Felix Mendelssohn dies

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1809 -- German, Romantic composer Felix Mendelssohn is born 

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1809 -- German, Romantic composer Felix Mendelssohn is born 

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One of the best pieces every written when he was just 15 or 16!: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vw1kcQ-QbZw

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1856 -- Classical composer Robert Schumann dies in a sanatorium in Bonn, Germany

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1856 -- Classical composer Robert Schumann dies in a sanatorium in Bonn, Germany

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1810 -- Classical composer Robert Schumann is born

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1810 -- Classical composer Robert Schumann is born

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Romantic composer Schumann is known for his sets of miniatures for piano​, Scenes from Childhood, Album for the Young, Papillons (Butterflies), Carnaval​, Songs and song cycles​, Piano Fantasy (a free sonata)​, Piano Concerto and a concerto for cello​, Four symphonies​, Chamber music​, An opera – Genoveva ​, Incidental music​ and Choral works

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1857 -- In opera, Wagner’s The Nibelung’s Ring surpasses all boundaries

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1857 -- In opera, Wagner’s The Nibelung’s Ring surpasses all boundaries

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The opera is 15 or more hours spread over four evenings​

Huge orchestra includes specially invented instruments​

Cast of thirty plus chorus​

Fifteen separate stage sets

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1828 -- Franz Peter Schubert dies of typhoid fever, perhaps…

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1828 -- Franz Peter Schubert dies of typhoid fever, perhaps…

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Schubert was an Austrian composer whose works can be attributed to both the Classical and early Romantic eras.

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Schubert was an Austrian composer whose works can be attributed to both the Classical and early Romantic eras.

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An example of “miniatures” works that last only a few minutes​. Mostly these works were songs and short piano pieces​.Romantic miniatures often published in sets​

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Arthur Rubinstein plays Brahms: Capriccio in B minor, Op.76 No.2 (1973)

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An example of “miniatures” works that last only a few minutes​. Mostly these works were songs and short piano pieces​.Romantic miniatures often published in sets​

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1830 -- Berlioz’s Fantastic Symphony​ is written

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1830 -- Berlioz’s Fantastic Symphony​ is written

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A pinnacle work of Romanticism, through this work, Berlioz originated the concept of Program music – instrumental music ​based on some other nonmusical source​. For example, At the premiere, Berlioz handed out a pamphlet with his own program​. The title of one of his movements, “Dream of a Witches Sabbath” evokes what the program describes.

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1893 -- Romantic composer, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) dies

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1893 -- Romantic composer, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) dies

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Tchaikovsky composed prolifically​: 6 symphonies, 11 operas, symphonic poems, chamber music, songs​; Many famous ballet scores​ including Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker​

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1840: Romantic composer, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) is born

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1840: Romantic composer, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) is born

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Tchaikovsky composed prolifically​: 6 symphonies, 11 operas, symphonic poems, chamber music, songs​; Many famous ballet scores​ including Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker​

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Tchaikovsky: Fantasy Overture 'Romeo and Juliet' - Radio Philharmonic Orchestra - Live Concert HD

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After Beethoven​, People now aware of music as a major art​. Observers now looked for parallel developments in music and literature. Romantic literature first flourished from 1800–1820​. Romantics searched for higher experience and more intense expression​ feeling that Eighteenth-century drama was hemmed in by such rules

Romantic melodies changed: Romantic melodic style is the most recognizable feature​. More emotional, effusive, and demonstrative than ever before​. Other features included: Wider range​, More sustained climaxes​, More irregular in rhythm and phrase structure​. Romantic composers explored chromaticism far more than earlier composers​. There was a new, liberal use of all twelve notes of the chromatic scale​.

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The Age of Absolutism is an interesting one. Although this era is known as the age of absolutism, it is also know as Age of Science as brilliant discoveries became known. Newton develops laws of mechanics and the theory of gravity. The scientific method becomes standard in experimentation. However, this is overshadowed by kings and rulers during this time that believe they are the rightful rulers chosen by god. This era is quite contradictory.

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1820 -- Beethoven Piano sonata e minor, op. 109

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1820 -- Beethoven Piano sonata e minor, op. 109

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Maurizio Pollini – Beethoven: Piano Sonata No.30 in E major, Op. 109: 1. Vivace ma non troppo

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1818-1827: Beethoven’s third / “late” period

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1818-1827: Beethoven’s third / “late” period

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1800-1818: Beethoven’s second “middle” period

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1800-1818: Beethoven’s second “middle” period

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1780 (approx)- 1800: Beethoven’s first /“early” period

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1780 (approx)- 1800: Beethoven’s first /“early” period

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First movement is famously saturated by a single rhythmic motive: Contains Exposition, Development, Recap but with a final Coda at the end (sonata form).  Begins with a powerful statement of the first theme in C minor. ​

Second movement is a “theme and variations.

Third movement is a scherzo movement – “scherzo” literally means “joke.” Fourth movement is an Allegro in sonata form.

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The Eroica (Heroic) Symphony​ expressed the French Revolution’s ideals. ​These ideals inspired Beethoven’s striving for artistic freedom.​. The Eroica marked a new path for Beethoven.

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Beethoven: Symphony no. 3 in E flat major "Eroica", op. 55

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Purcell writes, “Dido’s Lament” from his opera Dido and Aeneas

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Purcell writes, “Dido’s Lament” from his opera Dido and Aeneas

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As one of the saddest music pieces created, Henry Purcell creates "Dido's Lament", an opera performed till this day. The story told is about a Trojan warrior, Aeneas, who falls in love with a queen, Dido. As they agree to marry one another, Aeneas realized he must leave her to go to Italy as is his duty. Dido soon dies from the grief of leaving her beloved.

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Mozart, Piano Concerto No. 23 in A Major, K. 488 (1786)

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Mozart, Piano Concerto No. 23 in A Major, K. 488 (1786)

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 23 in A Major, K. 488, composed in 1786, stands as a testament to his genius in the realm of instrumental music. This concerto, characterized by its lyrical melodies and exquisite orchestration, is particularly notable for its emotionally charged Adagio movement, filled with delicate yet profound expression. Demonstrating a seamless blend of solo piano and orchestra, the piece exemplifies the Classical concerto form, combining technical virtuosity with deep musicality. Mozart, through works like this, solidified his reputation as one of the most influential composers in the annals of Western music.