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•Cutler, A., Mehler, J., Norris, D., & Segui, J. (1987). Phoneme identification and the lexicon. Cognitive Psychology, 19(2), 141-177.
•Dresher, B. E. (2011). The phoneme. The Blackwell companion to phonology, 1-26.
•Twaddell, W. F. (1935). On defining the phoneme. Language, 11(1), 5-62.

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phonetic variations - different pronunciations - of the same phoneme

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Using a different allophone does not change meaning.

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Are phonetic variations (different pronunciations).

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Examples:
Voiceless plosives /p, t, k/ - (in stressed syllables): [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] Example = pie, tie, kite

Alveolar /t/ - Alveolar tap [ɾ] Example = butter, splatter

Sonorants /j, w, l, ɹ, m, n, ŋ/ - Partial devoicing Example = twat, try

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-The /s/ in ‘soar’ distinguishes it from /r/ in ‘roar’, as it becomes different from ‘soar’ in pronunciation as well as meaning

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-The minimal pair of pat and bat. The difference between the /p/ and /b/ phonemes changes the entire meaning of the words.

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-The /θ/ symbol represents the voiceless 'th' sound in English i.e. through.

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It is a sound or a group of different sounds that speakers of the language or dialect

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Is the minimum articulation of a vowel or consonant sound

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that

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can distinguish one word from another in a given language

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A phoneme is a sound unit

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It is pronounced:

Potato:

British English: po-tayh-to [pəˈteɪtəʊ]
American English po-tay-to [pəˈteɪˌtoʊ]

Minimal pairs, two words with different meanings and a difference in sound

bad /bæd/ and bed /b ɛ d/.

Banana:

British English: be-na-na [bəˈnɑːnə]
American English be-nah-na [bəˈnænə]

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Study the theoretical part such as the concordance or the meaning of each word.

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1. Different pronouncation between the Z and the S in English.
2. An example of a phonetic sound is the sound TH in the word teeth
3.The sound ʒ  in vision, pleasure

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Investigates the modification of the sound elements of the language over time.

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Studies the sound elements of the language at the present time.

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1. Phonemes: (vowels and consonants)

2. Prosody: (stress, rhythm and intonation)

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Produce meaningful sounds

Recognize different accents

Form new expressions and words

Perfect pronunciation

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Phonology: studies the sound system of language
Phoneticians: study the physical properties
Phonologists: study functional properties

OF SPEECH SOUNDS

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Greek word: "phōnḗ", means= "voice, sound"
Cliché suffix ‘logy’ from the word ‘logos’, means = “subject of discussion"

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Example
The /l/ sound is pronounced differently in ‘love' and in ‘wool'. These two words contain allophones of the phoneme /l/.

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allophones are not contrastive.

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is an imperceptibly slight variation of a vowel sound

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variants of a phoneme carry diacritics

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Examples:
saying “d” instead of “t” in the word bet changes the meaning (the word becomes bed), therefore we use separate symbols for “d” and “t” in phonemic transcriptions. In other words, we say that “t” and “d” are two separate phonemes.

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Examples:
the “ee” sound in this pronunciation of meet and this one (the second is much longer

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Examples:

the “w” sound in wine and twine (the first is voiced, the second is not)

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Unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another.

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Phonemic awareness involves hearing language at the phoneme level.

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Words are systematically represented by sounds.

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Help readers understand the alphabetic principle

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The unit of phonemics is the phoneme

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Phonemics deals with how human speech is perceived once it is heard.

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First of all we have to know that, according to Djiguimkoudre (2020), the Contrastive Analysis was based oh the work of Bloomfield.
It all started in the 1950's, during the World War II period. In this epoch language learning and language teaching was prominent in the USA, it all started when immigrants, especially children, needed to be taugh the second language. For that reason, the need to compare the immigrants' native langiage and the foreign language, arised so it can be known how the acquisition was taken place, hence, the first time it was used was in 1957 by Robert Lado, who assured that comparing the two languages makes the teaching-learning process, effective.

Some of the languages that were compared were:

French

Egyptian

Arabic

English

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Djiguimkoudre, N. (2020). A historical development of contrastive analysis: a relevant review in second and foreign language teaching. International Journal of Education, 8(4), 1-16. https://airccse.com/ije/papers/8420ije08.pdf

Ferguson, M. (2019). Contrastive Linguistics First Lecture. https://slideplayer.com/slide/16793987/

McGuigan, B. (2023). What is phonetics? https://www.languagehumanities.org/what-is-phonetics.htm

Phonemic transcription. (s/f). https://www.antimoon.com/terms/phonemic_transcription.htm

S/f). Org.uk. Recuperado el 14 de mayo de 2023, de https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/professional-development/teachers/knowing-subject/c/allophone

University of Oregon Center on Teaching, & Learning. (s/f). Phonemic awareness: Concepts and research. Uoregon.edu. http://reading.uoregon.edu/big_ideas/pa/pa_what.php

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Consonants

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Vowels

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Phones

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Vocal apparatus

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Production

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Waves

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Interpretation

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Perception

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How they are heared

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Properties

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Production

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Study of sounds

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McGuigan, 2023

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Basic Concepts